# data[].attributes.body
Ernest Hemingway, (Ernest Miller Hemingway) was born in July 1899 in Cicero, Illinois. Hemingway was an American Novelist and storyteller whose intense adventurism and masculinity were highly publicized. Ernest Hemingway started in this world as the first son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway and Grace Hall Hemingway.  Growing up Hemingway enjoyed writing and spending summers with his family on Wallon Lake in upper Michigan. After Graduation from high school, he did not enter college but instead went to Kansas City to get a job as a reporter for the Star. Ernest began to feel the inspiration to fight in the war. After multiple attempts to join and continuously being declined because of a defective eye, he managed to join the Red Cross as an Ambulance Driver.  He was accepted in December of 1917, left his job at the paper in April of 1918, and sailed for Europe in May. Only after a few months as an ambulance driver and only 19 years old Hemingway was injured on the Austro-Intrialin front at Fossalta di Piave. Hospitalized he fell in love with a Red Cross Nurse, but the feelings weren't reciprocated starting a lifelong lesson that would take him all his life to try and forget. After recuperating he sailed to France to work for the Toronto star. Getting advice in Paris from American writers such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, and Ezra Pound. He began to see his non journalistic work appear in print in Paris and in 1925 his first important book, a collection of stories called In Our Time. Published in New York, but originally released in Paris in 1924. In 1926 he published The Sun Also Rises, a novel with strong success. Depicting a group of aimless expatriates in France and Spain, including members of the Lost Generation. Including in 1926 Hemingway released The Torrents of Spring, a parody of Sherwood Anderson's book Dark Laughter. Writing was time consuming and lonely to Hemingway, creating an emptiness that he tried to fill with skiing, bull fighting, fishing and hunting. While in Paris 1926 -1932 he published a multiple books and stories such as Men Without Women, Winner Take Nothing, The Killers, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, The Snows of Kilimanjaro, and A Farewell to Arms. Hemingway's love for Spain sent him there 4 times and once as a correspondent, raising money for Nationalist under General Francisco Franco. Spain by now was in midst of Civil War, causing the visits to stop and buying a villa in Cuba. This created opportune to cover another war, the Japanese invasion of China. All of Hemingway's life he has been interested in war making him create many important pieces such as A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls. As WWll progressed he made his way to London as a Journalist, flew with the Royal Air Force, and attaching himself to the 22nd Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division On D-Day. Hemingway say a good amount of action in Normandy and in the Battle of the Bulge. He not only was involved in that major impact on the world but also the liberation of Paris. In 1960 Hemingway has left Cuba after disagreements with leader Fidel Castro and settled in Ketchum, Idaho. Trying to get back to his prime, he struggled and started to become depressed and anxiety ridden.  He then was hospitalized at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and received electroshock treatment. Couple of days later he returned to his home and took his life with his shotgun.

# data[].attributes.body
After the Germans found U.S.A.'s biggest oil refinery in Aruba and sank 263 ships, exceeding total losses on the North Atlantic convoy route. Ernest Hemingway approached U.S. Ambassador Braden about joining the war effort by patrolling the Caribbean waters in search of German U-Boats with his private yacht Pilar. Ambassador Braden supplied Hemingway with an assortment of ammunition, camouflaging his yacht to a fishing boat, and a crew to patrol the Caribbean waters in search of German U-boats. After many month's the mission seemed fruitless and worthless. At the end of the mission Gregory Hemingway (Hemingway's son) sighted a U-boat 1,000 yards away, however, the U-boat sped away uninterested in a disguised fishing boat and left.

Following D-Day on June 6, 1944, Ernest Hemingway a civilian disembarked on Omaha Beach and led a band of resistant fighters in a French town of Rambouillet on a mission to gather intelligence. Not allowed to disembark on Omaha Beach and not allowed to lead troops as a war correspondent according to the Geneva Conventions led him to be charged by the Inspector General of the Third Army with some serious offenses. Eventually, he was cleared of wrongdoing and spoke to The New York Times stating that he maintained his work as an adviser and did nothing wrong.

In 1954, Hemingway was sightseeing with his fourth wife in Belgian Congo whenever their charter flight clipped a pole and crashed. When attempting to reach medical care in Entebbe the following day, they boarded another plane which crashed upon takeoff. Leaving Hemingway with bruises, burns, concussion, and his brain leaking cerebral fluid. When they finally arrived at Entebbe by vehicle, they found out they have been reported dead already.

