# data[].attributes.body
Summary Of Hydrogen

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN

# data[].attributes.body
My summary of hudrogen topic

# data[].attributes.body
1/sscch

# data[].attributes.headline
NORHIDAYATUL ATHIRAH BINTI JAFFREDIN (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.subject
NORHIDAYATUL ATHIRAH BINTI JAFFREDIN (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.headline
Nur Rabiatul Azdhawiyah Binti Faizal (1/SSCAH) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Nur Rabiatul Azdhawiyah Binti Faizal (1/SSCAH) 

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN :

Preparation of Hydrogen :
In Labotary :-
1) Reaction of metal
2) Electrolysis of water

In industry :-
1) Steam Reforming Process
2) Water gas shift

Major Uses of Hydrogen :
i) production of NH3
ii ) methanol production
iii) production of margarine

Special Properties :
i) H tends to form covalent bond with other element except for very elctropositive metal due to small size
ii) Shorter and strong covalent bond
iii)form interstitial hydrides with transition metal
iv) form bridging
v)form unusual attractive force (hydrogen bonding )

Effect of H-bond :
i) unexpected higher molecular weight
ii) density of solid < liquid
iii) solubility
- polar molecule dissolve in water
- non-polar molecule do not dissolve in         water

Compound of Hydrogen (HYDRIDES)
i) ionic hydride (H-)
-H bonded to highly electropositive                 element (alkali metal & alkaline earth metal )
- fact that shown saline hydrides are ionic substances is conduct electricity when molten and evolve H2 at the anode

ii)covalent hydride
- H with non metal element
- (neutral, binary XH4 Group IVA), (basic, binary XH3 Group VA), (weak acid,XH2 Group VIA), (strong acid HX Group VIIA)
iii)nonstoichiometric hydrides
- hydrogen bonding consider metal
- black & greyish black
- used for hydrogen storage

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurfazrina Syakila Binti Baharuddin 1/SSCAH

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurfazrina Syakila Binti Baharuddin 1/SSCAH

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Hydrogen

Note that , hydrogen :
- can cause dangerous if don't handle it properly

- mean forming water
- electronic configuration is 1s1
- can be at group 1 or 7
- colourless , does not smell , tasteless , dissolved only 2% in water
- can lose , gain or share electron
- number of oxidation can be either +1 or -1
- small in size , formed shorter and stronger bond

How to prepare hydrogen ?
~ reaction of metal with diluted acids
~ electrolysis of water (obtain in cathode)
~ in industry , steam reforming process using hydrocarbon/coal
Advantage : cheap
Disadvantage : biggest drawback (CO,CO₂,green gases)

Reaction of hydrogen :
1 ) combustion
2 ) reducing agent
3 ) react with more electronegative element (oxidation number is +1)
4 ) react with electropositive element (oxidation number is -1)
5) homolytic dissociation
6 ) heterolytic dissociation
7 ) radical chain reaction

Addition :
+ when hydrogen attach with F O N , more energy required , boiling point increase
+ can attach more than one bond , which formed B₂H6
+ even there's completely ionic bond but between the element , there's covalent bond for example LiAlH4
+ water show anomalous behaviour because of hydrogen bond
solid water = ice
density ice < water
volume ice > water

Hydrogen attached with non metal element
group IVA (neutral)
group VA (basic)
group VIA (weakly acid)
group VIIA (strongly acid)

# data[].attributes.headline
Nurul Syazana Binti Mohd Zamri (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.subject
Nurul Syazana Binti Mohd Zamri (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.body
summary
-hydrogen most abundant element
-combustion H for fuel convert back to H2O
-dihydrogen, H2 located in 1A

reaction
-combustion
-reducing agent

special properties
-tends to form covalent bond except very electropositive metals

effect of hydrogen bond
-unexpectedly high
-density of solid is than in liquid
-solubility

compound of hydrogen
-ionic hydride( bonded to highly electropositive element)
-covalent hydride( element on the right hand side of the periodic table)
-nonstoichiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.body
Summary:
•Resemblance with Halogens
1.Electronic configuration
2.Non-metallic character
3.Atomicity
4.Formation of similar types of compounds
5.Oxidation state

•Preparation of Hydrogen
1.In laboratory
-reaction of alkali metal with diluted acids
-Electrolysis of water
2.In industry
-by steam reforming process
-water gas shift

•Reaction of Hydrogen
1.Combustion
2.Reducing agent
3.Reaction with other electronegative elements
4.Reaction with other electropositive elements(form hydride)
5.Homolytic dissociation(takes place in high temperature,with the help of catalyst such as Ni,Pt,Pd)
6.Heterolytic dissociation(metal oxides as catalyst)
7.Radical chain reaction (induced by heat or light)

•Special properties
1.Small in size,tends to form covalent bond with other element except with the very electropositive metals.
2.Shorter bond length,stronger covalent bond
3.Show anomally
-Form interstitial hydrides with transition metals
-Participate in 3 centre bonds forming bridging
-Form hydrogen bond with N,O,F

•Effect of Hydrogen bond
1.Unexpectedly high molecular weight
2.Density of solid is less than in liquid
3.Solubility

# data[].attributes.headline
NURSYAZNI HAZIQAH BINTI MOHD ISA (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.subject
NURSYAZNI HAZIQAH BINTI MOHD ISA (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN

