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1. Proofing

2. Paper Stock

3. Numbering and Signing

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6. Digital Printmaking

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1. MDF and woodblocks

2. Inks

3. Scribes, Styli, Scrapers, and Burnishers

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Course CONTEMPORARY PRINTMAKING AND TECHNOLOGY (1)

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Relief Printmaking
Silk Screen Printing

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The Great Wave off Kanagawa Print by Hokusai

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What is Printmaking?

Printmaking is a type of art in which ink is transferred from a plate to paper.

Multiple copies of the same artwork can be created using this method.

A "print" or a "impression" is the name given to each unique copy.

"An edition" refers to a collection of prints.

"Limited edition" refers to a group of prints that has been signed and numbered.

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A Canadian Postwar and Contemporary artist who was born in 1950.

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"Printmaking is about discover, about experimentation; art itself is about discovery and experimentation" - Brian Jones

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Encompasses.

1. Woodcuts

2. Engraving

3. Etching

4. Mezzotint

5. Aquatint

6. Dry Point

7. Lithography

8. Screen-printing

9. Digital Printing

Prints are made from a single original plate or surface, called a 'matrix'

Types of matrix, including plates of metal, stone, wood blocks, linoleum, and fabric plates.

Conventional fine prints are usually produced in limited edition sets, each print being numbered and signed by the artist.

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"Plum Garden at Kameido" by Hiroshige, 1857, (Photo: Public domain via Wikipedia)

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Printmaking originated in China around 105 c.e.

During the gothic and renaissance periods of art, relief printing became very popular in Europe.

Its leading exponents were the

1. Old Masters Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

2. Martin Schongauer (1448-91)

3. Rembrandt (1606-69)

4. Goya (1746-1828).

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Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Assalamualaikum and hi everyone. Firstly, I’d like to thank Allah for giving me this oppurtunity to finish this E-Research Work Book for ADE 590 (Contemporary Printmaking and Technology) subject. Moreover, a big thank you to my dearest lecturer, Madam Raiha Shahanaz for guiding me until the end for my fourth semester. Alhamdulillah.

So here I am today is to share a little bit about myself. My name is Khairin Nabilah. I lived in Gemencheh Negeri Sembilan and born in January 24, 1999. I realised that I really like arts since I was in a primary school and Alhamdulillah until today, I still get the chance to create & make art. I was a graduated students in Diploma Art and Design (Textile) UiTM Machang, Kelantan. The skills that I’ve learnt are painting, making batik (resist), silk screen printing, and tenun (fiber).

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ACADEMIC CALENDAR OKT 2021_FEB 2022_ADE590

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The "Diamond Sutra," produced in China in 868 CE, is the first known dated printed book. However, book printing is thought to have taken place much before this era.

1860: "The New York Herald" starts the first morgue--a "morgue" in newspaper terms means an archive.

1864: William James Carlton of J. Walter Thompson Company begins selling advertising space in newspapers. The J. Walter Thompson Company is the longest-running American advertising agency.

1867: The first double column advertising appears for the department store Lord & Taylor.

1869: Newspaper circulation numbers are published by George P. Rowell in the first Rowell's American Newspaper Directory.

1870: The number of newspapers published in the United States is 5,091.

1871: The first newspaper published in Japan is the daily "Yokohama Mainichi Shimbun."

1873: The first illustrated daily newspaper, "The Daily Graphic," is published in New York.

1877: The first weather report with a map is published in Australia. "The Washington Post" newspaper first publishes, with a circulation of 10,000 and a cost of 3 cents per paper.

1879: The benday process--a technique for producing shading, texture or tone in line drawings and photographs by overlaying a fine screen or a pattern of dots, which is named after illustrator and printer Benjamin Day--improves newspapers. The first whole-page newspaper ad is placed by American department store Wanamaker's.

1880: The first halftone photograph--Shantytown--is published in a newspaper.

1885: Newspapers are delivered daily by train.

1887: "The San Francisco Examiner" is published.

1893: The Royal Baking Powder Company becomes the biggest newspaper advertiser in the world.

1903: The first tabloid-style newspaper, "The Daily Mirror," is published.

1931: Newspaper funnies now include Plainclothes Tracy, starring Dick Tracy.

1933: A battle develops between the newspaper and radio industries. American newspapers try to force the Associated Press to terminate news service to radio stations.