Ernest had four wives: Elizebeth Hadley Richardson(1927-1940), Pauline Pfeiffer(1927-1940), Martha Gellhorn(1940-1945), and Mary Welsh(1946-1961). He also had three sons: Jack, Patrick, and Gregory.

His favorite shotgun was purchased from Abercombie & Fitch, unfortunately, he also used this gun to take his own life.

# data[].attributes.headline
Books & Important Pieces From Ernest Hemingway

# data[].attributes.subject
Books & Important Pieces From Ernest Hemingway

# data[].attributes.body
"Publication Order of Standalone Novels

| The Sun Also Rises | (1926)

| A Clean Well Lighted Place | (1926)

| The Torrents of Spring | (1926)

| An Alpine Idyll | (1927)

| A Farewell To Arms | (1929)

| To Have and Have Not | (1937)

| For Whom the Bell Tolls | (1940)

| Across the River and into the Trees | (1950)

| The Old Man and the Sea | (1952)

| A Moveable Feast | (1964)

| The Undefeated | (1965)

| Islands in the Stream | (1970)

| The Garden of Eden | (1985)

| The Dangerous Summer | (1985)

| True At First Light | (1999)

| Camping Out | (2014)

Publication Order of Short Story Collections

| 3 Short Stories and 10 Poems | (1923)

| The Complete Short Stories | (1925)

| In Our Time | (1925)

| Men Without Women | (1927)

| Winner Take Nothing | (1933)

| The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories | (1936)

| The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War | (1938)

| The First Forty-Nine Stories | (1938)

| The Nick Adams Stories | (1966)

| The Killers and Other Short Stories. | (1982)

Publication Order of Non-Fiction Books

| Death in the Afternoon | (1932)

| Green Hills of Africa | (1935)

| The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber & Other Stories | (1936)

| Articles for The Kansas City Star | (1970)

| Bullfighting, Sport & Industry | (1974)

| Selected Letters 1917-1961 | (1981)

| Ernest Hemingway on Writing | (1984)

| Dateline Toronto | (1985) |

| On Writing | (1986) |

| Conversations with Ernest Hemingway | (1986) |

| Hemingway at Oak Park High | (1993) |

| Hemingway on Fishing | (2000)

| Hemingway on War | (2003)

| Under Kilimanjaro | (2005) |

| On Paris | (2008) |

Publication Order of The Letters of Ernest Hemingway Books

| The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 1, 1907–1922 | (2011)

| The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 2, 1923-1925 | (2013)

| The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 3, 1926-1929 | (2015)

| The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 4, 1929–1931 | (2017)

| The Letters of Ernest Hemingway: Volume 5, 1932–1934 | "

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Hemingway

https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/ernest-miller-hemingway-1366.php

https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/when-ernest-hemingway-hunted-nazi-u-boats-caribbean-177649

https://www.orderofbooks.com/authors/ernest-hemingway/

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/535134/facts-about-ernest-hemingway

https://everyfactever.com/50-facts-about-ernest-hemingway/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Ernest Hemingway, in full Ernest Miller Hemingway, (born July 21, 1899, Cicero [now in Oak Park], Illinois, U.S.-died July 2, 1961, Ketchum, Idaho), American novelist and short-story writer, awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. He was noted both for the intense masculinity of his writing and for his adventurous and widely publicized life. His succinct and lucid prose style exerted a powerful influence on American and British fiction in the 20th century.

The first son of Clarence Edmonds Hemingway, a doctor, and Grace Hall Hemingway, Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in a suburb of Chicago. He was educated in the public schools and began to write in high school, where he was active and outstanding, but the parts of his boyhood that mattered most were summers spent with his family on Walloon Lake in upper Michigan. On graduation from high school in 1917, impatient for a less-sheltered environment, he did not enter college but went to Kansas City, where he was employed as a reporter for the Star. He was repeatedly rejected for military service because of a defective eye, but he managed to enter World War I as an ambulance driver for the American Red Cross. On July 8, 1918, not yet 19 years old, he was injured on the Austro-Italian front at Fossalta di Piave. Decorated for heroism and hospitalized in Milan, he fell in love with a Red Cross nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky, who declined to marry him. These were experiences he was never to forget.