INTRODUCTION
- 3rd most abundant element on the surface of the earth
- HYDRO = water , GENES= form
HYDROGEN= forming water
- does not dissolve in water (only 2%)
- the position of hydrogen is anomalous in periodic table
~ alkali metal
~ halogens

RESEMBLE WITH
( Group 1A)
- electronic configuration ( s1)
-electropositive character (+)
- oxidation state (+1)

(GROUP VIIA)
-electronic configuration
~both contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas
configuration
-non-metallic character (H is non-metal)
-atomicity: Diatomic molecules
-formation of similar types of compound
~Halides: CCl4
~Hydrides: CH4
-oxidation state (-1)

PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN
-In lab
~reaction of metal (Zn, Fe, Cu) with diluted acids
~electrolysis of water (adding a small amount of H+)

-In industry
~STEAM REFORMING PROCESS (using hydrocarbon/ coal)
1.steam reforming
2. water gas shift
Advantage: cheap
Disadvantage: Major by product : CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases

USES OF HYDROGEN
1. Production of NH3 ( Haber process)
2. Methanol Production (Food stock)
3. Production of margarine
4. Production of Metals
5. As fuel

REACTION OF HYDROGEN
-combustion (release high release)
-reducing agent
-react with other more electronegative elements
-react with more electropositive elements (forming hydride)
- homolytic dissociation (takes place at high temperature with help of Pt or Ni catalyst)
-heterolytic dissociation (induced by metal oxide ZnO/Al2O3 as catalyst)
- radical chain reaction (induced by heat or light)

SPECIAL OF PROPERTIES
-small size
~tends to form covalent bond except with electropositive bond
~ the shorter bond length , the stronger covalent bond
~ show anomaly
*form interstitial hydrides with transition metals
*participate in three-center bonds, forming bridging hydrogen bonding
~ hydrogen form (F,O,N)
- detection of hydrogen bond
~abnormal melting and boiling points
~more energy is required to break down the bond
~ the melting and boiling point is higher

EFFECT OF HYDROGEN BOND
-unexpectedly high molecular weight
-density of the solid is less than in liquid
-solubility ~ polar and ionic (soluble in water)
~non-polar (not dissolve in water)

COMPOUND OF HYDROGEN ~ HYDRIDES
- Ionic Hydride (H-) ~Saline Hydride
-covalent hydride (H. or H+)
-nonstoichiometric hydrides (interstitial compounds)

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen

* Produced from hydrocarbon or water

* Lightest element with atomic number 1 (Group IA)

Resemblance with Alkali Metals (Group IA)

v Electronic configuration (1 valence electron)

v Electropositive character (form H⁺)

v Oxidation state (+1)

Resemblance with Halogens (Group VIIA)

v Electronic configuration (Both contain 1 electron less than the nearest the noble gas configuration)

v Non-metallic character (H is non-metal)

v Atomicity (Diatomic molecule-H₂)

v Formation of similar types of compounds  (CH₄,CCl₄)

v Oxidation state (-1)

Preparation of Hydrogen

In Laboratory

-Metal + Dilute acid → release H₂

-Electrolysis of water  → cathode form H²,anode form O₂

In Industry

Steam Reforming Process (using hydrocarbon/coal)

Advantage : Cheap

Drawback : Major by products, CO,CO₂ and greenhouse gases

Uses of Hydrogen

-Produce NH₃ (Haber Process), fertilizer, plastic

-Produce methanol, CH₃OH

-Produce margarine (Hydrogenation of unsaturated oil,=to-)

-Produce metal (Reduction)

-As fuel

Reaction of Hydrogen

1. Combustion (+O₂→H₂0)

2. Reducing agent

3. React with other more electronagative metal

4. React with more electropositive metal (forming hydride)

5. Homolytic dissociation (form 2H at high temperature, Pt/Ni)

6. Heterolytic dissociation

7. Radical Chain Reaction

Special Properties of Hydrogen

-Small size, tend to form covalent bond except with very electropositive metals

-Form interstitial hydrides with transition metal

-Form hydrogen bond with F,O,N

Compound of Hydrogen:Hydrides

1. Ionic Hydride (Saline Hydride)

---H bonded to highly electropositive elements

# LiH,BeH₂,MgH₂ show more covalent character due to small size and high charge density of ions.

2. Covalent Hydride

---H bonded to non-metal element

~Neutral (G14)→Basic (G15)→Weakly Acidic (G16)→Strongly Acidic (G17)

# LiAlH₄ and NaBH4 are ionic compound with the covalent bonds Al-H and B-H.

3. Interstitial Hydride   (Non stoichiometric compund)

Water

*Stable toward thermal decomposition due to high O-H bond energy (Hydrogen bond)

*Amphoteric (Proton donor, Proton acceptor)

*Salt hydrolysis

*Ice- solid water, less dense than in liquid (open crystal structure)

Interstitial  Hydride

*H + Transition metal form non stoichiometric compound

*as hydrogen storage

# data[].attributes.headline
FATIN NURIN NABILA BINTI ABD IZAM (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.subject
FATIN NURIN NABILA BINTI ABD IZAM (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Hydrogen:

- 3rd most abundant element on the surface of the earth
- produced from hydrocarbon or water
- colourless gas, does not smell and tasteless
- diatomic gas (least dense of all gases)
- lightest element than Helium
- located in first group (IA)
- position is anomalous in periodic table: alkali metals & halogens