1955: Teletype-setting is used for newspapers.

1967: Newspapers use digital production processes and begin using computers for operations.

1971: The use of offset presses becomes common.

1977: The first public access to archives is offered by Toronto's "Globe and Mail."

2007: There are now 1,456 daily newspapers in the United States alone, selling 55 million copies a day.

2009: This was the worst year in decades as far as advertising revenues for newspapers. Newspapers begin moving into online versions.

2010-present:resent: Digital printing becomes the new norm, as commercial printing and publishing fade slightly due to technology.

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Movable type was set across a flat wooden plate called the bottom platen in Gutenberg's printing process.

The font was inked and a piece of paper was placed on top.

A lower platen was lowered to meet an upper platen.

The paper and type were forced together by the two plates, resulting in crisp pictures.

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The invention of the screw printing press in 1450, by the German Johann

Gutenberg, along with an oil-based ink, metal prism matrices, punch-stamped typeface molds and a functional metal alloy to mold the type.

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Gutenberg’s printing press in the Gutenberg Museum, Mainz, Germany

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Gutenberg's Printing Press Machine in Museum

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Gutenberg's Printing Press Machine in Museum

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In 1799, the invention of lithography (using a matrix of fine-grained limestone) by the Austrian printer Alois Senefelder.

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Lithography (from the Ancient Greek o, lithos, meaning'stone,' and v, gráphein, meaning 'to write,') is a printing technology based on the immiscibility of oil and water.

A stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal plate with a ball grained surface is used for printing.

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Opac session.

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What is Relief Printmaking?

Relief printing is the process of carving into a printing block, which is subsequently pressed into paper to create a print.

The lines or shapes you cut into the printing block are devoid of ink, they will not appear on your paper.

Ink is rolled all over the surface of the plate with a brayer and ink can be forced onto the paper with a burnisher.

Relief printing is one of the traditional families of printmaking techniques, along with the intaglio and planographic families.

A print process where the inked image is higher than the non-printing areas

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Any printmaking process in which the image is created by incising into the printing plate - the incised line or area holds the ink and makes the image – is known as intaglio.

Examples of intaglio printing are etching, dry point, engraving, photogravure, heliogravure, aquatint, and mezzotint.

But intaglio printing has some important advantages.

For one thing, the plates have an incredibly long life; many millions of impressions can be made before the image quality degrades.

For another, intaglio printing can achieve remarkably fine levels of detail.

Intaglio engraving, as a method of making prints, was invented in Germany by the 1430s.

Engraving had been used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork since ancient times.

It has been suggested that goldsmiths began to print impressions of their work to record the design.

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The Four Horsemen c. 1496–98 by Albrecht Dürer, depicting the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

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In printmaking, a woodcut is a relief printing method.

An artist uses gouges to carve an image into the surface of a piece of wood, leaving the printing sections level with the surface and removing the non-printing areas.

This is possibly the earliest printing method, with its origins in China around 1,000 years ago (c800 AD).

On a block of side-grain wood, a picture is drawn (plank).

The artist then slices away the parts of the block that they don't want to ink, leaving the desired design in relief.

The remaining uncut areas of the block are then dabbed or rolled in ink, and the inked block is pressed onto paper.

Printing can be done in a press, with hand or foot pressure, or with hand-held burnishing tools like a simple wooden spoon or a Japanese printing baren.

The printed picture is a mirror reflection of the block's design.

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Rashaun Rucker Linocut PrintsAugust 7 – September 5, 2020

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A print produced from a linoleum block, onto the surface of which the artist draws then cuts an image using fine steel gouges.

Linocut, also called linoleum cut, type of print made from a sheet of linoleum into which a design has been cut in relief. This process of printmaking is similar to woodcut, but, since linoleum lacks a grain, linocuts can yield a greater variety of effects than woodcuts can.

The areas of the block to be inked and printed are left uncut (in relief) while the areas of the design not intended to take the printing ink are cut away.

Due to ease of use, linocut is widely used in schools to introduce children to the art of printmaking, using it to complete many tasks in the art lesson rather than going straight for the pencil and eraser; similarly, non-professional artists often cut lino rather than wood for printing.

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Screen printing is essentially forcing ink to flow through openings of a block-out material and depositing the ink on the printing surface according to the cut design.

The screen-printing process is a recognized and accepted method of printing, and can be easily and quickly mastered.

