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Use the resources below to find an overview of your energy source, its history, where it's found, advantages, problems, etc. Many sources include charts and images.

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Use the resources below to find useful infographics, maps, and graphs.

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Use the resources below to find an overview of electric vehicle energy sources, how they work, information about electric vehicles, advantages, problems, etc.

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Use BE databases and books to find additional information. You'll need a password to access BE databases at home--ask Ms. Bing or simply login to the library catalog using your BE student ID number, then click on BE Databases and Passwords.

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Covers different types of renewable and non-renewable energy sources, plus links to state information. Includes explanations, delivery and storage, statistics, info on states, and more.

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Number of plants for all sectors, United States, multiple fuel types. Click on South Carolina to get detailed map of plants in the state by energy source.

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Explore energy data by category, indicator, country or region.

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Browse, compare and download a world of energy data, statistics and policies

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Use the resources below to find data on electric power plants and their energy sources.

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Covers EVs, PHEVs, Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles, charging vehicles, emissions, costs, and more.

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On the Green Vehicle Guide you can search for green vehicles and see information on light duty vehicles, including emerging vehicle technology and alternative fuels. The site also addresses transportation's role in climate change.

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Here are a few sources that discuss the history of specific energy sources in the U.S.

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Mapped: Every Power Plant in the United States

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Mapped: Every Power Plant in the United States

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What sources of power are closest to you, and how has this mix changed over the last 10 years? See every power plant in the U.S. on this handy map.

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Mapped: Every Power Plant in the United States

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What sources of power are closest to you, and how has this mix changed over the last 10 years? See every power plant in the U.S. on this handy map.

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Information about the United States' current energy sources and uses, as well as a look forward to the future of energy. Covers a variety of energy sources, including renewable car energy sources.

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The National Academies presents: What You Need to Know About Energy

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Want to understand the basics of America's current energy situation? The National Academies, advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine, provides objective information about the United States' current energy sources and uses, as well as a look forward to the future of energy.

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Includes energy source fact sheets, high quality and informative graphics, slideshows, and a short ebook (look for the Secondary Energy Infobook)

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Energy Information & Resources · The NEED Project

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NEED provides students energy information resources including energy source info sheets, high quality and informative graphics, slideshows, and more.

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This is a chapter in an ebook about energy. Look in the right column to see more chapters you can use.

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Learn more about America’s energy sources: fossil, nuclear, renewables and electricity.

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Learn more about America's energy sources: fossil, nuclear, renewables and electricity.

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Search on specific types of energy as well as broader topics such as fossil fuels.

TIP: Check "unlocked" and "free" in the left column
TIP: Look for articles from "The Oxford Companion to Global Change" -- they're usually very detailed.

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Featured Title

An invaluable resource, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World offers extensive comparative and systematic analyses of Islamic beliefs, institutions, movements, practices, and peoples on an international scale. The Digital Collection represents an online expansion of the project, featuring articles previously published on Oxford Islamic Studies Online, now exclusive on Oxford Reference...

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Oxford Reference - Answers with Authority

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Oxford Reference - Answers with Authority

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Use any of the science or encyclopedia databases in Discus to find information. Make sure you're using current articles though.

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Use the keyword search at the top to search for specific energy types such as tar sands or natural gas, etc.

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The Company reserves the right to change this policy and our Terms of Service at any time. We will notify you of significant changes to our Privacy Policy by sending a notice to the primary email address specified in your account or by placing a prominent notice on our site.

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Includes the history of electric cars, hydrogen and fuel cells, EV comparisons, EV benefits, and more.

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Vehicles, and the fuel it takes to power them, are an essential part of our American infrastructure and economy, moving people and goods across the country.

From funding research into technologies that will save Americans money at the pump to increasing the fuel economy of gasoline-powered vehicles to encouraging the development and deployment of electric and alternative fuel vehicles, the Energy Department is committed to providing consumers with a full range of vehicle choices while decreasing our dependence on foreign oil and reducing impacts on the environment.

