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- England

when he was hired to find a shorter route to Asia from Europe through the Arctic Ocean. After twice being turned back by ice, Hudson embarked on a third voyage–this time on behalf of the Dutch East India Company

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Pizarro arrived in Peru and heard stories of a great ruler and his riches in the mountains. He returned to get permission to claim the land for Spain.

During their journey, Balboa and Pizarro discovered what is now known as the Pacific Ocean, although Balboa allegedly spied it first, and was therefore credited with the ocean's first European discovery.

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Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador and explorer who defeated the Aztecs and claimed Mexico for Spain. He first set sail to the New World at the age of 19.

Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador, or conqueror, best remembered for conquering the Aztec empire in 1521 and claiming Mexico for Spain. He also helped colonize Cuba and became a governor of New Spain

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- SPAIN
Was a Portuguese explorer who is credited with masterminding the first expedition to circumnavigate the world. Magellan was sponsored by Spain to travel west across the Atlantic in search of the East Indies.

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The Portuguese nobleman Vasco da Gama sailed from Lisbon in 1497 on a mission to reach India and open a sea route from Europe to the East

Vasco De Gama was the first European to find an ocean trading route to India. He accomplished what many explorers before him could not do. His discovery of this sea route helped the Portuguese establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia and Africa.

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Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and navigator.

He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia, but he never did. Instead, he stumbled upon the Americas.

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The Ottoman economy was disrupted by inflation, caused by the influx of precious metals into Europe from the Americas and by an increasing imbalance of trade between East and West

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He was tall, good looking, and confident. He was educated and intelligent and could speak four languages. He was also athletic, a good horseman, a musician, composer, and a strong fighter.

When Pope Clement VII refused to consent to the annulment, Henry VIII decided to separate the entire country of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

Henry's shortest marriage was to Anne of Cleves, lasting only 6 months and 3 days before it was annulled.

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They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy.

A patron of the arts is someone who shows his appreciation or support for the arts by donating money to arts organizations.

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During this era England experienced peace and prosperity while the arts flourished. The time period is named after Queen Elizabeth I who ruled England during this time.
- William Shakespeare; Many people believe William Shakespeare is the best British writer of all time. His many works are about life, love, death, revenge, grief, jealousy, murder, magic and mystery. He wrote the blockbuster plays of his day - some of his most famous are Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

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“There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.”

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“Everyone sees what you appear to be, few experience what you really are.”

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“Here I stand, I can do no other, God help me. Amen!”

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“A pretty face may be enough to catch a man, but it takes character and good nature to hold him.”

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“The chief element of happiness is this: to want to be what you are.”

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1440-1450 Johannes Gutenberg - The Printing Press

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1440-1450 Johannes Gutenberg - The Printing Press

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"I owe all my knowledge to the German inventor, Johannes Gutenberg!"

— Mehmet Murat Ildan

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1567 Peter Bruegel - The Peasant Wedding

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1567 Peter Bruegel - The Peasant Wedding

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between 1509 and 1511 -Raphael - The School of Athens

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between 1509 and 1511 -Raphael - The School of Athens

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between 1503 and 1517 -Leonardo da Vinci - The Mona Lisa

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between 1503 and 1517 -Leonardo da Vinci - The Mona Lisa