The image area of the screen is open and allows ink to pass through, while the rest of the screen is masked off

The Process :-

Step 1 - Coat Screen. Coat screen with photo sensitive emulsion.

Step 2 - Burn Screen. Take transparency and place on outside of screen, right side down, with clear tape.

Step 3 - Rinse Out Image.

Step 4 - Tape Up Screen.

Step 5 - Set Up Screen.

Step 6 - Print.

Step 7 - Cure Ink

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An image is imposed on a screen of silk or other fine mesh, with blank areas coated with an impermeable substance, and ink is forced through the mesh onto the printing surface.

Also called serigraphy or screen printing.

Screen printing is a printing technique where a mesh is used to transfer ink onto a substrate, except in areas made impermeable to the ink by a blocking stencil.

Screen printers use a silkscreen, a squeegee, and hinge clamps to screen print their designs.

The ink is forced through the mesh using the rubber squeegee, the hinge clamps keep the screen in place for easy registration.

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Theme : Landscape

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What is Collagraph?

Collagraphy is a really versatile printing process in which a textured plate is inked up and put through a press.

Different textures hold varying amounts. of ink and print different tones.

Anything with a low relief texture can be stuck down and used: wallpaper, leaves, fabrics, tapes and threads etc.

A collagraph print is made by gluing different materials to cardboard and creating a kind of collage.

During the inking process the ink will rub off surfaces that are smooth or higher and stay on surfaces that hold more ink, at edges and at lower points thus creating the image.

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Glen Alps was a printmaker and educator who is credited with having developed the collagraph. A collagraph is a print whose plate is a board or other substrate onto which textured materials are glued. The plate may be inked for printing in either the intaglio or the relief manner and then printed onto paper.

Born : June 20, 1914, Loveland, Colorado, United States

Died : November 3, 1996, Seattle, Washington, United States Known for : Developing the collagraph

Other names : Glen Earl Alps, Glen E. Alps

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What materials may have been used to create this collagraph?

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What materials may have been used to create this collagraph?

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Collagraph - A print made from a collage of various materials glued to a plate which is than inked.

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Theme : Landscape

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Theme : Doodles Art
Subject Matter : Animal/People/Landscape/Flower, etc
Drawing : 20 Idea Sketches
Material : Lino Block, Carving Tools and Ink.
Black and White in A3 size.

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An edition is a copy or replica of a work of art made from a master. It commonly refers to a series of identical impressions or prints made from the same printing surface, but can also be applied to series of other media such as sculpture, photography and video

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1. Intaglio

2. Lithography

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1. The Fine Art Press

2. Litho Stones and Plates

3. Etching Acids and Plates

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 FINAL PROJECT (CREATIVE TRANSFORMATION, ORDER, EXPRESSION, AND SYMBOL) EXPERIMENTAL CONTEMPORARY PRINTMAKING 

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 FINAL PROJECT (CREATIVE TRANSFORMATION, ORDER, EXPRESSION, AND SYMBOL) EXPERIMENTAL CONTEMPORARY PRINTMAKING 

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Master printers Artistic inspiration and techniques: Mixed media

1. Exploration of Idea (History, Real Life, The Environment)

2. Development of Idea : 20 ideas sketches (A4)

3. Investigation of methods, techniques, visual problems and solutions

4. Making; and Evaluating

5. Linocut, Stenciling, woodcut on Product (tote bag, shoes, chopping board, shirt, etc

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1.  Additive

2. Subtractive

3. Multi-Plate

Continue Final Project

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Minotauromachy presents a provocative scene, full of symbolic content, is difficult but not impossible to interpret.

Several actions take place in a narrow, confined space. The main protagonists - a young girl with a candle and a bouquet of flowers, and a huge Minotaur, a mythological creature with a human body and a bull's head - appear frozen in their confrontation.

Between them a wounded female bullfighter is flung across a lacerated horse that snarls with teeth bared.

Above, two girls with doves, symbols of peace, peer out from a window, while a bearded man appears on a ladder at the left. A tiny sailboat can be glimpsed on the far horizon.

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The Hundred Guilder Print, c.1647-1649 by Rembrandt

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The Hundred Guilder Print is an etching by Rembrandt.

The etching's popular name derives from the large sum of money supposedly once paid for an example.