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Vehicles, and the fuel it takes to power them, are an essential part of our American infrastructure and economy, moving people and goods across the country.

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Road to Decarbonization: The United States Electricity Mix

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Road to Decarbonization: The United States Electricity Mix

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America is targeting a carbon-free utilities sector by 2035. This graphic breaks down the United States’ electricity mix by state.

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Every Cannabis Product In One Graphic

There are few markets experiencing growth quite like cannabis, which in 2020 had an additional 7,000 products hit dispensary shelves compared to the year prior. However, for novice cannabis consumers and investors, the different products and their uses can be overwhelming.

This sponsored graphic by Tenacious Labs provides an overview of cannabis products, and is part of a multi-part series that covers different factors affecting the future of cannabis.

Let's break down cannabis products on the market today.

1. Flower

First, is cannabis flower, which is the ingestible part of the cannabis plant and is the most popular way to consume. It is cultivated, harvested, dried, and cured, as part of the preparation process before making its way to the end consumer. Due to its popularity, it also represents the largest component of the U.S. legal market.

In 2021, some $10.9 billion in dried herb or "buds" were purchased. In addition, pre-rolls generated $2.2 billion, which are pre-rolled products prepared by dispensaries. The psychoactive effects from consuming flower are felt almost instantly, which remains a key appeal.

2. Cartridges, Concentrates, and Extracts

Cannabis concentrates are a growing category which have taken the market by storm in recent years. They come in various forms including raw concentrates, cartridges, and extracts. Preparing them involves removing impurities form the plant, leaving only the desired compounds such as cannabinoids and terpenes.

This highly concentrated form of cannabis results in THC levels of 80-90%, compared to the 10-20% range most commonly found in dry herb flower. Raw concentrates hit $2.2 billion in U.S. legal sales in 2021. And cartridges, which are products intended to be vaped and are typically paired with a battery accessory, were worth $5.1 billion.

The appeals associated with concentrates include a higher dose which results in stronger effects, plus a more discrete experience given they have little to no smell.

3. Edibles

Next, are edibles, where the THC is metabolized by the liver and consumed through infused food and drinks. This leads to an different experience relative to inhaling. For example, the euphoric or psychoactive effects typically last much longer and can take 1-2 hours to kick in.

The legal U.S. edibles market is growing fast. It recorded revenues of $2.3 billion in 2021 but is expected to reach a value of $8.5 billion by 2027. These growth prospects have not gone unnoticed, in fact, the alcohol industry is betting big on cannabis. As of late, waves of investments and acquisitions are occurring targeting cannabis-infused beverages.

A key driver of growth comes from the health conscious consumer who may want to avoid the smoking process altogether.

4. Topicals and Others

Last are topicals and other products. Topicals are CBD-infused non-psychoactive products like lotions, balms, and oils. These are gaining notoriety for their wellness properties including the relief of pain, soreness, and inflammation. However, the market remains relatively modest, with a market value of $200 million. Furthermore, the topicals market appeals to those not interested in any psychoactive effects, and is particularly popular amongst women and pet owners.

Other products include papers, pipes, batteries, and all other accessories, which also provide notable revenues and opportunities.

Measuring Market Share of Cannabis Products

With all these products in mind, let's take a look at market share. Although edibles, vapes, and concentrates have risen tremendously in value over the years, flower still remains number one, representing 43% of legal sales, followed by cartridges at 20.3% market share.

Seasonality also plays a role in cannabis consumption. Since dry flower tends to be consumed outdoors, the data shows that it loses market share during the cold winter months.

The Next Chapter

Cannabis products have come a long way from their early days when variety was considered a choice between an indica or sativa strain. As the industry develops and more money is injected into the space, we should see product innovation accelerate even further.

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Road to Decarbonization: The United States Electricity Mix

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There are few markets experiencing growth quite like cannabis, which in 2020 had an additional 7,000 products hit dispensary shelves compared to the year prior. However, for novice cannabis consumers and investors, the different products and their uses can be overwhelming.

