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The Westminster Bridge attack that occurred on the 22nd March was one of 5 terrorist attacks that happened in 2017 and this attack was the first out of them to happen which cause controversy as this was a big terrorist attack since the 7/7 bombings a few years prior. On the 23rd March,  the day after the attack The UK Prime Minister Theresa May said "Parliament will meet as normal, we will come together as normal, and Londoners and others from around the world who have come here to visit this great city will get up and go about their days as normal". She also mentioned "We will all move forward together" which was a sign of peace and a sign for everyone to move on from the incident and see how Britain can recover from this (Newsround 2017).

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This concert changed political conversation in parliment in the UK just 2 weeks before the country goes to the polls for general election in 2017. This attack was known as one of the worst terrorist attack since the 7/7 bombing in 2005. By Tuesday the 29th May the politicians had suspended the election to mourn the victims that had lost there lives on the 22nd of May. Thersea May for the second time in 10 months standing in Downing Street to address a country shaken by what she described as “a callous terrorist attack” that this time had singled out children as its targets “with cold calculation.” (Politico, 2017).

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To conclude, the non-military services have dealt with the two different terror attacks that I have mentioned in this padlet, the Manchester Bombing 2017 and the Westminster Bridge attack that also happened in 2017 and that it has been concluded and rested to bed and currently not ongoing. This is why the Police and Emergency services are always on alert and help people as much as possible and try and recover from these situations. This also covers the effects of War and conflict, terrorism, and civil unrest within the non-military services.

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What impact did it have on the non-military during the attack?

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What impact did it have on the non-military during the attack?

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On the evening of the 22nd March 2017, the non-military were involved big time, going from the Paramedics to the Armed.
The Emergency services were involved by helping the wounded left behind from the attacker on the bridge. 49 people were left injured for the service to attend to and help and treat the wounds and injuries.

The Police force were also called to the scene to prevent the attacker on doing more damage. The Police Armed Force were there to shoot down the attacker if necessary to stop him hurting anyone else at the scene.

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Theresa May, the Prime Minister, who was in the Commons for a vote, was evacuated by her security team in the Prime Ministerial car, and taken to 10 Downing Street.

Additional armed police officers arrived, including Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officers who were on scene within 6 minutes. An air ambulance from London HEMS attended the scene, landing in Parliament Square.  Parliament was suspended and MPs remained in the Commons debating chamber as a precaution. Parliamentary staff were confined to their offices; journalists and visitors to Parliament were not permitted to leave the building. Some were later evacuated to Westminster Abbey.

The Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales also suspended their proceedings that afternoon. The UK government's emergency Cabinet Office Briefing Room (COBRA) committee, chaired by the Prime Minister, met in response to the attack. It was decided there was no need for the threat level to be raised as a result of the attack.

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Aysha Frade - Aysha Frade had been walking across Westminster Bridge to pick up her two young daughters from school when she was killed.

She had suffered head and chest injuries and died at the scene.
Ms Frade's husband John said it caused the family "excruciating pain to think of Aysha in the past tense", saying she had been "cruelly and brutally ripped away from us".

Leslie Rhodes - Leslie Rhodes, from Clapham, south London, had been visiting St Thomas' Hospital when he was hit by the car driven by Masood.

The 75-year-old retired window cleaner was taken to King's College Hospital but died the following day from a head injury.

Kurt Cochran - Kurt Cochran, 54, from the US state of Utah, was in London as part of a holiday celebrating 25 years of marriage to Melissa, who was seriously injured in the attack.

He died at the scene on Westminster Bridge from multiple injuries.

CCTV footage of the attack, played at the inquest, showed the moment Mr Cochran saved his wife's life by pushing her away from the path of Masood's car before being hit by it himself.

Andreea Cristea - Romanian tourist Andreea Cristea, 31, fell into the River Thames after being driven at by Masood as she walked across Westminster Bridge with her boyfriend, Andrei Burnaz.

She died in hospital just over two weeks later.

Her family described the interior designer as a "lovely, enchanting and life-loving" woman, who had a thriving business.

PC Keith Palmer - PC Keith Palmer, 48, was killed as he tried to stop Masood outside the Houses of Parliament.

He was an unarmed member of the parliamentary and diplomatic protection squad, who had served in the Met for 15 years.

PC Palmer, who had a young daughter, died at the scene after being stabbed in the chest. He had been wearing a body armour vest issued as routine to Metropolitan Police officers.

The Injured
In total, 50 people were injured in the Westminster attack.

Among those injured were British and Irish citizens, as well as those from France, Greece, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Italy, China and South Korea.

They included three French schoolchildren on a trip to London from St Joseph's School in Concarneau, Brittany, and four politics students from Edge Hill University in Ormskirk, Lancashire, who were on a visit to Parliament.