It is also called Christ healing the sick, Christ with the Sick around Him, Receiving Little Children, or Christ preaching, since the print depicts multiple events from Matthew 19, including Christ healing the sick, debating with scholars and calling on children to come to him.

The rich young man mentioned in the chapter is leaving through the gateway on the right

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What is intaglio printmaking?

Intaglio printmaking techniques work by incising into the surface of a plate (steel, copper etc.)

with tools or with acid.

Afterwards the plate is coated with ink.

The surface is wiped clean so that the ink remains only in the incised areas.

Finally a dampened paper is pressed against the plate.

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In the beginning copper plates were used.

This technique required a professional engraver with skills that could be acquired only in a long apprenticeship.

The disadvantage of the use of copper was the limited number of impressions.

Like for a woodcut, hardly more than 2000 or 3000 impressions could be obtained from one plate.

This changed drastically with the invention of steel plates by Thomas Lupton in 1822.

Now the number of impressions was nearly unlimited.

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Etching is an intaglio printmaking process in which lines or areas are incised using acid into a metal plate in order to hold the ink.

In etching, the plate can be made of iron, copper, or zinc.

To prepare the plate for etching, it is first polished to remove all scratches and imperfections from the surface.

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A lithograph of Charles Marion Russell's The Custer Fight (1903), with the range of tones fading toward the edges

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Lithography is a printing process that uses a flat stone or metal plate on which the image areas are worked using a greasy substance so that the ink will adhere to them by, while the non-image areas are made ink-repellent.

Lithography originally used an image drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a smooth, level lithographic limestone plate.

The stone was then treated with a mixture of acid and gum Arabic, etching the portions of the stone that were not protected by the grease-based image.

In modern lithography, the image is made of a polymer coating applied to a flexible plastic or metal plate.

The image can be printed directly from the plate (the orientation of the image is reversed), or it can be offset, by transferring the image onto a flexible sheet (rubber) for printing and publication.

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KHAIRIN NABILAH BINTI RAZMAN (2020995535)  - PROJECT 1

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Metal presses began to appear late in the 18th century, at about which time the advantages of the cylinder were first perceived and the application of steam power was considered.

By the mid-19th century, Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected a power-driven cylinder press in which a large central cylinder carrying the type successively printed on the paper of four impression cylinders, producing 8,000 sheets an hour in 2,000 revolutions.

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THE PRINTING PRESSPOSTERS AND HANDBILLSMASS PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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THE PRINTING PRESSPOSTERS AND HANDBILLSMASS PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

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PRINTING PRESS

• Machine by which text and images are transferred to
paper or other media by means of ink

• Movable type, as well as paper, first appeared in china, it was in Europe that printing first became mechanized.

• Earliest mention of a printing press is in a lawsuit in
Strasbourg in 1439 revealing construction of a press for Johannes Gutenberg and his associates.

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Relief Print.

A linocut is a relief print produced in a manner similar to a woodcut but that uses linoleum as the surface into which the design is cut and printed from.

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What techniques are used in lino printing?

Reduction Linocut Print Technique.

Jigsaw Linoleum Cut Method.

Rainbow Roll Technique.

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1. Josef Albers, German artist

2. Peeter Allik, Estonian artist

3. Valenti Angelo, American printmaker and illustrator

4. Walter Inglis Anderson American artist

5. Sybil Andrews English-Canadian artist

6. Hans Anton Aschenborn, German painter

7. Georg Baselitz, German artist

8. Torsten Billman, Swedish artist

9. Emma Bormann, Austrian printmaker and painter

10. Gail Brodholt, English artist

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Why Lino Cuts

1. Linoleum does not have a grain like wood does, meaning there is no need to cut in one direction.

2. MUCH easier to cut than wood, especially when heated. Although linoleum is not quite as durable as wood, you can still make hundreds if not thousands of copies of the same image with a single linocut before it is too degraded to use.

3. Linocuts generally like of illustrated children books. One can even make several linocuts to be used together to make a print including color, and in some cases (depending on the ink and paper you use) a linocut print can be colored after wards with your medium of choice.

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1. Linoleum (or alternative)
2. Lino cutting / carving tools.
3. Lino cutting sets – consisting of a
plastic or wooden handle with cheap
replaceable blades that you throw
away when blunt.
4. Printing ink.
5. Paper.
6. Roller (or brayer)
7. Burnishing tool.
8. Pencils, pens, ruler and eraser.