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U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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Discusses how electricity is generated using different types of power sources such as steam, nuclear, hydroelectric, etc. Use the links on the right side of the page to find additional information.

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An electric generator is a device that converts a form of energy into electricity. There are many different types of electricity generators. Most electricity generation is from generators that are based on scientist Michael Faraday's discovery in 1831. He found that moving a magnet inside a coil of wire makes (induces) an electric current flow through the wire. He made the first electricity generator, called a Faraday disk, which operates on the relationship between magnetism and electricity and led to the design of the electromagnetic generators we use today.

Electromagnetic generators use an electromagnet-a magnet produced by electricity-not a traditional magnet. A basic electromagnetic generator has a series of insulated wire coils that form a stationary cylinder-called a stator-surrounding an electromagnetic shaft-called a rotor. Turning the rotor makes an electric current flow in each section of the wire coil, and each section becomes a separate electric conductor. The currents in the individual sections combine to form one large current. This current is the electricity that moves from generators through power lines to consumers. Electromagnetic generators driven by kinetic (mechanical) prime movers account for nearly all U.S. electricity generation.

Turbine driven generators

Most U.S. and world electricity generation is from electric power plants that use a to drive electricity generators. In a turbine generator, a moving fluid-water, steam, combustion gases, or air-pushes a series of blades mounted on a rotor shaft. The force of the fluid on the blades spins (rotates) the rotor shaft of a generator. The generator, in turn, converts the mechanical (kinetic) energy of the rotor to electrical energy. Different types of turbines include steam turbines, combustion (gas) turbines, hydroelectric turbines, and wind turbines.

Steam turbines are used to generate most of the world's electricity, and they accounted for about 42% of U.S. electricity generation in 2022. Most steam turbines have a boiler where fuel is burned to produce hot water and steam in a heat exchanger, and the steam powers a turbine that drives a generator. Nuclear power reactors use nuclear fuel rods to produce steam. Solar thermal power plants and most geothermal power plants use steam turbines. Most of the largest U.S. electric power plants use steam turbines.

Combustion gas turbines, which are similar to jet engines, burn gaseous or liquid fuels to produce hot gases to turn the blades in the turbine.

Steam and combustion turbines can be operated as stand-alone generators in a single-cycle or combined in a sequential, combined-cycle. Combined-cycle systems use combustion gases from one turbine to generate more electricity in another turbine. Most combined-cycle systems have separate generators for each turbine. In single-shaft combined cycle systems, both turbines may drive a single generator. In 2022, combined-cycle power plants supplied about 34% of U.S. net electricity generation.

Combined-heat-and-power plants (CHP) and cogenerators, use the heat that is not directly converted to electricity in a steam turbine, combustion turbine, or an internal combustion engine generator for industrial process heat or for space and water heating. Most of the largest CHP plants in the United States are at industrial facilities such as pulp and paper mills, but they are also used at many colleges, universities, and government facilities. CHP and combined-cycle power plants are among the most efficient ways to convert a combustible fuel into useful energy.

Hydroelectric turbines use the force of moving water to spin turbine blades to power a generator. Most hydroelectric power plants use water stored in a reservoir or diverted from a river or stream. These conventional hydroelectric power plants accounted for about 6% of U.S. electricity generation in 2022. Pumped-storage hydropower plants use the same types of hydro turbines that conventional hydropower plants use, but they are considered energy storage systems. Other types of hydroelectric turbines called hydrokinetic turbines are used in tidal power and wave power systems.

Wind turbines use the power in wind to move the blades of a rotor to power a generator. There are two general types of wind turbines: horizontal axis (the most common) and vertical-axis turbines. Wind turbines were the source of about 10% of U.S. electricity generation in 2022.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems use a temperature difference between ocean water at different depths to power a turbine to produce electricity.

Other types of generators

Many different types of electricity generators do not use turbines to generate electricity. The most common in use today are solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and internal-combustion engines.