After recuperating at home, Hemingway renewed his efforts at writing, for a while worked at odd jobs in Chicago, and sailed for France as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. Advised and encouraged by other American writers in Paris- F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound-he began to see his nonjournalistic work appear in print there, and in 1925 his first important book, a collection of stories called In Our Time, was published in New York City; it was originally released in Paris in 1924.

In 1926 he published The Sun Also Rises, a novel with which he scored his first solid success. A pessimistic but sparkling book, it deals with a group of aimless expatriates in France and Spain-members of the postwar Lost Generation, a phrase that Hemingway scorned while making it famous. This work also introduced him to the limelight, which he both craved and resented for the rest of his life. Hemingway's The Torrents of Spring, a parody of the American writer Sherwood Anderson's book Dark Laughter, also appeared in 1926.

The writing of books occupied Hemingway for most of the postwar years. He remained based in Paris, but he traveled widely for the skiing, bullfighting, fishing, and hunting that by then had become part of his life and formed the background for much of his writing. His position as a master of short fiction had been advanced by Men Without Women in 1927 and thoroughly established with the stories in Winner Take Nothing in 1933. Among his finest stories are "The Killers," "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber," and "The Snows of Kilimanjaro." At least in the public view, however, the novel A Farewell to Arms (1929) overshadowed such works. Reaching back to his experience as a young soldier in Italy, Hemingway developed a grim but lyrical novel of great power, fusing love story with war story. While serving with the Italian ambulance service during World War I, the American lieutenant Frederic Henry falls in love with the English nurse Catherine Barkley, who tends him during his recuperation after being wounded. She becomes pregnant by him, but he must return to his post. Henry deserts during the Italians' disastrous retreat after the Battle of Caporetto, and the reunited couple flee Italy by crossing the border into Switzerland. There, however, Catherine and her baby die during childbirth, and Henry is left desolate at the loss of the great love of his life.

Hemingway's love of Spain and his passion for bullfighting resulted in Death in the Afternoon (1932), a learned study of a spectacle he saw more as tragic ceremony than as sport. Similarly, a safari he took in 1933-34 in the big-game region of Tanganyika resulted in Green Hills of Africa (1935), an account of big-game hunting. Mostly for the fishing, he purchased a house in Key West, Florida, and bought his own fishing boat. A minor novel of 1937 called To Have and Have Not is about a Caribbean desperado and is set against a background of lower-class violence and upper-class decadence in Key West during the Great Depression.

By now Spain was in the midst of civil war. Still deeply attached to that country, Hemingway made four trips there, once more a correspondent. He raised money for the Republicans in their struggle against the Nationalists under General Francisco Franco, and he wrote a play called The Fifth Column (1938), which is set in besieged Madrid. As in many of his books, the protagonist of the play is based on the author. Following his last visit to the Spanish war, he purchased Finca Vigía ("Lookout Farm"), an unpretentious estate outside Havana, Cuba, and went to cover another war-the Japanese invasion of China.

The harvest of Hemingway's considerable experience of Spain in war and peace was the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), a substantial and impressive work that some critics consider his finest novel, in preference to A Farewell to Arms. It was also the most successful of all his books as measured in sales. Set during the Spanish Civil War, it tells of Robert Jordan, an American volunteer who is sent to join a guerrilla band behind the Nationalist lines in the Guadarrama Mountains. Most of the novel concerns Jordan's relations with the varied personalities of the band, including the girl Maria, with whom he falls in love. Through dialogue, flashbacks, and stories, Hemingway offers telling and vivid profiles of the Spanish character and unsparingly depicts the cruelty and inhumanity stirred up by the civil war. Jordan's mission is to blow up a strategic bridge near Segovia in order to aid a coming Republican attack, which he realizes is doomed to fail. In an atmosphere of impending disaster, he blows up the bridge but is wounded and makes his retreating comrades leave him behind, where he prepares a last-minute resistance to his Nationalist pursuers.

All of his life Hemingway was fascinated by war-in A Farewell to Arms he focused on its pointlessness, in For Whom the Bell Tolls on the comradeship it creates-and, as World War II progressed, he made his way to London as a journalist. He flew several missions with the Royal Air Force and crossed the English Channel with American troops on D-Day (June 6, 1944). Attaching himself to the 22nd Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division, he saw a good deal of action in Normandy and in the Battle of the Bulge. He also participated in the liberation of Paris, and, although ostensibly a journalist, he impressed professional soldiers not only as a man of courage in battle but also as a real expert in military matters, guerrilla activities, and intelligence collection.