Preparation of Hydrogen:
In lab
- reaction of metal with diluted acids
- electrolysis of water
In industry
- Steam Reforming Process
* Advantage : cheap
* Disadvantage :
major of products ( CO, CO2 & greenhouse gases)

Major uses of Hydrogen:
- production of NH3 (Haber Process)
- methanol production
- production of margarine
- production of metals
- as fuel

Reaction of Hydrogen:
- combustion
- reducing agent
- react with other more electronegative elements
- react with more electropositive elements
- homolytic dissociation
- heterolytic dissociation
- radical chain reaction

Special properties: due to small size
- hydrogen tends to form covalent bond
- shorter and strong covalent bond
- show anomaly :
* Form interstitial hydrides with   transition metal
* Form bridging hydrogen bonding (B2H6)
* Form hydrogen bonding with F, O & N

Effect of Hydrogen Bond:
- unexpectedly high molecular weights
- density of solid is less than in liquid
- solubility :
* Polar molecule dissolve in water
* Non polar molecule insoluble in water

Compound of Hydrogen:
- ionic hydride (saline hydride)
- covalent hydride
- nonstoichiometric hydride

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
SSCC1703 HYDROGEN NAJWA MUNIRA BINTI NIZAM A21SC0178

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY

Position
-hydrogen located in first group (IA)
-position is anomalous in periodic table

Resemblance
(group IA)
1. electronic configuration
2. electropositive character
3.oxidation state
(group VIIA)
1.electronic configuration
2.non metallic
3.atomicity
4.formation if similar types of compounds
5.oxidation state

Preparation of hydrogen
(laboratory)
1. reaction of metal (diluted acid)
2.electrolysis of water

(industry)- by STEAM REFORMING PROCESS- *hydrocarbon/coal
1. steam reforming
2. water gas shift
#this method is cheap but can cause major by products - CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases

Major uses
1.production of NH3
2.methanol production
3.production of margarine
4.production of metals
5. as fuel

when undergoes reaction:
lose- H+
gain- H-
share - covalent bond

Reaction of hydrogen
1. combustion (release energy)
2.reducing agent
3.react with other more electronegative
4.react with more electropositive (forming hydride)
5.homolytic dissociation (high temperature with help Pt/Ni)
6.heterolytic dissociation (by metal oxide)
7. radical chain reaction (by heat/ light)

Special properties
1. small saiz
-tends to form covalent bond (share)
-shorter and stronger covalent bond (shorter the bond make the bond stronger)
-show anomally(form interstitial hydrides and bridging hydrogen bonding)
-hydrogen bonding (F,O,N)
2.detection of hydrogen bond
-abnormal melting/boiling point
-more energy and heat required
-higher melting/boiling point

Effect of hydrogen bond
1. unexpectedly high  molecular weight (e.g dimer)
2.density of the solid is less than liquid (large volume as crystallization -e.g ice)
3.solubility (ionic/polar - soluble)(non polar - insoluble)

Compound of hydrogen
1. Ionic hydride (H-)
-H bond to highly electropositive elements)
-hydride (alkali metal- grp IA)(heavier metal)
-hydrides (alkaline earth metal- grp IIA)(Li,Be,Mg -more covalent due to small size/high density)
-ionic substance (conduct electricity, dissolved, electrolyzed)
2. Covalent hydride (H. / H+)
- hydrides of boron
-hydridic (complex)- covalent in nature
3. Water (most abundant and important substance)
-anomalous behaviour due to hydrogen bonding, stable
-electropositive,halogen,metallic oxides,nonmetallic oxides
-amphoteric in nature
-salt hydrolysis
4. Hydroxonium ion
-found in acid (binary/oxoacid)
-polarizability depends on strength electronegativity
-more electronegativity, easily protonated
5. Interstitial hydride
-non stoichiometric compound
-bonding: metallic
-black/grayish-black
-small size of H, can be absorbed and located in regular interstices
-palladium(can absorb very large volume of H, ussed to store H)

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen

Introduction

Group 1 element in the standard periodic table

Resemblances with both alkali metals (3) and halogens(5)

Preparation

Lab

Metal + dilute acids

Electrolysis of water

Industry

Steam reforming process (Steam reforming → Water gas shift)

Cheap

Non-environmental-friendly byproducts

Uses

Haber process

Steam reforming (Methanol production)

Hydrogenation (Margarine)

Metals production (Reduction)

Fuel

Special properties

Hydrides

Saline/ionic (H⁻)

Covalent (H⁺/ bond sharing)

Nonstoichiometric (Interstitial)

Transition metals, lantanides, actinides

Combustion - high energy

Reducing agent

Can react with more electropositive/electronegative elements

Homolytic/Heterolytic dissociation

Radical chain reaction

Short & strong covalent bond

Hydrogen bonding (FON)

Higher melting/boiling point

Ice density < water

Dimerisation (molecular weights ↑)

Water

Solvent for ionic/polar but not for non-polar

Amphoteric

Hydrogen bonding √

Hydrolysis

Salt - Weak acids & bases

Oxides - Metallic & Non-metallic

Halogen

Thoughts:
I found that I can cope well with asynchronous class as I can adjust the speed and pause the video whenever I want to do notes or listen again. However, the video player in elearning does not have rewind function so it is a little bit difficult to adjust the time I want to skip back/forward like in youtube (dragging seek bar is difficult for adjusting small time)