Solar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight directly into electricity. These cells may be used to power devices as small as wrist watches. They are also connected together in modules (or panels), which can be connected together in multi-module arrays to power individual homes or form large power plants. Photovoltaic power plants are now one of the fastest growing sources of electricity generation around the world. In the United States, PV power plants were the source of about 3% of total utility-scale electricity generation in 2022.

Internal=combustion engines, such as diesel engines, are used all around the world for electricity generation, including in many remote villages in Alaska. They are also widely used for mobile power supply at construction sites and for emergency or backup power supply for buildings and power plants. Diesel-engine generators can use a variety of fuels, including petroleum diesel, biomass-based liquid fuels and biogas, natural gas, and propane. Small internal-combustion-engine generators fueled with gasoline, natural gas, or propane are commonly used by construction crews and tradespeople and for emergency power supply for homes.

Other types of electricity generators include fuel cells, Stirling engines (used in solar thermal parabolic-dish generators), and thermoelectric generators.

Energy storage systems for electricity generation include hydro-pumped storage, compressed-air storage, electrochemical batters, and flywheels. These energy storage systems use electricity to charge a storage facility or device, and the amount of electricity they can supply is less than the amount they use for charging. Therefore, the net electricity generation from storage systems is counted as negative in EIA reports (Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual) to avoid double counting electricity use for charging the storage system.

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Form EIA-923 Power Plant Operations Report, final data for 2022
Note: Sum of subtotals may not equal totals because of independent rounding of individual data series.
¹ Includes generators at power plants with at least one megawatt electricity generation capacity
² Natural gas accounted for 99% of energy sources in combined-cycle power plants and for 95% of energy sources in single-cycle combustion gas turbines.
³ Other sources include internal combustion engines, fuel cells, and binary-cycle turbines.
⁴ Storage systems include hydro-pumped storage, electrochemical batteries, compressed-air storage, and flywheels. The percentage share of total utility-scale electricity net generation from energy storage systems for electricity generation is shown as positive in the table above. However, generation from storage systems is published as negative net generation in EIA reports (Electric Power Monthly and Electric Power Annual) to avoid double counting of energy storage charging sources.
Last updated: October 27, 2023, with data available at the time of update.

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How electricity is generated - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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How electricity is generated by various types of electricity generation technologies and power plants.

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Applied Science & Technology Full Text (H.W. Wilson)

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Tribology & Lubrication Technology; Jan2021, Vol. 77 Issue 1, p64-68, 4p.

Survey on the pros and cons of electric vehicles.

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The resources in Discus South Carolina's Virtual Library are made available to state residents. Please enter the current Discus username and password. If you need assistance, contact your local library or media center. You may also contact the Discus Office: (803) 545-0201 or DiscusOffice@statelibrary.sc.gov

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The resources in Discus South Carolina's Virtual Library are made available to state residents. Please enter the current Discus username and password. If you need assistance, contact your local library or media center. You may also contact the Discus Office: (803) 545-0201 or DiscusOffice@statelibrary.sc.gov

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Increase Your H2IQ: Fact Sheets covering hydrogen and fuel cells.

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Find easy-to-understand information about hydrogen (H2) and fuel cell technologies from the U.S. Department of Energy.

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U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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South Carolina State Energy Profile  - U.S. EIA

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South Carolina State Energy Profile  - U.S. EIA

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The Energy Information Administration provides energy statistics by state. Use this site or try the link on the site to the newer beta version. Also, look around the site for many additional sources of information.

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South Carolina - State Energy Profile Analysis - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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Energy Information Administration - EIA - Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government

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South Carolina total energy use and cost per capita. Statistics on electric, natural gas, and renewables. Data is from 2018 and 2019.

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This section contains general energy data for South Carolina, and is updated annually by the Office of Regulatory Staff – Energy Office (Energy Office). The information presented was submitted to the Energy Office by South Carolina utilities unless otherwise noted.

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Browse the Energy page or search for specific energy types such as coal, nuclear. Includes several maps of power plants in the world as well as Electric Vehicle infographics.

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Data-driven visuals that help explain a complex world

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Includes data on all states up to 2019. Browse down to pick South Carolina.

