# data[].attributes.body
A2
1. A person who understands all aspects of research and fully understands the significance of their participation and the risks and benefits associated with participation.

2. If the consent process is not communicated verbally, it is easy for potential participants to understand. It leads to confusion, impedes understanding, and, ultimately, participation.
3. Concerns: 1. The amount of detail provided in the informed consent process can be excessively comprehensive, lengthy, complex, and written at a reading level beyond the capacity of most potential participants. 2. The consent process is sometimes treated as a one-size-fits-all. 3. Clinics don’t always provide the ideal setting to engage in meaningful discussions with potential participants 4. There is a common misconception among new research trainees about the informed consent process.

Solutions: 1. Be prepared to explain the study to potential participants 2. Be familiar with the clinical environment 3. Be respectful of patients and family 4. Remember potential participants are not customers

4. The line between an informed consent and coercion might be whether or not the participants are voluntary.
5. No, I can't. I think we need to Follow proper data protection procedures and protect the privacy of our subjects and do them no harm. Covert participant observation is a method in social science research. Participant observation involves a researcher joining the group they are studying, and in the case of covert observation, the researcher's status is not made known to the group.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Informed consent is a process of communication between you and your health care provider that often leads to agreement or permission for care, treatment, or services. Evey patient has the right to get information and ask questions before procedures and treatments.
2.Informed consent is the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention. The patient must be competent to make a voluntary decision about whether to undergo the procedure or intervention.
3. the amount of detail provided in the consent process can be too lengthy and comprehensive which is beyond the capacity of most potential participants.

Main concerns:

1.) if the consent process is not communicated in a language that is easily understood by participants, it can lead to confusion and hinder understanding, and ultimately discourage participation

2.) one approach to the informed consent process might not be suitable for all means of research studies. studies, where the risk of participation is low, may not require written informed consent but instead implied consent.

solutions:

1. Be prepared to explain the study to potential participants. Develop an introductory verbal script and make sure it is written in plain language and something the participants understand. Eg. ask who they are and ask what their purpose is.

2. Be familiar with the clinical environment. Discuss studies in private spaces. Eg. Discuss in a private area to take a participant to in case exam rooms are unavailable. Ask for permission from the supervisor beforehand

3. Be respectful of patients and family. They might experience difficulties, burdened and overwhelmed. 40 seconds of empathetic language and active listening can help them a lot.

4. Potential participants are not customers. Do not adopt a sales pitch approach when speaking to them. Take on a more conversational tone. It is more inviting and efficient.

4. Informed consent is a process of communication between you and your health care provider that often leads to agreement or permission for care, treatment, or services. Every patient has the right to get information and ask questions before procedures and treatments. Coercion occurs when an overt or implicit threat of harm is intentionally presented by one person to another in order to obtain compliance. The difference is that informed consent is not a threat towards patients whereas coercion is. Informed consent requires a lot of proper communication rather than a sales pitch which would draw the patient's interest in. Coercion is to extract information by force which is completely unethical.
5.It can be concealed because in some cases where the experimenter needs a specific identity, it is necessary to conceal all personal information in order to ensure their personal safety. For example, a covert agent could conduct a drug investigation on a drug suspect by becoming part of a drug suspect in order to catch the criminal while under cover. I think how far this method goes depends on the participants, the constant pressure to be under, and most importantly having to record data in the background, plus the fear of having one's identity revealed and the possibility of the whole project going down the drain if that happens, that's a lot of pressure. And on the ethical side, covert research does not allow participants to give informed consent because it involves deception. There is also the issue of invasion of privacy and the fact that some researchers may have to engage in criminal behavior in order not to reveal their identities.

# data[].attributes.body
1.what is informed consent giving informed consent means a person voluntarily agreeing to participate in a research study after having been informed of all aspects of the study and having a full understanding of what their participation entails and the associated risks and benefits to participating.

2. Informed consent creates trust between doctor and patient by ensuring good understanding. It also reduces the risk for both patient and doctor.

3.main concerns: can lead to confusion and hinder，more focused on the regulation than on the objective of using the informed. solutions: welcome to the West and to get their signature on the consent form informed consent should not be used as a sales tactic the goal is to supply can understand to make informed decisions about study participation so and explain the study to potential participants read the study materials carefully and understand the details ask.

4.Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person.

Coercion is the practice of forcing another party to act in an involuntary manner by use of intimidation or threats or some other form of pressure or force

The difference between them is that one is voluntary and the other is forced.

5. Implicit participative observation is a method of social science research. Participatory observation is when researchers join the group they are studying, and in the case of covert observation, the status of the researcher is not known by the group. In my opinion, even for the purpose of research, we should not conceal information or provide false information to the subjects, which will put them in danger and have no guarantee. Once they know, they may quit the experiment and interrupt the experiment. In addition, the subjects have no right to know, and such behavior may be illegal.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Ethics is the branch of the social science, which deal with concepts such as right and wrong, good and bad, fair and unfair, just and unjust, legal and illegal, moral and immoral, proper and improper in respect of human actions. It is a science of morality which guides the actions of individuals or groups.
2.Deontology and utilitarianism. Deontology is duty-based and it is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules, rather than based on the consequences of the action. Deontology is to follow a professional code of ethics and to not do something that goes against it. One example would be hacking into a software system to cancel a launch without any permission. Breaking into a software system is considered lying and cheating which is something deontology does not condone or advise. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. However, a limitation would be that we cannot predict whether the outcome of our consequences would be good or bad. One example would be having to donate 4 different organs of a healthy person to 4 different people. We would be saving 4 people’s lives at the expense of one person’s life. That is why people do not find utilitarianism an ethical or acceptable course of action.
3. because if we ignore the ethical consideration our research will become utilitarian and may affect the result of the research, so ethical consideration can help us avoids subjectivity and uncertainty.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

2. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that promotes behaviors that promote happiness or pleasure and opposes behaviors that lead to unhappiness or harm. When it comes to making social, economic, or political decisions, the goal of the utilitarian philosophy is to improve society as a whole.

For example, the plane carrying 100 people is controlled by the thugs to rush to the skyscraper with 1000 people (there are many tall buildings outside the skyscraper), at this time the plane is still flying in the suburbs, whether to shoot the plane down.
Choosing to shoot the plane down is utilitarianism

Deontology is a theory that suggests whether actions are good or bad based on a clear set of rules. The idea is responsibility. Actions that follow these rules are ethical, while actions that do not follow these rules are not.

Don't steal    Keep your word   Don't lie    Respect your elders
3. Human beings are a group society, and under normal circumstances you cannot live in a vacuum completely independently of other people. As long as you are in a certain society, as long as this society needs to function, it necessarily needs a certain order and law, and the ethics and morals about right and wrong are necessarily formed between people. It is a restraint, but also a guarantee.

# data[].attributes.body
1. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
2. Deontology is an ethical theory that uses rules to distinguish right from wrong.

It is often associated with philosopher Immanuel Kant.Kant believed that ethical actions follow universal moral laws.For example, suppose you’re a software engineer and learn that a nuclear missile is about to launch that might start a war.

You can hack the network and cancel the launch. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes.For example, assume a hospital has four people whose lives depend upon receiving organ transplants: a heart, lungs, a kidney, and a liver.If a healthy person wanders into the hospital, his organs could be harvested to save four lives at the expense of one life.This would arguably produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
3. Ethics are norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Ethical considerations need to be taken into account in social science research because

Norms promote the aims of research.

Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work.

Many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public.

Ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research.

Many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values. While ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and public.