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In Edwards’ sermon, he uses alot  of repetition for example on page 5 he says “if God should only withdraw his hand” he says this a lot through out the text to frighten his people and mainly to get them to understand all the outcomes that could come out of this. When Edwards used repetition it made the strength in his message grow. He didn’t want his people to be burned over the pits of hell. He wants them to understand that if you are not with God then you are basically messing up and you need to make things right.-Anna Frederick

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In Jonathan Edwards' sermon, repetition is used throughout this piece to complete his goal. On page 5, he says, "If God should only withdraw his hand..." He repeats this message to let the audience know all the possible outcomes if God would be removed from the picture. This use of repetition helps Jonathan strengthen his message that if the people don't regain their faith they will be tormented over a fiery pit in hell. -Harley

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The diction that Edwards uses throughout this piece shows his desperation. On page 7, paragraph 2 he says, “...you shall be continued in being to no other end; for you will be a vessel of wrath fitted to destruction; and there will be no other use of this vessel, but to be filled full of wrath…” The effect that the word choice he uses is to scare his listeners into becoming holy again. He is presenting to them the idea that God doesn’t have any obligation to keep you out of Hell, he could easily let you fall.

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In Jonathan Edwards' sermon, repetition is used to catch the audience's attention. There are many places in his sermon where he repeats the concept of being kept out of Hell only by God's pleasure and that he can choose to let you go at any given time. On pages 5 and 6 he says "... and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at all, that keeps the arrow one moment from being drunk with your blood." The word choice in this quote grabs the attention of the audience because it seems more violent and it is aimed directly at them. This also incorporates pathos, as it is aimed at the audience and makes it more personal.

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In Jonathan Edwards' sermon, pathos are a frequent rhetorical device he uses. On page seven Edwards' states that "God will have no other use to put you to, but to suffer misery...you shall be tormented in the presence of the holy angels...Heaven shall go forth and look on the awful spectacle," (Edwards 7 paragraphs 3,4). Pathos is the appeal to emotion, this appeals to emotion because to the audience in whom he was speaking to was heavily populated with Christians. Edwards' was speaking on the behalf of how god would react to one if they were to sin , which gave off a dark or threatening tone which would appeal to just about any Christian believers emotions.

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I noticed throughout the piece that J. Edwards had a very passive-aggressive nature as he spoke to the public. This is because he is said to have been very calm and collected during the speech, yet he used such violent imagery in order to scare the public into treating God an the religion the way he believes it should be treated. You can see this when he says "...his wrath towards you burns like fire; he looks upon you as worthy off nothing else, but to be cast  into the fire..." -Elijah

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The image of the hands throughout the whole piece was to show the sinners that God has cradling them over fire and flame and at any second he could drop them into the burning place. "... if God should withdraw his hand..." (page 4.) J. Edwards also uses the image of hands to show the listeners that " If God should withdraw his hand from the floodgate" (page 5) that the water would overcome them.

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In Jonathan Edwards' sermon he uses alliteration to get the attention of his audience to listen and understand the danger that they are in, if they do not fix their ways. For example in the sermon it states, "...fiery floods of the fierceness..." (p.5) This alliteration is apart of a bigger idea about how God is only holding on to you from the palm of his hands and that in any single moment he could let you fall and burn forever in hell. This alliteration adds to his lecture by reinforcing that if these people do not clean up their act soon, they will burn in hell forever.

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The repetition of "wrath of god" emphasizes Edwards' entire claim, as it's almost threatening to the audience. In the bible, God's wrath is directed at these beings that are frowned upon, so it digs deep to the audience. (Pathos)
The repetition of the words "peace and safety" illustrates that, because of these people's actions, God will not give them the peace and safety that they so greatly desire.

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On page 6 paragraph 2, Edwards states that "...those things on which they depended for peace and safety, were nothing but thin air and empty shadows" He is basically saying that their trust in
Gods salvation is worthless. He repeats this same idea multiple times throughout his writing, really emphasizing the guilt and regret these people should be feeling. I think that his entire piece is appealing to pathos and ethos. Telling them that they are living in sin, and making them feel terrible for it  -Sophia Rayes

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Edwards' uses imagery in his sermon to add to his use of pathos and emphasize his goal. For example he uses imagery in words throughout the text such as, "...dreadful pit of glowing flames..." (Edwards 4), and "...Hell's wide gaping mouth open..." (Edwards 4), to not only scare the audience but also bring out their guilt from their actions. He uses it also to enhance his use of pathos. Throughout the his piece, pathos is applied to his claim. It not only shows his emotion but gives the audience emotion as well. The imagery is only added to this to give a visual of what is happening and make it seem even more real.

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In Edwards' sermon, I think the best use of rhetorical devices is when he combines the use of repetition and pathos. On page 6 he repeats the phrase "you may", when talking about your past actions. This brings up regret using pathos because it makes you think about your past and what you could have done better. It may make you feel bad about yourself of that you deserve what he is saying your fate will be throughout the rest of the piece.

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In Edwards' sermon he appeals to all of his listeners' senses. Using a combination of ethos, paths, and logos all relatively close together. At first he begins with logos, telling his audience that "God... holds you over the pit of Hell,... as one holds a spider... over the fire..."(Edwards, 3). This is followed by ethos, saying "He looks upon you as worthy of nothing else..."(Edwards, 3). To finish off his combination attack he used pathos to leave the crowd feeling hurt and sad telling them that they are "... ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes..."( Edwards, 3). there is another area where he uses these three appeals to shock his followers. he does this all to attempt to make them understand just how much they've messed up and how God hates them for it. giving them hard facts of how God is holding them compared to how they were taught that he is kind and compassionate. Then he kills their ethics and morals because they have always tried to do what is right to be with god, while all this time he has thought otherwise of them. And finally hurting their hearts calling them abominable. It hurts deep to them because everyone wants to be closest to God. These points make him very convincing.

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In J. Edwards' sermons he makes metaphors between people going to God and seeking redemption and to birds migrating south. This is  saying that people are like birds migrating because birds head south to escape winters wrath, which is like sinners trying to escape the wrath of Hell by migrating or going to God to seek salvation. An example of this can be found on page 8 when it says ," a day wherein many are flocking to him, and pressing into the kingdom of God." This is showing how people try to get into the kingdom of God, otherwise known as Heaven, trying to escape damnation. Just like birds try to escape winters cold wrath and lack of food sources. Another example of this can be found when it says ," let everyone that is out of Christ now awake and fly from the wrath to come." This is basically J. Edwards inviting them and telling them that the time to "awake and fly" is now. That is his warning of the harshness to come.

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In " ...  and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God...  without any promise or obligation at all, that keeps the arrow one moment from being drunk with your blood."() Edwards uses an appeal to pathos to persuade the audience. His goal is to further convince the audience to change their ways, if fear itself wasn't enough, by making them feel guilt or regret at the fact that God has been protecting them and they've done nothing in return. that they've in fact been offending him in their actions.

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Edwards constantly refers to God's wrath as a flood straining against a dam. Examples of this metaphor can be found ___.  Here, it is not perceived as a cold or sudden force, but a hot, emotional, building rage that is ready to burst forward. He makes his audience know that the punishment being put upon them has been built by all of their sins and ungodliness.

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Edwards tells his audience to "[h]aste and escape for your lives, look not behind you, escape the mountain, lest you be consumed" (9). This is an allusion to a Biblical story where Gabriel smites Sodom, a city of sin, but takes a family of innocents  away from the destruction. He tells them not to look back at the ruined city. Lot's wife is consumed by her fear of leaving the past behind and looks back. She is turned to a pillar of salt .