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How Does Your State Make Electricity The New York Times article

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U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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Count of United States electric power industry power plants, by sector, by predominant energy sources within plant, for 2010 through 2020.

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Notes: The number of power plants for each energy source is the number of sites for which the respective energy source was reported as the most predominant energy source for at least one of its generators. If all generators for a site have the same energy source reported as the most predominant, that site will be counted once under that energy source. However, if the most predominant energy source is not the same for all generators within a site, the site is counted more than once, based on the number of most predominant energy sources for generators at a site. In general, this table translates the number of generators by energy source into the number of sites represented by the generators for an energy source. Therefore, the count for Total (All Sectors) above is the sum of the counts for each sector by energy source and does not necessarily represent unique sites. In addition, changes to predominant energy sources and status codes from year to year may result in changes to previously-posted data.
Capacity by energy source is based on the capacity associated with the energy source reported as the most predominant (primary) one, where more than one energy source is associated with a generator.
In 2011, EIA corrected the NAICS codes of several plants which resulted in a net capacity shift from the electric utility sector to the commercial sector.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860, 'Annual Electric Generator Report.'

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Notes: The number of power plants for each energy source is the number of sites for which the respective energy source was reported as the most predominant energy source for at least one of its generators. If all generators for a site have the same energy source reported as the most predominant, that site will be counted once under that energy source.

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U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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United States existing capacity by energy source for 2020. Includes coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear, wind, etc.

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Notes: Coal includes anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, and waste coal; coal synfuel and refined coal; and beginning in 2011, coal-derived synthesis gas. Prior to 2011, coal-derived synthesis gas was included in Other Gases.
Petroleum includes distillate fuel oil (all diesel and No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils), residual fuel oil (No. 5 and No. 6 fuel oils and bunker C fuel oil), jet fuel, kerosene, petroleum coke (converted to liquid petroleum, see Technical Notes for conversion methodology), waste oil, and beginning in 2011, synthetic gas and propane. Prior to 2011, synthetic gas and propane were included in Other Gases.
Other Gases includes blast furnace gas. Prior to 2011, waste heat was included in Natural Gas.
Hydroelectric Conventional capacity includes conventional hydroelectric power excluding pumped storage facilities.
Wood and wood-derived fuels include wood/wood waste solids (including paper pellets, railroad ties, utility poles, wood chips, bark, and wood waste solids), wood waste liquids (red liquor, sludge wood, spent sulfite liquor, and other wood-based liquids), and black liquor.
Other Biomass include municipal solid waste, landfill gas, sludge waste, agricultural byproducts, other biomass solids, other biomass liquids, and other biomass gases (including digester gases, methane, and other biomass gases).
Hydroelectric Conventional capacity includes conventional hydroelectric power excluding pumped storage facilities.
Other Energy Sources include batteries, hydrogen, purchased steam, sulfur, tire-derived fuels and other miscellaneous energy sources.
Capacity by energy source is based on the capacity associated with the energy source reported as the most predominant (primary) one, where more than one energy source is associated with a generator.
In 2011, EIA corrected the NAICS codes of several plants which resulted in a net capacity shift from the electric utility sector to the commercial sector.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-860, 'Annual Electric Generator Report.'
Estimated small scale solar photovoltaic capacity is based on data from Form EIA-826, Form EIA-861M, Form EIA-861 and from estimation methods described in the technical notes.

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Notes: Coal includes anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, and waste coal; coal synfuel and refined coal; and beginning in 2011, coal-derived synthesis gas. Prior to 2011, coal-derived synthesis gas was included in Other Gases. Petroleum includes distillate fuel oil (all diesel and No. 1, No. 2, and No.

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Tracks nuclear power plants in the U.S.

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U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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If you still need more information on U.S. electricity after using the sources above, browse and search the EIA site here.

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Electricity Data - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

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Energy Information Administration - EIA - Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government

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United Nations Energy Statistics Yearbook

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United Nations Energy Statistics Yearbook

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Annual data for more than 200 countries and areas for the period 2016 to 2019. In the contents, go to TABLES, and click on an energy source to find where it is produced in the world.