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STEPS ON HOW TO MAKE A LINO PRINTING ARTWORK

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STEPS ON HOW TO MAKE A LINO PRINTING ARTWORK

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Step 1- Select a subject matter

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Step 2- Simplify design

Draw a doodle line into subject matter

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Step 3: Positive and Negative Space

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Step 4: Positive and Negative Space

Keep in mind that what you cut away will not be printed and what is left on will be printed.

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Step 5 - Transfer the design

The pencil on your paper version will transfer the design to the block

Flip the design over onto the block and burnish (rub) the back of the paper with your thumb

Peel the paper back

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Step 6: Mirror Image

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Print backwards, backwards print

Keep in mind anything you make will be reversed when printed. So if you have text make sure you do it backwards.

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Step 7 – How to safely use the cutting tools

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Step 8 – Small cuts first

#1 shallow cuts

Cut a moat around outside edge of all lines of your design

Cut around inside of shapes

Do not cut so deep that the edges of the tip get buried

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Step 9 – Wide cuts etc.

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Step 10 - Texture

Putting in texture is part of the linocut style

You want to leave some ridges that are uncut so that they will print texture

A border is a good place to do that

Cut texture lines in curving lines, not just straight

They need to be big enough to see, not just scratches

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Step 11 – Inking

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Step 12 - Printing

Set the paper carefully on the stamp

Use a baren (wooden spoon) to press the paper evenly across the stamp

Peel the paper back

If the print is uneven, you can trim the paper so that it is straight

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You are going to be working with very, VERY sharp tools in order to cut your linoleum. They might look like nice and innocent little blades, but they can do some real damage.

Rules for using lino cutting tools

1. ALWAYS CUT AWAY FROM YOU.

This is a general rule when using any sharp object, but its a good thing to remember

2. KNOW WHERE YOUR FINGERS ARE AT ALL
TIMES.

This sounds stupid. How do you lose track of your finger? I promise you, it will happen. When you are carving, your non-carving hand will need to hold the piece of linoleum down to keep it from slipping and moving across your table.

Instinctively you will want to hold it at the edge furthest from you, but if you are carving away from yourself, this puts your hand right in the path of your blades.

No matter how much control you think you have, I promise you will slip from time to time. If your fingers are in the way, you will cut them. Trust me, your blades are sharp.

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Submission & Presentation of 2nd Project (Linocut)

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Submission & Presentation of 2nd Project (Linocut)

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1. Use the principles of design and know which ones
we are using because she'll be asking us later.
2. Create several rough sketches and show them to
Madam Raiha before making our good copies.
3. Show Madam Raiha when we are done our good
copies

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WAYS OF MAKING FINE ART PRINTS

• Commonly, matrices are made by cutting wooden blocks, incising or chemically processing metal plates, but a matrix can be almost any surface that accepts ink the same way each time it’s applied.
• The matrix or plate is inked and printed by pressing a sheet of paper against it.
• In some types of printing a press must be used, in others, hand pressure is enough.

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WAYS OF MAKING FINE ART PRINTS

• There are only four ways of printing mechanically (as opposed to electronically): relief, intaglio, planographic, and stencil.
• Relief and intaglio printing are done from three-dimensional matrices.
• In intaglio, the ink fills grooves of varying depths and is pulled out by damp paper under the pressure of a printing press, and in relief the ink is taken from the top surfaces.
• In planographic and stencil printing, the matrix is flat, two dimensional.

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LITHO STONES AND PLATES

• The most common method of commercial printing, also used for fine art printing.
• It is a planographic method of printing based on the antipathy of oil and water.
• The area that prints, the matrix, is created with oily material, and the nonmatrix area is differentiated by a chemical treatment that makes it
receptive to water.
• Ink is rolled over the entire plate, which is sponged with water before each print. The oily ink sticks only to the areas
marked to print by the oily material.

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• The most common method of commercial printing, also used for fine art printing.
• It is a planographic method of printing based on the antipathy of oil and water.
• The area that prints, the matrix, is created with oily material, and the nonmatrix area is differentiated by a chemical treatment that makes it receptive to water.
• Ink is rolled over the entire plate, which is sponged with water before each print. The oily ink sticks only to the areas
marked to print by the oily material.

