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Creative people never give up.  They would try ways to make themselves shine. (E.g. John's writing path was not smooth, so he turned to invent things to keep showing his talents)

Creative people would not be restricted by their major profession.                         (E.g. John and Alexander)

The development of technology helps promote creative products.                        (E.g. Flush toilets became popular and successful due to the development of sewage systems and ceramics production.)

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Combine the pigpen and sitting toilet

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Description:

Duke Jing of Jin died when he was going to the toilet because he dropped inside and drowned

《春秋左傳》中記載晉景公上廁所的時候掉坑裏被糞淹死。「將食，漲，如廁，陷而卒」

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a plumber
>> an improver of flush toilets

Experience:
Based on his relevant competence, he developed the ballcock, an improved tank-filling mechanism.

Conclusion:
the design is still used in toilets today.

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Inventors observed previous designs' weaknesses and improved little by little.

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A series of small improvements made to an existing products or services.

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a watchmaker
>> an improver of flush toilets

Experience:
He discovered the sewer gas problem created by early flush toilets. Therefore, he added an S-shaped pipe below the bowl to prevent sewer gas from flushing. Also, he applied for the first patent for a flush toilet.

Conclusion:
Bad smell reduced.

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an English author
>> the first inventor of flush toilets

Experience:
His publication used to be popular among the British high class. However, he was banished afterward because of writing offensive stories. Therefore, he started inventing.

In 1595, John gave Queen Elizabeth I the first hand-made flush toilet as a gift.

Result:
Although waste was flushed away, the rough design made disgusting smell well out during flushing the toilet. Also, there were no sewage systems and running water in 16th century England. The public treated this design as a luxury useless product.

Conclusion:
This renovation product received less interests.

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Historical and Scientific Factors:                       Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)                         

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Historical and Scientific Factors:                       Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914)                         

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Modern ceramics toilets showed up in the 19th century because technology improved. Heaters can produce loads of ceramics over 2000°C. Therefore, ceramics toilets replaced the unendurable dirty wooden toilets.

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Recognize the limitation of the first flush toilet

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Recognize the limitation of non-flush toilets (e.g. "Potties" and "Garderobe")

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Discover a new form of toilet with emptied bowl with water

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Combine the first flush toilet with the S-shaped pipe

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Fun Fact:
Due to the hygiene concern, public toilets will be keeping that part of the toilet as far people most sensitive areas as possible, as it could have some unwanted droplets on it.

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Recognize the queuing problem in front of female toilets

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Female urinal

Inventor:  Edyth Lacy

Description:
A urine conductor for females to pee without a sanitary device.

Advantages:

For patients who cannot bend their knees

For female Marathon runners

For females in rural areas without toilet

Hygienic

Water-saving

Space-saving

Social and Cultural Factors:
As females' social status has been raised, they can go to work, even joining the traditional man-oriented industry e.g. military and sport. Considering females' physical needs, inventors developed this product.

Also, clothing style changed. Females prefer to wear simple designs and pants for convenience and working. Heavy dresses with many inner layers faded out. The transformation of clothing design helps females use the female urinal.

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Description:

In the royal court of England, the commodes were controlled by the "Groom of the Stool"

Monitoring the King's intestinal health

An "intimate relationship" between the King and the Groom made him a surprisingly influential figure

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Recognize the needs of the victims facing natural disasters

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Combine handbag and toilet

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Eliminate the base of traditional toilet to enhance its portability

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Fun Fact:

Most of the toilets are white since white is always associated with cleanliness, trackback to history, nearly all mythologies and religions see white as representing innocence, purity, and cleanliness. This idea slowly seeped into all aspects of our life, including our bathrooms.

Toilets being white makes it easy for people to tell when our toilets are dirty. Though it may seem gross, it keeps us safe from bacteria if our toilets are shiny white.

Excrements' color reflects body heath. A white toilet leads people to observe their pee and poo clearly.

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Using numbers to express your physical needs

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Using numbers to express your physical needs

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Fun Fact:
In America, "number one" could also mean "pee", "number two" means "poo".

E.g. I have to use the toilet, number two.

It may relate to the first flush toilet, one flush for a pee, two flushes for poo.

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minimLET

Inventor: a Japanese company "Nendo"

Description:
The bag includes six parts: toilet seat, aluminium pipes, nylon cloak, tissue, garbage bag, and coagulant.

Toilet seat and aluminium pipes can be formed as an easy chair, and nylon cloak provides users privacy.

Social Factor:
Japan is in the earthquake zone. This portable invention provides victims of natural disasters with a convenient, comfortable, safe, and private toilet.

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Combine the washing machine and toilet

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Put the heavy washer on top of the sitting toilet

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Promote eco-friendly

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Put toilet into an art work

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Adapt gold into toilet

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Use participatory art to raise people awareness

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Raise people awareness and ease the problem of the income disparity

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Recognize the problem of income disparity

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Put toilet into energy and clean water producer

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Become a waterless self-contained toilet

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Adapt the Nano Membrane technology into toilet use

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Recognize the needs of the third world countries

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Combine the squat and sitting toilet

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Recognize the cultural difference between Germany and Syria

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Turn the waste into goods

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Description:
The toilets of a castle were usually built into the walls so that they projected out on corbels and any waste fell below and into the castle moat.

Fun Fact:

There had a cesspit at the base of one wall of the keep to collect waste from the toilets above.

In 1350 CE, the common collection point was a pit that was cleaned out by a natural stream. Since there were stone drainage channels to drain away waste, these stools were likely collected by local farmers to be reused as fertilizer.

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Combine the toilet and the sink

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Recognize the space limitation

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Minimize the toilet size

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Turn the excrement into something cute

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Put the toilet as the eating utensils

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Description:

A job for collecting all the excrement

Transfer the excrement to the farmers and earn money

People will fight for the excrement from rich families

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Description:
The name change from "tiger" to "horse". The shape gradually changed to a barrel shape. The shape is a round wooden barrel with a lid. It is brushed with oil as a waterproof surface and the decorations are added.

Advantages:

Both genders can easily use

Waterproof surface is easier for cleaning

The wood material is cheaper

Barrel shape can contain many excrements

Do not need to clean for every time

Cover the smell and solve the hygiene problem
More beautiful

Disadvantages:

Privacy problems still existed

Hygiene problems still existed