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The 2019 Energy Statistics Yearbook is the sixty-third issue in a series of annual compilations of internationally comparable statistics summarizing world energy trends, which commenced under the title World Energy Supplies in Selected Years, 1929-1950.

Annual data for more than 200 countries and areas for the period 2016 to 2019 are presented on production, trade and consumption of energy for solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, electricity, and heat. Per capita consumption series are also provided for all energy products.

Graphs are included to illustrate historic trends and/or changes in composition of production and/or consumption of major energy products. Special tables of interest include: international trade tables for coal, crude oil and natural gas by partner countries; selected series of statistics on renewables and wastes; refinery distillation capacity; and a table on selected energy resources.

The Energy Statistics Yearbook is available in printed and electronic (PDF format) versions.

Browse contents:

The 2018 Energy Statistics Yearbook is the sixty-second issue in a series of annual compilations of internationally comparable statistics summarizing world energy trends, which commenced under the title World Energy Supplies in Selected Years, 1929-1950.

Annual data for more than 200 countries and areas for the period 2015 to 2018 are presented on production, trade and consumption of energy for solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, electricity, and heat. Per capita consumption series are also provided for all energy products.

Graphs are included to illustrate historic trends and/or changes in composition of production and/or consumption of major energy products. Special tables of interest include: international trade tables for coal, crude oil and natural gas by partner countries; selected series of statistics on renewables and wastes; refinery distillation capacity; and a table on selected energy resources.

The Energy Statistics Yearbook is available in printed and electronic (PDF format) versions.

Browse contents:

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The 2019 Energy Statistics Yearbook is the sixty-third issue in a series of annual compilations of internationally comparable statistics summarizing world energy trends, which commenced under the title World Energy Supplies in Selected Years, 1929-1950 .

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Fast, free bibliography generator - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard citations.

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ZoteroBib: Fast, free bibliography generator - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard citations

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Free, accurate citation and bibliography maker for APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA, and 10,000 other styles. No ads, no downloads, no account required.

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Free MLA citation and bibliography generator.

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EasyBib®: Free MLA Citation & Bibliography Generator

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Generate accurate MLA citations with EasyBib. Automatically create your works cited page and format your bibliography.

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Here's a list of energy-related books in the BEHS Library. Some of the books are digital, others are in print. Please ask Ms. Bing for help if you want to.

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Oil shale and tar sands in the U.S.

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Programs: Energy and Minerals: Mining and Minerals: Oil Shale and Tar Sands | Bureau of Land Management

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The United States holds more than half the world’s oil shale, a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter from which petroleum products may be distilled. Although it has long been seen as a potential source of secure, reliable, and affordable energy, the technology to produce oil from…

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North American oil sands history, 2008

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Coal study guide (for younger children but has good information)

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When Was Hydropower Invented?

Humans have been harnessing water to perform work for thousands of years. The Greeks used water wheels for grinding wheat into flour more than 2,000 years ago, while the Egyptians used Archimedes water screws for irrigation during the third century B.C. The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor, wrote the groundbreaking Architecture Hydraulique.

In 1880, a dynamo driven by a water turbine was used to provide arc lighting -a technique where an electric spark in the air between two conductors produces a light-to a theatre and storefront in Grand Rapids, Michigan. In 1881, a dynamo connected to a turbine in a flour mill provided street lighting at Niagara Falls, New York. Both of these used direct current technology.

The breakthrough in alternating current, the method used today, allowed power to be transmitted longer distances and ushered in the first U.S. commercial installation: an alternating current hydropower plant at the Redlands Power Plant in California in 1893. The Redlands Power Plant utilized Pelton water wheels powered by water from the nearby Mill Creek and a three-phase generator that ensured consistent power delivery.

In the past century, a number of innovations have enabled hydropower to become an integral part of the renewable energy mix in the United States. Find out more about the last 100 years of hydropower with this timeline.

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Humans have been harnessing water to perform work for thousands of years.