Two police officers were among those treated in hospital.

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What Impact did it have on non-military during the Manchester bombing?

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What Impact did it have on non-military during the Manchester bombing?

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Throughout the evening of the 22nd May 2017, the non military services were helping the wounded to safety and help them with their injuries. For example the Ambulance services were helping during the attack.

The Ambulance services had to treat the wounded men and women at the concert with the care that they needed. The Ambulance Service would then help the injured to the nearest Hospital as possible so they can treat the wounds and medically help them better.

The Police services had to make sure that the Arena where the concert was taking place was secure after the attack and make sure if the attacker made it out alive or not. They also helped with people get to safety where they would be treated by Medical staff.

The Bodyguards had to make sure the singer of the concert which would be Ariana Grande was away from danger and safe. They had to take the singer away from the stage and far away from the Arena for her safety.

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BBC News (2018) Westminster Bridge attack: Who was the attacker?
Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-45841077

BBC News (2018) Westminster Bridge attack: Who are the Victims?
Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39363933

Newsround (2017) Westminster attack: Political Agenda
Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/39354907

Wikipedia (2017) Westminster Bridge attack: What happened?
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack

Wikipedia (2017) Westminster Bridge attack: The Aftermath
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack

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At 14:40 local time on 22 March 2017, a grey Hyundai Tucson, hired in Birmingham, was driven at up to 76 miles per hour (122 km/h) into pedestrians along the pavement on the south side of Westminster Bridge and Bridge Street, causing multiple casualties.

One of the victims, a Romanian tourist, was thrown by the car's impact over the parapet of the bridge into the River Thames below. Having been knocked unconscious and sustained severe injuries from the fall, she was later rescued by the crew of a river cruise and brought aboard a London Fire Brigade boat. She later died in hospital from her injuries. The car continued, and crashed into railings on Bridge Street at the north perimeter of the Palace of Westminster.

Masood, wearing black clothes, got out of the car and ran around the corner into Parliament Square and through the open Carriage Gates where he fatally stabbed an unarmed police officer, PC Keith Palmer. An armed police officer (believed to have been the Metropolitan Police close protection officer for the then Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon) witnessed the stabbing, ran towards the scene and shot Masood dead. The entire attack, from start to finish, lasted 82 seconds.

Despite attempts to resuscitate him, Masood died at the scene having been hit by all 3 shots fired by police. The first bullet, which struck his upper torso, was believed to be the cause of death; he was pronounced dead at 15:35 at hospital. Passers-by, including MP Tobias Ellwood (the Foreign Minister for the Middle East) and paramedics, attempted to revive PC Palmer, also without success. Police later confirmed that PC Palmer had been wearing a protective vest, which did not appear to have been punctured in the attack.

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The attacker Khalid Masood drove a car into pedestrians on the pavement along the south side of Westminster Bridge and Bridge Street, injuring more than 50 people, four of them fatally.
He then crashed the car into the perimeter fence of the palace grounds and ran into New Palace Yard, where he fatally stabbed an unarmed police officer. He was then shot by an armed police officer, and died at the scene.
Police have found no link with a terrorist organisation and believe Masood acted alone.

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On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack took place outside the Palace of Westminster in London, seat of the British Parliament. The attacker, 52-year-old Briton Khalid Masood, drove a car into pedestrians on the pavement along the south side of Westminster Bridge and Bridge Street, injuring more than 50 people, four of them fatally. He then crashed the car into the perimeter fence of the palace grounds and ran into New Palace Yard, where he fatally stabbed an unarmed police officer. He was then shot by an armed police officer, and died at the scene.

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Terrorist acts can cause ripple effects through the economy that have negative impacts. The most obvious is the direct economic destruction of property and lives. Terrorism indirectly affects the economy by creating market uncertainty, xenophobia, loss of tourism, and increased insurance claims

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War destroys communities and families and often disrupts the development of the social and economic fabric of nations. The effects of war include long-term physical and psychological harm to children and adults, as well as reduction in material and human capital.

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The brother of the suicide bomber Salman Abedi was jailed for 55 years for admitting to being involved in the Manchester bombing.
During his trial, he denied helping his brother Salman, 22, plan the attack that also left hundreds more injured. But a public inquiry into the bombing heard Hashem Abedi had made the admission in prison in October 2020.

During an interview with inquiry lawyers, he admitted he had "played a full part and a knowing part in the planning and preparation for the arena attack", in which his brother also died, the inquiry heard.

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In this Padlet I will be talking about 2 recent terror attacks that have occured in the last 10 years. I will be discussing the Manchester bombing attack and the Westminster attack. I will mention the attackers and who they are, I will also mention the victims of both attacks and the outcomes for both incidents.