# data[].attributes.headline
NURUL IZZATI BINTI MUHAMMAD AFDHAL (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.subject
NURUL IZZATI BINTI MUHAMMAD AFDHAL (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of hydrogen-

preparation of hydrogen:
in lab :
-reaction of metal with dilute acids
-electrolysis of water by adding small amount of H+
in industry :
-steaming reforming process hydrocarbon/coal
-water gas shift

major uses:
-production of NH3
-mathanol production
-production of margerine
-production of metals
-as fuel

special properties:
-hydrogen form covalent bond with element except the electropositive metal
-shorter and strong covalent bond due to small size.
-show anomaly
>form interstitial with transition metals
>hydrogen will participate in 3center bonds forming bridging hydrogen bonding
>form hydrogen bonding when coupled to a highly electronegativite atom (F,O,N)
> abnormal melting point-higher melting/boiling point

effect of hydrogen bond:
-unexpectedly high molecule weight
-density of solid less than liquid> ice float in water
-solubility
>polar molecuel -dissolve in water
>nonpolar molecule -no dissolve in water

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Hydrogen

*Most abundant element on the surface of the earth
* Produce from hydrocarbon and water
* Lightest element than helium

Position of Hydrogen
*Alkali metals
*Halogens

Preparation of Hydrogen :
in Laboratory
* Reaction of metal with diluted acid
*Electrolysis of water
in Industry
*Steam Reforming Process using hydrocarbon or coal
- advantage using this method is cheap

- disadvantage is major by product: CO2 ,
CO and greenhouse gaseous

Major uses of Hydrogen
* Production of NH3
* Production of Methanol
* Production of Margarine
* Production of Metal
* As Fuel

Special Properties of Hydrogen
* Hydrogen form covalent bond due to small size
* Shorter and Strong Covalent Bond
*Form attractive force ' Hydrogen Bonding ' only for elemet F,O,N (more energy required to breakdown hydrogen bond between molecules)

Effect of Hydrogen Bond
* Density of solid less than liquid eg: ice and water due to its open crystal structure will having larger volume thus density of solid is less
*Solubility which is polar molecule dissolve in water but non polar molecule insoluble in water.

THANKYOU

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Hydrogen:

Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table.
1. Alkali Metals (Group IA)
- electronic configuration, 1 valence electron
- electropositive character
- oxidation state, +1

2. Halogens (Group VIIA)
- electronic configuration, one electron less than nearest noble gas
- non-metallic character
- diatomic molecules
- formation of similar of compounds, halides & hydrides
- oxidation state, -1

Preparation of Hydrogen.
1. In laboratory
i. reaction of metals with diluted acids
ii. electrolysis of water, hydrogen is obtain in cathode.

2. In Industry
i. steam reforming process, use hydrocarbon @ coal
- adv: cheap
- disadv: produce major product CO, CO₂ & greenhouse gaseous.

Major Uses of Hydrogen ( industrial process )
1. Production of NH3, haber process
2. Methanol Production, steam reforming
3. Production of Margarine
4. Production of Metals, reduction process
5. As fuel

Reaction of Hydrogen
1. Combustion
2. Reducing agent
3. React with more electronegative elements
4. React with more electropositive elements, forming hydride
5. Homolytic dissociation
6.Heterolytic dissociation
7. Radical chain reaction

Special Properties of Hydrogen
1. due small size
- tends to form covalent bond
- shorter & strong covalent bond
- form interstitial hydrides with transition metals
- form unusual attractive, hydrogen bonding (F,O,N)

2. Abnormal melting & boiling points
- not follow BP increase, MW increase
- more energy required

Compound of Hydrogen
1. Ionic hydrides, saline hydride
- H bonded to more electropositive elements
- Hydrides of alkali metals & alkaline earth metal (G IIA)
- Li, Be, Mg have more covalent character because of small size, high charge density of ions.
- ionic substance
- conduct electricity when molten

2. Covalent hydride, molecule
- H with non-metals elements
- Neutral, G IVA
- Basic, G VA
- Weakly acidic, G VIA
- Strongly acidic, G VIIA
Important reactions of Water:
1. self ionization
2. Element. electropositive, halogen, metallic oxides, nonmetallic oxides

3. Nonstoichiometric hydride, interstitial compound
- H with transition metals
- bonding considered metallic
- due smaller size of H, H atoms can absorbed, located in regular interstices.
- element palladium can absrob very large volumes of H.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary:
-Hydrogen is the 3rd most abundant element
on the earth surface.
-The lightest element having atomic
number 1
-The position of hydrogen is anomalous
with alkali metals and halogens.

Preparation of Hydrogen:
In Laboratory:
i) Reaction of metal (Zn, Fe, Cu) with
diluted acids.
Hydrogen is collected by replacement of
water.
ii) Electrolysis of water (adding a small
amount of H+. Hydrogen gas produce at
cathode.

In Industry:
By steam reforming process using hydrocarbon or coal.

Major advantage of producing H2 using this method is cheap and the disadvantages are it will produce major products such as CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases.

Major Uses of Hydrogen (Industrial Processes)
-Production of NH3 (Haber Process),
fertilizers, plastics.
-Methanol production for steam reforming
-Production of margarine (hydrogenation
of unsaturated oil).
-Production of Metals (reduction process)
-As fuel.

Detection of Hydrogen Bond is abnormal melting and boiling points which is for (F O N). More energy is required to break HYDROGEN BOND between molecules.

