# data[].attributes.body
lê trung hiếu

# data[].attributes.body
qminh

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oKnThTYr4vSLMEOeqQPJEIJR5vWbUgEqDD-CeiqMn6g/edit?usp=sharing

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
CHAPTER 7: CREATING REPUBLICAN GOVERMENTS, 1776-1790

# data[].attributes.body
Minh Thanh
7.1 Common Sense: From Monarchy to an American Republic

*Republicanism as a polictical philosophy:
-Monarchy: failed to protect and guide their subject
+ George III turned into a tyrant
=> a republic appeared a better alternative to the revolutionaries
-Republicanism: The government that people can appoint or select the leader who would represent them
-Democracy: The government that people have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole - majority rule
-Conservation Whigs: don't want democracy
-Radical Whigs: want to pushed for democracy
* Republicanism as a social philosophy:
-Civic virtue: if people have good behavior so the government will survive. if people corrupt so the government will fall
-Properties ownership provided the way to measure one's virtue => prder demanded deference from those of lower rank as a model of behavior
-George Washington was a excellent model for the new republic. He become the first president general of the Society of Cincinnati

7.2 – Thành Long

- Elite republican revolutionaries did not envision a completely new society

- Many Americans rejected the elitist and aristocratic republican order, however, and advocated radical changes. Their efforts represented a groundswell of sentiment for greater equality

I. The status of women

- In eighteenth-century America, as in Great Britain, the legal status of married women was defined as coverture, meaning a married woman (or feme covert) had no legal or economic status independent of her husband. Married women’s status as femes covert did not change as a result of the Revolution

- Some women began to agitate for equality under the law between husbands and wives, and for the same educational opportunities as men

- Mercy Otis Warren also challenged gender assumptions and traditions during the revolutionary era. In 1812, she published a three-volume history of the Revolution

- Murray began to publish her ideas about educational equality beginning in the 1780s, arguing that God had made the minds of women and men equal. She argued that a woman’s education should be extensive enough to allow her to maintain herself—and her family—if there was no male breadwinner

- Adams, Murray, and Warren all came from privileged backgrounds. Their literacy and station allowed them to push for new roles for women in the atmosphere of unique possibility created by the Revolution and its promise of change

- Overall, the Revolution reconfigured women’s roles by undermining the traditional expectations of wives and mothers, including subservience. It also opened new doors to educational opportunities for women

- Benjamin Rush, strongly advocated for the education of girls and young women as part of the larger effort to ensure that republican virtue and republican motherhood would endure

II. The meaning of race

- By the time of the Revolution, slavery had been firmly in place in America for over one hundred years. In many ways, the Revolution served to reinforce the assumptions about race among white Americans

a) Slavery

- Slavery offered the most glaring contradiction between the idea of equality stated in the Declaration of Independence (“all men are created equal”) and the reality of race relations in the late eighteenth century

- Jefferson understood the contradiction fully, and his writings reveal hard-edged racist assumptions. In his Notes on the State of Virginia in the 1780s, Jefferson urged the end of slavery in Virginia and the removal of blacks from that state. He envisioned an “empire of liberty” for white farmers and relied on the argument of sending blacks out of the United States

- Southern planters strongly objected to Jefferson’s views on abolishing slavery and removing blacks from America. Slaveholders and many other Americans protected and defended the institution

b) Freedom

- While racial thinking permeated the new country, and slavery existed in all the new states, the ideals of the Revolution generated a movement toward the abolition of slavery

- Other revolutionaries formed societies dedicated to abolishing slavery. One of the earliest efforts began in 1775 in Philadelphia

- The 1780 Massachusetts constitution technically freed all slaves. Nonetheless, several hundred individuals remained enslaved in the state. Despite these legal victories, about eleven hundred slaves continued to be held in the New England states in 1800

c) Indians

- The 1783 Treaty of Paris did not address Indians at all. All lands held by the British east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes (except Spanish Florida) now belonged to the new American republic

- Earlier in the eighteenth century, a “middle ground” had existed between powerful native groups in the West and British and French imperial zones. As had happened in the French and Indian War and Pontiac’s Rebellion, the Revolutionary War turned the middle ground into a battle zone that no one group controlled

- During the Revolution, a complex situation existed among Indians. Many villages remained neutral. Some native groups split into factions, with some supporting the British while other Delaware maintained their neutrality