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The Independent (2021) Manchester Arena bombing: Manchester Arena bombing was result of ‘unacceptable and unjustifiable failures’ at venue, inquiry hears
Available at - https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/manchester-arena-attack-inquiry-security-b1792432.html

The Politico (2017) The Political Agenda to the Manchester bombing
Available at - https://www.politico.eu/article/manchester-ariana-grande-bombing-attack-strikes-fear-into-uk-election-terror-attack-concert/

Sky News (2020) Manchester Arena bombing: Who were the victims
Available at - https://news.sky.com/story/manchester-terror-attack-inquiry-who-were-the-victims-10890760

Sky News (2020) Manchester Arena bombing: Hashem Abedi involvement in the attack
Available at -  https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-55216389

University of Birmingham (2017) Manchester Arena bombing: what do the security measures mean for the UK moving forward?
Available at - https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/perspective/manchester-attack.aspx

Wikipedia (2017) Manchester Arena bombing: What happened?
Available at - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing (Edited 18th January 2021)

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What are the Outcomes of the attack? What needs and has changed

According to the Independent Website, A public inquiry heard that relatives of the 22 murdered victims want the government to enforce minimum standards of protection at entertainment venues to ensure a similar atrocity cannot be repeated.

It heard evidence of numerous “missed opportunities” to prevent Salman Abedi detonating his bomb on 22 May 2017, from the CCTV blindspot where he hid for almost an hour to insufficient terror attack planning, poor staff training and inadequate police patrols.

Pete Weatherby QC, speaking on behalf of the families of Georgina Callander, Olivia Campbell-Hardy, Alison Howe, Sorrell Leczkowski, Lisa Lees, Saffie-Rose Roussos and Philip Tron, said SMG had “failed to discharge” its safety responsibilities.

“If they had, then the bombing could not have happened because Abedi could not have entered and remained in the City Room with his large device prior to detonation, for two extended periods totalling about one hour and 20 minutes.” he added.

While Theresa May described the decision to raise the security threat as “proportional and sensible” it is also an exceptional act reflecting the severity of the threat assessment. It is more than ten years since the UK has been at such a state of perceived vulnerability and not since 2003 have troops been deployed in such a visible way on mainland Britain. It is likely, however, to be a short term measure while the Manchester network is rounded up in the North West and any other explosive materials are seized. The activation of “Operation Temperer” allows for the deployment of up to 5000 soldiers to guard fixed sites and critical national infrastructure in order to free armed police to pursue the more dynamic investigation. Already more than a thousand troops are guarding Parliament and major train stations.

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Thousands of young people and parents were attending a sold-out Ariana Grande concert when it was targeted by a terrorist in May 2017.

It has been said that 22 victims lost their lives in the attack, the youngest being 8-years-old.

The Victims were:

Georgina Callander - Georgina, who was 18 and from Chorley, Lancashire, was the first victim to be named. She was a student at Runshaw College in Lancashire, where she had been studying health and social care.

Saffie Roussos - Saffie was the youngest victim of the attack and was at the concert with her family.
The eight-year-old, from Leyland in Lancashire, was described by her father as a "stunning young lady" and a "superstar in the making".
Her headteacher, Chris Upton, described her as "simply a beautiful girl" - and said her death had come as a "tremendous shock" to all at Tarleton Community Primary School.

Olivia Campbell-Hardy - Olivia, from Bury, Greater Manchester, was one of those unaccounted for following the attack, and her family had made a desperate appeal for information about what happened to the 15-year-old.

Olivia mother confirmed that she lost her daughter in the attack. She wrote on Facebook saying: "RIP my darling precious gorgeous girl Olivia Campbell taken far far to soon go sing with the angels and keep smiling mummy loves you so much."
Olivia was a student at Tottington High School.

Kelly Brewster - Kelly Brewster was 32 and from Sheffield.

Her partner Ian Winslow said: "Kelly really was the happiest she has ever been and we had so many things planned together ... Love you loads."

Alison Howe and Lisa Lees - Alison Howe, 45, from Royton, Greater Manchester, and her friend Lisa Lees, 43, were killed.

Ms Howe was described as a "caring beautiful mum and step mother" who was "amazing".
Ms Lees' family said she would "never ever be forgotten".

Marcin and Angelika Klis - Taxi driver Marcin Klis, 42, and his wife Angelika, 39, were a Polish couple from York. The couple's family said they were "grateful" for messages of support they had received.

Martyn Hett - Martyn Hett was 29 and a Coronation Street superfan. In the year before his death, he had encouraged people around the world to flock to his mother's online knitting shop after he told his Twitter followers she had not sold a thing at a craft fair stall.