Effect of Hydrogen Bond
-Unexpectedly high molecular weights
-Density of solid is less than liquid
-Solubility

Compound of Hydrogen-Hydrides
-Ionic Hydride (H-) - Saline Hydride
-Covalent hydride (H, or H+)
-Nonstoichiometric hydrides
(interstitial compounds)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN

Resemblance with Alkali Metals
- Electronic Configuration (one e at s orbital)
- Electro+
- Oxidation States +1

Resemblance with Halogens
- Electronic Configuration (one e less)'
- Non-metallic
- Diatomic
- Formation of similar compound (CCl4, CH4)
- Oxidation States -1

Preparation of Hydrogen
In Lab
- React with metal
- Electrolysis of water (Cathode form H2, Anode form O2)
In Industry
- Steam Reforming Process (Syn Gas)
(+) Cheap, (-) Major by Product (CO,CO2)

Uses of Hydrogen
- Production of Ammonium (Haber Process)
- Methanol Production
- Production of Margerine
- Production of Metals
- As fuel

Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
- Lose, gain and share electron
REACTION
- with Hydrogen
- As Reducing Agent (Redox Reaction Occurs)
- with more electro- elements (ex: Group VIIA)
- with more electro+ elements (ex: Group IA)
- Homolytic Dissociation
- Heterolytic Dissociation
- Radical Chain Reaction

Special Properties of Hydrogen
- Small Size (form strong and short covalent bond, interstitial hydrides, hydrogen bonding)
- F,O and N have abnormal high melting point and boiling point due to hydrogen bond

Effect of Hydrogen Bond

- High molecular weight (Dimeric such as carboxylic acids)
- Density of solid > liquid (Open crystal structure-hexagonal)
- Soluble in polar molecule, insoluble in non-polar molecule due to partial charges

Compound of Hydrogens
- Ionic compound (Saline Hydride - Highly Electro+)
~ Li, Be and Mg more covalent characters (Small size and High charge density)
- Covalent compound (Molecule Hydride)
~ Neutral, binary XH4 (14)
~ Basic, binary XH3 (15)
~ Weak Acidic/Amphoteric, Binary XH2 (16)
~ Strongly acidic, Binary HX (17)
- Nonstoichiometric Hydrides (Interstitial Compounds)
~ Bonding consider metallic
~ Black and greyish black
~ Used for hydrogen storage (Palladium)

Water
REACTION
- Self-ionization
- with electro+, Halogen, Metallic Oxides, Nonmetallic Oxides
- Amphoteric
- Salt hydrolysis

Hydroxonium ion
- More electro- X, more water can easily protonated, more acidic the HX
- Blue to Red
- React with Base

# data[].attributes.headline
NURIN RASYIQAH BINTI MOHAMAD RAHMAN CHIN (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.subject
NURIN RASYIQAH BINTI MOHAMAD RAHMAN CHIN (1/SSCAH)

# data[].attributes.body
* Hydrogen is collected by replacement of water.

* Preparation of hydrogen in industry by steam reforming process using hydrocarbon or coal. (4 steps)

* Major advantage of producing H₂ using team reforming process is CHEAP!!
Biggest drawback is major by products (CO, CO₂, GREENHOUSE GASES)

* Major use of hydrogen (industrial process)

1.  production of NH₃

2.  Methanol production

3.  Production of margarine

4.  production of metals

5.  as fuel

* When undergoing chemical reaction-

lose electron, H become hydrogen ion
gain electron, H become hydride

* Special properties

tends to form covalent bond

shorter and strong covalent bond

form interstitial hydrides with lanthanide and actinide

form hydrogen bonding

abnormal melting and boiling point

* Effect hydrogen bond

high molecular weights due to hydrogen bonding

density solid less than liquid due to larger volume

solubility occur when molecule solvent bonded to the solute through hydrogen bond

* Ionic Hydride

H bonded to highly electropositive elements

hydrides of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal

* Covalent Hydride

include neutral, basic, amphoteric, acidic compounds

Hydridic, complex compounds of hydrogen

* Hydroxonium ion

proved H presents as H⁺

found in acids

polarizability of H₂O molecule depends on the strength electronegativity

* Interstitial hydride

compound H with transition metals form non stoichiometric compound

bonding considered metallic

due to smaller size of H, H atoms can be absorbed and located in regular interstices

palladium can be used to store hydrogen (Hydrogen storage)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY
*H lighter than He
*position of H can be in alkali metals and halogen
*Resemblance with alkali metals
-electronic configuration
-electropositive character
oxidation state(+1)
*Resemblance with halogen
-electronic configuration
-typical non-metals
-diatomic molecule
-formation of similar types of compound
-oxidation state(-1)
*In lab
-reaction of metal with diluted acids
-electrolysis of water
*In industry
-steam reforming process
-water gas shift
*F,O,N are the only element that can form hydrogen bonds when reacting with H and have higher boiling points compared to other elements in the same period due to the hydrogen bonds required more energy to break the bond.
*Compound of hydrogen:
-ionic hydride(H-)
-covalent hydride(H+)
-nonstoichiometric compound(metallic)
*water have a larger density compared to ice due to crystallization taking place

# data[].attributes.body
1. Position of hydrogen is anomalous which is located at group (IA) and group (7A) due to numerous reason.