- Few Indians sided with the American revolutionaries. This racial hatred toward native peoples found expression in the American massacre of ninety-six Christian Delawares in 1782

- The Northwest Indian War (1785–1795) ended with the defeat of the Indians and their claims. Under the Treaty of Greenville (1795), the United States gained dominion over land in Ohio

II. Religion and the state

- Prior to the Revolution, several colonies had official, tax-supported churches. After the Revolution, some questioned the validity of state-authorized churches; the limitation of public office-holding to those of a particular faith; and the payment of taxes to support churches

- During the colonial era in Virginia, the established church had been the Church of England. In 1786, as a revolutionary response against the privileged status of the Church of England, Virginia’s lawmakers approved the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

- In 1790, however, Pennsylvania removed its officeholder limitation in the state legislature from its constitution

- The New England states were slower to embrace freedom of religion. In the former Puritan colonies, the Congregational Church remained the church of most inhabitants. Article III of the Massachusetts constitution blended the goal of republicanism with the goal of promoting Protestant Christianity
7.3 (Tienong)
THE STATE CONSTITUTIONS
John Adams urged the thirteen independent colonies—soon to be states—to write their own state constitutions in 1776.  The ideas of the French philosopher Montesquieu had advocated the separation of powers in government, guided Adams’s thinking. Thoughts on Government was influenced many state legislatures. Fearing the potential for tyranny with only one group in power, he suggested a system of checks and balances in which three separate branches of government—executive, legislative, and judicial would maintain a balance of power. The new United States illustrate different approaches to addressing the question of how much democracy would prevail in the thirteen republics.

In Pennsylvania, the requirement to own property in order to vote was eliminated, and if a man was twenty-one or older, had paid taxes, and had lived in the same location for one year. The 1784 New Hampshire constitution allowed every small town and village to send representatives to the state government, making the lower house of the legislature a model of democratic government.

Conservative Whigs distrusted the idea of majority rule, recoiled from the abolition of property qualifications for voting and office holding in Pennsylvania. Whigs, this constitution simply put too much power in the hands of men who had no business exercising the right to vote.

Maryland’s, written in 1776, restricted office holding to the wealthy planter class. The 1778 South Carolina constitution also sought to protect the interests of the wealthy. Governors and lieutenant governors of the state had to have “a settled or freehold in their and each of their own right of the value of at least ten thousand pounds currency, clear of debt.

7.4 ( Khoi Nguyen)

The economic troubles that afflicted the Confederacy's thirteen states paved the way for the establishment of a strong central authority under a federal constitution. The convention attendees were divided on the subject of a strong, centralized government and how Americans would be represented in the federal government.

THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

In early 1786, Virginia`s James Madison advocated a meeting of states to address the widespread economic problems that plagued the new nation. These delegates did, however, agree to a plan put forward by Alexander Hamilton for a second convention to meet in May 1787 in Philadelphia. This time, all the states except Rhode Island sent delegates to Philadelphia to confront the problems of the day. They did not believe the delegates had the authority to create a strong national government.

THE QUESTION OF REPRESENTATION

Early in 1786, Virginia's James Madison proposed a gathering of states to discuss the nascent nation's broad economic issues. These delegates did however, accept to Alexander Hamilton's proposal for a second convention in Philadelphia in May 1787. Except for Rhode Island, every state sent representatives to Philadelphia to address the issues of the day. They didn't think the delegates had the power to form a powerful national government.

THE QUESTION OF SLAVERY

Slaveholders wanted slaves to be counted alongside whites, referred to as "free inhabitants," when calculating a state's total population. according to their respective Number, which shall be determined by adding three fifths of all other persons to the whole number of free Persons, including those bound for service for a term of years [white servants], and excluding Indians not taxed."

THE QUESTION OF DEMOCRACY

The delegates also established the Electoral College, which is responsible for electing the president. Each state has a set number of electors under this model, which is equal to the number of senators (two) plus the number of representatives in the House of Representatives.

THE FIGHT OVER RATIFICATION

The delegates resolved that each state must conduct a separate ratifying convention before the new national government can be established. When the American public learned of the new constitution, there were many differing viewpoints, but the majority of people were against it. Anti-Federalists contended that the Constitution would combine all authority in a single national government, stripping states of their ability to make their own judgments.

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kdBXWuuAFVVJIZaAD_QwuLNKOPfbd8gJzz8hKRarwk4/edit?usp=sharing