Following the war in Europe, Hemingway returned to his home in Cuba and began to work seriously again. He also traveled widely, and, on a trip to Africa, he was injured in a plane crash. Soon after (in 1953), he received the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for The Old Man and the Sea (1952), a short heroic novel about an old Cuban fisherman who, after an extended struggle, hooks and boats a giant marlin only to have it eaten by voracious sharks during the long voyage home. This book, which played a role in gaining for Hemingway the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954, was as enthusiastically praised as his previous novel, Across the River and into the Trees (1950), the story of a professional army officer who dies while on leave in Venice, had been damned.

By 1960 Hemingway had left Cuba and settled in Ketchum, Idaho. (He expressed his belief in what he called the "historical necessity" of the Cuban Revolution; his attitude toward its leader, Fidel Castro, who had taken power in 1959, varied.) He tried to lead his life and do his work as before. For a while he succeeded, but, anxiety-ridden and depressed, he was twice hospitalized at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, where he received electroshock treatments. Two days after his return to the house in Ketchum, he took his life with a shotgun. Hemingway had been married four times: to Hadley Richardson in 1921 (divorced 1927), Pauline Pfeiffer in 1927 (divorced 1940), Martha Gellhorn in 1940 (divorced 1945), and Mary Welsh in 1946. He had fathered three sons: John Hadley Nicanor ("Bumby"), with Hadley, born in 1923; Patrick, with Pauline, in 1928; and Gregory, also with Pauline, in 1931.

Hemingway left behind a substantial amount of manuscript, some of which has been published. A Moveable Feast, an entertaining memoir of his years in Paris (1921-26) before he was famous, was issued in 1964. Islands in the Stream, three closely related novellas growing directly out of his peacetime memories of the Caribbean island of Bimini, of Havana during World War II, and of searching for U-boats off Cuba, appeared in 1970.

Hemingway's characters plainly embody his own values and view of life. The main characters of The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and For Whom the Bell Tolls are young men whose strength and self-confidence nevertheless coexist with a sensitivity that leaves them deeply scarred by their wartime experiences. War was for Hemingway a potent symbol of the world, which he viewed as complex, filled with moral ambiguities, and offering almost unavoidable pain, hurt, and destruction. To survive in such a world, and perhaps emerge victorious, one must conduct oneself with honour, courage, endurance, and dignity, a set of principles known as "the Hemingway code." To behave well in the lonely, losing battle with life is to show "grace under pressure" and constitutes in itself a kind of victory, a theme clearly established in The Old Man and the Sea.

Hemingway's prose style was probably the most widely imitated of any in the 20th century. He wished to strip his own use of language of inessentials, ridding it of all traces of verbosity, embellishment, and sentimentality. In striving to be as objective and honest as possible, Hemingway hit upon the device of describing a series of actions by using short, simple sentences from which all comment or emotional rhetoric has been eliminated. These sentences are composed largely of nouns and verbs, have few adjectives and adverbs, and rely on repetition and rhythm for much of their effect. The resulting terse, concentrated prose is concrete and unemotional yet is often resonant and capable of conveying great irony through understatement. Hemingway's use of dialogue was similarly fresh, simple, and natural-sounding. The influence of this style was felt worldwide wherever novels were written, particularly from the 1930s through the '50s.

A consummately contradictory man, Hemingway achieved a fame surpassed by few, if any, American authors of the 20th century. The virile nature of his writing, which attempted to re-create the exact physical sensations he experienced in wartime, big-game hunting, and bullfighting, in fact masked an aesthetic sensibility of great delicacy. He was a celebrity long before he reached middle age, but his popularity continues to be validated by serious critical opinion.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Ernest Hemingway | Biography, Books, Death, & Facts

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Ernest Hemingway was an American novelist and short-story writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. He was noted both for the intense masculinity of his writing and for his adventurous and widely publicized life. His succinct and lucid prose style exerted a powerful influence on American and British fiction.

# data[].attributes.body
1. "Ernest Hemingway was awarded a ‘Bronze Star’ for his bravery and injury during ‘World War II’ in 1947."

2. "Hemingway won the ‘Pulitzer Prize’ in 1952 for the novel ‘The Old Man and the Sea.’"

3. "In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the ‘Nobel Prize in Literature for, “his mastery of the art of narrative, demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style.”