2. In lab, it able to reacr with metal to form diluted acid and it also undergo electolysis of water.

3. In industry, there are also steam reforming and water gas shift processes to produce hydrogen.

4. Hydrogen also used in industry to synthesis ammonia and also methanol.

5.  Hydrogen able to undergo oxidation and reduction.

6. Due to its small size, it able to form covalent bond with less electropositive metals.

7. When hydrogen is linked with FNO atom, hydrogen bonds will present and it is stronger than vdw forces, thus it will have high bp.

8. Dimeric will also form due to hydrogen bond.

9. For water, solid phase is less dense than liquid and this is known as anomaly of water.

10. Water is amphoteric as it follows the Bronsted-Lowry Theory and act as BL acid and base.

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN
Preparation of H

In lab
-Reaction of metal with diluted acid (H collected by replacement of water)
-Electrolysis of water (at cathode)

In industry
-By STEAM Reforming Process (hydrocarbon or coal)

Major use of H (industrial process)
-production of Harber Process, fertilizers and plastics.
-methanol production
-production of margarine.
-production of metal.
-fuel

Special properties of H
-tends to form covalent bond
-shorter and strong covalent bond
-form interstitial hydrides
-forming bridging  hydrogen
-unusual attractive force
-abnormal melting and boiling point
-unexpectedly high molecular weights
-density of solid is less the liquid

compound of H
-ionic/saline hydride
-covalent hydride
-nonstoichiometric hydride (metallic)

# data[].attributes.headline
TIARA ALIYAH BINTI ABDULL RAHMAN (1/SSCH)

# data[].attributes.subject
TIARA ALIYAH BINTI ABDULL RAHMAN (1/SSCH)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN
- Hydrogen is the lightest element

Position of hydrogen in periodic table
1. Alkaline metals
2. halogens

Preparation of hydrogen
1. reaction of metal and diluted acid
2. electrolysis of water
3. steam reforming process

Major uses
-produce ammonia
-produce methanol
-produce margarine
-produce metal

Effect of hydrogen bond
-density of solid is less than liquid
-solubility: polar molecule dissolve in water

Compound of hydrogen
1.ionic hydride
2.covalent hydride
3.nonstoichiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Hydrogen
For me hydrogen is important  element for us as human. Not only hydrogen is the most abundant element in the earth but there is also something special regarding hydrogen.

Hydrogen is a non metal element, presence in diatomic molecules and can form into similar types of compound such as halides and hydrides.

Hydrogen has a lot of properties but 1 of the interesting properties is hydrogen can react as reducing agent

water, water is one of the example of molecules that has been produced by hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen bonding between hydrogen and water wad made water is water. If we can say there is a lot of interesting properties of water due to hydrogen bonding.

One of them is water can become the proton donator and the proton acceptor. For example if water reacts with base it will  act as acid (proton donor) but if water reacts with acid it will act as base (proton acceptor). Other than that, water has  a high boiling point due to the hydrogen bonding, which need a lot of heat energy to break the hydrogen bonding so that the water can become  vapor.

There is a lot of interesting fact regarding hydrogen and water but for this moment I think that's all I can summarize for today.

Thanks Dr Sheela

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of Hydrogen

-3rd most abundant element on the surface of earth.
-Lightest element than helium
-Colourless gas and does not dissolve in water.

Preparation of Hydrogen
-In laboratory
-In Industry

In Industry

By STREAM REFORMING PROCESS using Coal or hydrocarbon
Step 1- Steam Reforming
Step 2- Water Gas Shift

Advantage
Cheap
Disadvantage
Major by products: CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases

Major Uses of Hydrogen
-Production of NH3
-Methanol production
-Production of mangarine

Special Properties
-Hydrogen tends to form covalent bond due to small size
-Form unusual attractive force called 'Hydrogen bond'.
With couple of highly electronegative atom (F, O, N)

Compound of Hydrogen
-Ionic Hydride
-Covalent Hydride
Nonstoichiometric hydride

Effect Of Hydrogen Bond

-Density of the solid less than in liquid
-Solubility-Occur when the molecule of the solvent bonded to the solute through hydrogen bond

# data[].attributes.body
What is hydrogen?

-3rd most abundant element
-produced from hydrocarbon ot water

Preparation of Hydrogen
1) Reaction of metal
2) Electrolysis of water

In industry,
STEAM REFORMING PROCESS (using hydrocarbon or coal)

Major uses of Hydrogen
1) Production of NH3
2) Methanol Production
3) Production of margarine
4) Production of metals
5) As fuel

Covalent Hydride
-compounds of Hydrogen with non metal elements.

Water ( covalent hydride)
- The most abundant and important substance
- Show anomalous behavior bcs of Hydrogen bonding

Important reactions
Self ionization
Element
Amphoteric in nature
Salh hydrolysis

Hydroxonium Ion (H3O+)
-proved hydrogen presents as H+( proton)

Litmus ppr • blue to red
Thimol blue : yellow
Methyl orange: red

Interstitial Hydride
- compund of H with transition metals forming non stoichiometic compound
-bonding is considered metallic

# data[].attributes.headline
SYAFIQA ADRIANA BINTI MOHD SUHAIMI (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.subject
SYAFIQA ADRIANA BINTI MOHD SUHAIMI (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.body
Summary on the topic;

Preparation of hydrogen- Industrial

Steam Reforming

Water gas shift

Special properties of hydrogen

Atomic H can -lose electron

-gain electron

-share electron (shorter &

strong covalent bond)

due to small size (except very

electropositive metals)

Anomaly -form intersitial hydries with transition metals

-hydrogen bonding formed when H participate in three centre bonds.