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ETCHING ACIDS AND PLATES
• Acid etching was and is still used

in the reproduction of high-quality works of art.
• The process was initially used as a method of getting the artist's work into the hands of as many people as possible.
• The engraver takes a plate of copper or mild steel.
• Then the artist will cover the entire surface of the plate with a waxy substance, referred to a 'ground’.
• This substance is resistant to the acids chosen to be used.

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The engraver will then, using a variety of tools, reproduce the original work of art by engraving the image into the waxy ground.
• The plate will then be submerged in a bath of the mordant, after a prescribed time the plate is removed, rinsed off and the ground removed.
• The image left will be an exact copy of the engraver's work.
• This is a very skilled process, it takes time and money to produce works of art this way.

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• The process of acid etching works equally well on the surface of stainless steel plates, profiles and
sheets and other metals such as aluminum and brass are also suitable for acid etching.
• The surface left on the surface of the stainless steel is usually matt in nature and will be texturally different from the unetched part of the stainless steel.
• This means that the process is used to produce a non-slip grip to the surface of the stainless steel, making hand tools safer.
• It is also used to create decorative patterns, contrasting surfaces or text.

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Various acids commonly available that can be used to etch steel and stainless steel including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or sulfuric acid.

Ferric chloride is mixed with water in an one to one ratio, and this will form hydrochloric acid in solution.

Hydrochloric acid is commonly used to etch copper, and it also works well on stainless steel.

Copper sulfate is used to etch mild steels rather than stainless steel.

Nitric acid is best mixed in a ratio of 1 part nitric acid to 3 parts clean water.

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Digital printing is a method of printing from a digital-based image directly to a variety of media. It usually refers to
professional printing where small-run jobs from desktop publishing and other digital sources are printed using large-
format and/or high-volume laser or inkjet printers.

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Used to print text, images or patterns, this was used widely
throughout East Asia. Evidence of using woodblock can be
dated back to the year 220 in China where the method was used to print on cloth. Block printing was also used widely in the 15th Century throughout Europe to produce books.

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The printing press was invented in Germany by a goldsmith called Johann Gutenberg in 1439 and had a huge influence on the industry.

While it increased the speed at which manuscripts and books could be printed, it was still slow compared to standards today.

These wooden machines had to be manually operated and the ink applied to the text-blocks by hand.

Steam printing presses, invented in the 1800s, made the job a lot easier.

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• In the 19th Century the technique of chromolithography, based on lithography, was introduced. This used chemical processes to print an image in color.
• A chromolithograph could take months to produce but led the way for color advertisements.

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This was a dry photocopying technique with the first actual photocopier model developed in the 1940s by Chester Carlson.

He and his team patented the term xerography and the first Xerox machine was born.

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The technology for inkjet printing was developed in the early 1950s.

It recreated a digital image by propelling droplets of ink onto paper and other mediums.

By the late 1970s inkjet printers that could reproduce digital images created by computers were developed, with the main manufacturers being HP, Canon and Epson.

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LED UV Printing
• An LED UV printer uses the unique drying method to ensure that your company receives luxury brochures of the highest quality.
• With LED UV printing, ink set off – which is when ink transfers from one sheet to another – is eliminated These are the various types of printing done by different printing techniques for a certain purpose.

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Digital printing has revolutionized desktop publishing and bypasses the need for printing plates. It is used for advertising such as outdoor banners and event signage, printing on demand for customized photo books and architectural design.

The digital images are printed on physical surfaces like cloth, plastic, magnets, labels, cardboard, film etc. This kind of printing is done by industrial and desktop sized printers.

Digital Print are created using various digital tools and technologies as the main construction of the presentation more than just the traditional mediums, which has revolutionized the way of producing and experiencing arts.

Complex Interactions:

•Artist
•Medium
•Viewer

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The earliest printing method, invented in China in the eighth century. Woodcuts are printed in relief.

The image is cut into wooden blocks, and ink is applied to the top surface rather than to the incisions as in intaglio.

Relief prints are printed from the surface of carved wooden blocks, linoleum, etched metal plates, or from any other material that can be cut away to expose a raised area that holds an image. (Even a potato can be used.) Relief printing is the opposite of intaglio.

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The types of wood blocks used vary wildly depending on local geography.

The first is that it’s perfectly flat and blemish-free.

That means no knots, cracks, or deep scratches.

Another important consideration is how easy the wood is to carve.

When printmaking on wood, softwoods are, generally, easier to carve, but won’t retain as much detail as hardwoods.