Nell Jones - Nell Jones was 14 and a Year 9 student at Holmes Chapel Comprehensive School in Cheshire.

Her family had been searching for her after the attack in the hope they would find her in hospital, but were later told she had died at the scene. Her family said she was "fantastic, funny, we miss her cuddles".

Jane Tweddle - Jane Tweddle was 51 years old and a mother of three. She worked as a receptionist at the South Shore Academy in Blackpool.

Academy principal Jane Bailey said messages of condolence from parents, students and colleagues described Ms Tweddle as "bubbly, kind, welcoming, funny and generous".

Michelle Kiss -  Michelle is a mother of three was from Lancashire.

Her family said they were "absolutely devastated" by the death of Ms Kiss, adding "we hope to draw from the courage and strength she showed in her life to get through this extremely difficult time".

Sorrell Leczkowski - The 14-year-old, from Leeds, was among the fatalities. Her mother Samantha and grandmother Pauline were also injured in the attack.

Her grandfather said in a statement: "Sorrell was only 14 but she was our rock, she kept us all grounded. She was such a clever, talented, creative girl, there was nothing she couldn't do.

Chloe Rutherford and Liam Curry - Chloe Rutherford, 17, and Liam Curry, 19, were a young couple from South Shields.
After travelling to Manchester to search for the teenagers and circulating their picture on social media, their parents later paid tribute to the "inseparable" pair, calling them "beautiful inside and out".

In a statement, their family said: "They were perfect in every way for each other and were meant to be.
"They lived to go to new places together and explore different cities. They wanted to be together forever and now they are."

Eilidh MacLeod - The 14-year-old, from the Isle of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, was at the concert as a treat to celebrate her birthday and it was her first gig.

Her parents said in a statement: "Eilidh was vivacious and full of fun. She loved all music whether it was listening to Ariana or playing the bagpipes with her pipe band."

Wendy Fawell - The death of the 50-year-old from Otley, West Yorkshire, was confirmed after a frantic search.
Staff at the primary school where she used to work, St Oswald's C of E Primary School, in Guiseley, said on Twitter at the time: "It is with deepest sadness that I confirm that our former colleague Wendy Fawell was killed in the Manchester bombing. RIP, Wendy."

Elaine McIver - The off-duty police officer with Cheshire Police was at the concert with her family.
In a statement issued through Greater Manchester Police, her family said: "Elaine was a much loved daughter, sister, auntie, friend and colleague, the best we could ever have wished for.
"She was everyone's friend, thoughtful beyond belief with an effervescent and outgoing personality.

"Elaine just loved life, and had a major love of music. Despite what has happened to her, she would want us all to carry on regardless and not be frightened by fear tactics, instead she regularly urged us all to rise up against it."

Courtney Boyle and Philip Tron - Courtney, 19, and her stepfather Philip, 32, from Gateshead, had been at the Ariana Grande concert together.

Courtney's mother Deborah Hutchinson said: "My stunning, amazing, beautiful daughter, you were my rock you made me so proud with all you had achieved and my gorgeous, crazy Philip, you made my world a happy place and now you are both my angels flying high in the sky."

Mr Tron's mother said: "Philip was such a fun-loving, energetic soul, he would light up the darkest room and lift your spirits with his infectious laugh, witty sense of humour and his beautiful smile."

Megan Hurley - The 15-year-old schoolgirl from Liverpool was the last victim to be named. A relative said Megan's parents were "destroyed beyond words".
"How in God's name could this happen to such a lovely family...heartbroken," they wrote on Facebook.

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On 22 May 2017 at 22:15 a member of the public reported Abedi, wearing black clothes and a large rucksack to Showsec security. One 18-year-old guard observed Abedi but he did not intervene in case his concerns about Abedi were wrong, and that he would be branded racist. The security guard tried to use his radio to alert the security control room but was unable to get through.

About five minutes later at 22:31, the suicide bomber detonated an improvised explosive device,  packed with nuts and bolts to act as shrapnel, in the foyer area of the Manchester Arena. 14,200 people attended the concert but just only 1,000 people were injured in the process. According to evidence presented at the coroner's inquest, the bomb was strong enough to kill people up to 20 metres (66 ft) away.

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The suicide bomber Salman Abedi detonated a shrapnel-laden homemade bomb in the Manchester Arena as fans were leaving the concert. The concert was held by famous American singer Ariana Grande. The attacker had killed 22 people and injured 1,017 people with 112 of them being hospitalised. The attacker killed himself in the bombing leaving the total death count of 23 people.

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On 22 May 2017, an Islamist extremist suicide bomber detonated a shrapnel-laden homemade bomb as people were leaving the Manchester Arena following a concert by American singer Ariana Grande. Twenty-three people died, including the attacker, and more than 800 were wounded, some of them being children.