Hydrogen bond have abnormal melting & boiling points (hydride of F O N) where more energy is required to break down the hydrogen bond- so making them have higher melting/ boiling point)

Classification compound of hydrogen

Ionic hydride ( H-)Saline Hydride

Covalent hydride (H+ or H•)

Nonstoichiometric hydrides (interstitial compounds)

Water as covalent hydride

Important reactions;

-Self Ionization (element; electropositive, halogen, metallic oxides, non metallic oxides)

-Amphoteric in nature (Proton donor , acceptor)

-Salt hydrolysis

# data[].attributes.body
preparation of hydrogen:
1.reaction of metal and diluted acid
2.electrolysis of water
3.steam reforming process(using hydrocarbon or coal)
steam reforming process is commonly used in industry because it is cheap but it give lots of disadvantage such as the formation of CO,CO2 and greenhouse gases.

Hydrogen is used to
-produce ammonia(haber process)
-produce methanol(steam reforming)
-produce margarine(hydrogenation unsaturated oil)
-produce metal(reduction process)
-as fuel

special properties of Hydrogen is
-hydrogen tends to form covalent bond with element except the electropositive metal
-it has shorter and strong covalent bond due to its small size

effect o hydrogen bond
-density of solid is less than liquid
-solubility
(a)polar molecule dissolve in water
(b)non polar molecule insoluble in water

compound of hydrogen
1.ionic hydride
2.covalent hydride
3.nonstoichometric hydride

# data[].attributes.headline
NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (1/SSCCH) (syira)

# data[].attributes.subject
NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI MOHD YAZID (1/SSCCH) (syira)

# data[].attributes.body
Summary of hydrogen :
-Preparation of hydrogen
1)Steam reforming process by using hydrocarbon or coal
2)water gas shift
(these are the important steps)

-Major uses
a)produce ammonia
b)produce methanol
c)produce margarine
d)produce metal (reduction process)
e) as fuel

-Reaction of hydrogen
a)combustion
b)act as reducing agent
c)react with other more electronegative element such as Cl
d)react with other more electropositive element such as Na (form hydride)
e)homolytic dissociation
f)heterolytic dissociation
g)radical chain reaction

-Effect of H-bond
*unexpectedly high molecular weight of hydrogen-contain species are often due to hydrogen bonding
*Density solid > Density liquid
due to larger volume of solid (crystallization)
*solubility - any non polar molecule insoluble in water

-Compound of hydrogen
1)ionic hydride (H-) saline hydride
2)covalent hydride (H. or H+)
3)nonstoichiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.headline
Mohammad Khairul Haiqal Bin Osman (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.subject
Mohammad Khairul Haiqal Bin Osman (1/SSCCH)

# data[].attributes.body
Summary :-

STEAM REFORMING PROCESS
-S1 (Steam Reforming)
-S2 (Water Gas Shift)

Major advantage
-CHEAP

Drawback
-Produces CO,CO2 and greenhouse gases

Hydrogen Bond (BP/MP)
-F,O,N
-Do not follow the order of increasing boiling point with increasing molecular weight
-More energy/heat is required to break down the hydrogen bond between the molecules

Compound of Hydrogen (Hydrides)
-Ionic Hydride (H-) =Saline Hydride
-Covalent Hydride (H. or H+)
-Nonstoichiometric Hydrides (Interstitial Compounds)

# data[].attributes.body
Position of Hydrogen in Periodic Table

1. Alkali Metals

2. Halogens

Preparation of Hydrogen

In laboratory

1. Reaction of metal with diluted acids

2. Electrolysis of water

In industry

1. Steam reforming

2. Water gas shift

Reaction of Hydrogen

1. Combustion

2. Reducing agent

3. React with other more electronegative elements

4. React with more electropositive elements

5. Homolytic dissociation

6. Heterolytic dissociation

7. Radical chain reaction

Special Properties of Hydrogen

1. H tends to form covalent bond (except with very electropositive metals)

2. Shorter & strong covalent bond

3. Show anomaly

Form interstitial hydrides with transition metal

Form bridging hydrogen bonding (B₂H₆)

Form hydrogen bonding with F, O, N

Abnormal melting & boiling point

More energy required to break down the hydrogen bond 》Higher melting & boiling point

Effect of Hydrogen Bond

1. Unexpectedly high molecular weight

2. Density of solid is less than liquid

3. Solubility

Polar molecule dissolve in water

Non polar molecule not dissolve in water

Compound of Hydrogen

1. Ionic/Saline hydride (H⁻)

2. Covalent hydride (H•, H⁺)

3. Nonstoichiometric hydride (Metallic)

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY OF HYDROGEN TOPIC
- Hydrogen is the lightest element
- 3rd most abundant element on the surface of the earth
- The position of hydrogen is anomalous in periodic table ( resemblance with alkali metals and halogen)
- Colourless gas, does not smell, tasteless, and not dissolve in water
- Can be prepared in lab via reaction of metal with diluted acids and electrolysis of water
- In industry, STEAM REFORMING PROCESS are used to prepare hydrogen. This method is cheap but it will produce major by products like CO, CO2 and greenhouse gases.
- Hydrogen has 3 special properties which are small in size, shorter and strong covalent bond and show anomaly (like form interstitial hydrides with lathanide and actinide)
- Compound of hydrogen can be classified into 3 which are Ionic hydride, Covalent hydride and Nonstoichiometric hydrides.

