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6 & 9 Aug 1945 – The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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6 & 9 Aug 1945 – The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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The world changed the moment the US dropped atomic bombs in the two cities of Japan, as it introduced the world to one of the deadliest weapons of mass destruction.

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29 Aug 1949 – USSR Tested Their First Nuclear Bomb

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29 Aug 1949 – USSR Tested Their First Nuclear Bomb

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Russia, formerly the USSR, dropped their first nuclear bomb test in Kazakhstan.

source:
https://www.ctbto.org/specials/testing-times/29-august-1949-first-soviet-nuclear-test

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The US tested nuclear bombs in Marshall Islands with a bigger scale than the ones they detonated in Japan, leaving environmental damages and casualties.

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22 November 1955 – USSR's First Hydrogen Bomb Test

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22 November 1955 – USSR's First Hydrogen Bomb Test

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This thermonuclear test was conducted in Kazakhstan and affected the healths of those who lived in the country.

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29 July 1957 – The Establishment of IAEA

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29 July 1957 – The Establishment of IAEA

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The International Atomic Energy Agency was established as a form of cooperation on nuclear, to promote safety, security, and peace on the use of nuclear.

source:
https://www.iaea.org/about/overview

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1958 - Multiple Testing and Planning on a Ban

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1958 - Multiple Testing and Planning on a Ban

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US, UK, USSR tested hundreds of their own nuclear bombs that year, and later planned on banning nuclear testing.

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October 1962 - Thirteen Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis

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October 1962 - Thirteen Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis

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The US was in a thirteen-days of negotiation with USSR so that the state would not launch their missiles from Cuba. In the end, the USSR retreated their missiles from Cuba, while the US had to publicly stated that they would not invade Cuba and retreat their nuclear from their missile site in Turkey. This was the peak of Cold War.

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The LTBT was signed and went into force in 1963. It prohibits nuclear explosions in the atmosphere, underwater, and outer space.

source: https://2009-2017.state.gov/t/avc/trty/199116.htm

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1968-70 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

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1968-70 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

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In July 1st, 1968, the treaty was signed, and it became effective in 1970. The aim is to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons or weapons of mass destruction, and promote the usage of it in a friendlier way.

source: https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/

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26 May 1972 – Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

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26 May 1972 – Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

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US and USSR signed the ABM treaty which aims to limit the deployment of missiles.

source: https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/abmtreaty

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During those period of years, the US and USSR discussed on adding limits on their weaponry.

source: https://fas.org/nuke/control/salt1/intro.htm

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1979-80 – SALT II and the Invasion of Afghanistan

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1979-80 – SALT II and the Invasion of Afghanistan

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Both country signed SALT II which aims for further limits on weaponry in June of 1979. However, in December that year, the USSR invaded Afghanistan and turned US-funded organization into their ally. This delayed SALT II  and loosen US's relation with USSR.

source: https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-russia-nuclear-arms-control

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1981-83 – Zero Option, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, and Pershing II

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1981-83 – Zero Option, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, and Pershing II

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The US offered USSR the 'Zero Option' that would make both country remove all their intermediate-range nuclear from all their missile sites all around the world. Again in 1981, President Reagan proposed START which would focus on deep cuts in weaponry. In 1983, the US and NATO deployed Pershing II in Western Europe

sources: https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/pcw/104210.htm
https://fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/theater/pershing2.htm

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23 March 1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative

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23 March 1983 – Strategic Defense Initiative

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SDI, also known as the 'Star Wars Program' was a program proposed by President Reagan to build a space-based missile shield in an attempt to protect the US from USSR.

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11-12 October 1986 – The Reykjavik Summit

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11-12 October 1986 – The Reykjavik Summit

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The summit was a meeting between President Reagan and President Mikhail Gorbachev, in which they discussed on abolishing their nuclear weapons. However, they failed to come to an agreement as the US favored more on missile research that are not align with the ABM (like SDI), while the USSR preferred a softer approach.

source: https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/reykjavik-summit-legacy/

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1987-88 – Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

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1987-88 – Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

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In 8 December 1987, the US and USSR signed the treaty. It came into force in 1 June 1988. The aim of the treaty is to eliminate any form of their nuclear weaponry with the range of 500 to 5,500 kilometers.

source: https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/INFtreaty

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1989-91 – Cold War Ends and START Signed

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1989-91 – Cold War Ends and START Signed

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As the Cold War ended and the USSR collapsed, the US and USSR have also signed the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) treaty.

source: https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/start1

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1992 – Open Skies Ex-Soviet Republics Disarmament

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1992 – Open Skies Ex-Soviet Republics Disarmament

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The US, Russia, and several other countries signed the Open Skies treaty. And also, countries that used to be under the USSR, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine signed the Lisbon Protocol to the START agreement in which they agreed to transfer their nuclear arsenals that used to belong to the USSR to Russia, and those countries ended up signing the NPT to become nonnuclear-weapons states.

source: https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-russia-nuclear-arms-control

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The US and Russia signed the treaty. However. due to the complexity of ratifying it, it never came to force.

source: https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-and-regimes/treaty-between-united-states-america-and-union-soviet-socialist-republics-strategic-offensive-reductions-start-ii/

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The US and Russia amended the treaty by stressing more on the strategic and nonstrategic, or theater, missile defense systems.

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The US and Russia propose the idea of working on an early-warning and notification system so as to prevent unintentional launch. However, the project was delayed.

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2002 – Moscow Treaty and US withdrawal from ABM

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2002 – Moscow Treaty and US withdrawal from ABM

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The US and Russia signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) or Moscow Treaty which has a similar aim to START II. Later that year, the US withdrew from ABM due to a security-dilemma. They fear that the limit it has on missile would prevent them from developing more that could protect them from terrorist attacks and rogue nations.

source: https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-russia-nuclear-arms-control

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President Obama said that the relation between US and Russia needs to be 'reset', in order to improve their relation.

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A new START treaty was signed to replace the old one that expired in the previous year. This treaty also focuses on reducing deployed warheads by 30% and also other non-deployed weaponry. It was fully approved the following year.

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With the violation that Russia did in Crimea, it raised a concern on Russia's commitment on arms control. US also supported Ukraine with military aid. This ended their 'reset' relation.

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The US withdrew from INF during President Trump's administration. The state also accused Russia of testing and deploying a missile which is prohibited by the treaty.

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The US withdrew from Open Skies treaty and accused Russia for breaching the treaty. However, NATO members did not support this as they found that even if Russia did violate the treaty, it would still be useful for the US to comply with the treaty.

source: https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-russia-nuclear-arms-control

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Before the treaty expired, Biden's administration and Russia agreed to extend the treaty.