Question :
Is there any other example for bridging bond other than boron hydride and how to form the bond?

Thank you dr

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY (HYDROGEN )

*Resemblance with Alkali Metals (group IA)*
- Electronic configuration
-Electropositive character
-Oxidation state (+1)

*Resemblance with Halogens (group VIIA)*
-electronic configuration (both contain one electron less than the nearest noble gas configuration)
-typical non-metals
-diatomic molecules
-formation of similar types of compounds
-Oxidation state (-1)

PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN

* (in laboratory)*
1) reaction of metal (with dilute acids)
2)electrolysis of water (adding a small amount of H+)

*(in industry)*
STEAM REFORMING PROCESS
1. Steam reforming
2.water gas shift

Major advantage of producing H2
-Cheap
Biggest drawback
-major by products: CO2,CO and greenhouse.

-form unusual attractive force called *hydrogen bonding* , when coupled to a highly electronegative atom (F,O,N)
eg: water

Abnormal melting and boiling point
(More energy/heat is required to break down the hydrogen bond between the molecules. Thus, higher melting/boiling point.

Compound of hydrogen
1) ionic hydride
2)covalent hydride
3)Nonstoichiometric hydrides

# data[].attributes.body
SUMMARY:
-Position of H is anomalous in periodic table

-Resemblance with Alkali Metals Groups by electronic configuration, electropositive character  & oxidation state (+1)

-Resemblance with Halogens Groups: 1.electronic configuration which both need one more electron to reach the the nearest noble gases configuration.
2. Non metallic character
3.Diatomic molecules
4. Fornation of similar types of compound
5.Oxidation state : (-1)

Preparation of H in industry
- STEAM REFORMING PROCESS
(hydrocarbon/coal)
-steam reforming, water gas shift
-adv:cheap -disadv:major by products CO,CO2, greenhouse gases

Uses of Hydrogen
-Production of Ammonia
-As fuel
-Production  of margarine

Special properties:
-Small size- tends to form covalent bond with other elements except very electro+ metals.
-Shorter & strong covalent bond
-Form interstitial hydrides with transition metals
-Form bridging hydrogen bonding (participate in 3-centerbonds)
-Form hydrogen bonding with high electronegative atom like F,O & N (abnormal melting&boiling point) bcs need more energy to break down the hydrogen bond between molecules

Effects of Hydrogen Bonding
-Unexpectedly high molecular weight
-Density of solid less than liquid
-Solubility :polar molecule dissolve in water
:nonpolar molecule does not dissolve in water

Ionic hydride/Saline hydride (H⁻)
- H bond with high electropositive elements (alkali metals&alkali earth metals)
-ionic substances
-conduct electricity when molten

Covalent hydride  (H•, H⁺)
-compound H with non-metal element
- (neutral, binary XH4 GROUP 14), (basic, binary XH3 GROUP 15), (weak acid,XH2 GROUP 16), (strong acid HX GROUP 17)

Nonstoichiometric hydride/ Interstitial hydride
- compound H with transition metals form non stoichiometric compound
-metallic bonding
-black/grayish-black
- H have smaller size so it can be adsorbed and located in regular interstices between metal atoms

# data[].attributes.body
Hydrogen is the lightest element known having atomic number 1.
In industry preparation of Hydrogen was made by "Steam Reforming Process" using hydrocarbon or coal. There are 4 step during the process :
1. Steam Reforming
2. Water Gas Shift
3. CO₂(g) + H₂O + K₂CO₃  >  2KHCO3
4. 2KHCO3  >  K₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂

There is a lot uses of Hydrogen especially in Industrial Process.
1. Production of margarine.
2. Production of NH3, fertilizers, plastics.
3. As fuel
Hydrogen has uses in many places also Hydrogen can be dangerous if we do not use it properly.

# data[].attributes.body
Summary - produced from hydrocarbon or water, combustion of H for fuel convert back to water.                       Preparation of hydrogen.                                           1.Steam reforming (using Ni at 900)                                           2.Water Gas shift   (using Cu at 400)                            -In industry steam reforming process using hydrocarbon or coal CHEAP .                                      -advantages of producing hydrogen is green house effect      Major uses of Hydrogen.                                           -production of metal                                                  -Production of ammonia                                                       -Methanol production                                                    -Production of margarine                                                       Special properties of hydrogen                              -react with more electropositive element forming hydride       -the stronger the bond the shortest the  bond                         compound classify as ionic hydride, covalent hydride and non stoichiometric hydride.                                                           -ice is less density than water because it has open crystal structure having larger volume                                                   -Ionic hydride                                                                they conduct electricity when molten

# data[].attributes.body
Summary : - The position of hydrogen is anomalous in periodic table (as alkali metal and halogen)
- STEAM REFORMING PROCESS :step 1- steam reforming ,step 2- water gas shift
- Abnormal melting point and boiling point(more energy is needed to break the hydrogen bond between the molecules. Thus higher melting/boiling point is needed.
-Effect of hydrogen bond (unexpected high molecular weights, density, solubility)
- compound of hydrogen bond(1.ionic hydride , 2.covalent hydride , 3.nonstoichiometric hydride)

Question : How to form the bridging hydrogen bond?

Thank you.