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Brinkerhoff, D. & Crosby, B. (2002). Managing policy reform: Concepts and tools for decision makers in developing and transitioning countries. Bloomfield, CT.: Kumarian Press, Inc.

Cerón-Anaya, H. (2019). Privilege at Play: Class, race, gender, and golf in Mexico. Oxford University Press.

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Why educators should study privilege: Class, race, gender, and golf in Mexico 

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Why educators should study privilege: Class, race, gender, and golf in Mexico 

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Presented by: Dr. Hugo Cerón-Anaya, Lehigh University

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Brandon Begarly, JT Kaltreider, Kaitlin Lederer

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Brandon Begarly, JT Kaltreider, Kaitlin Lederer

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Dr. Hugo Ceron Anaya analyzed private golf courses in Mexico and its relationship to class, gender, and privilege. His analysis takes a qualitative approach, through observations and interactions with individuals through the private golf courses.

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Dr. Anaya evaluated the upper and upper-middle class with private golf club memberships, which are equivalent to about $25,000 annually. He conducted his research, flipping the perspective, which focused on the upper-middle class, rather than through lower-income classes. He observed that only men are members to the golf course, as women hold a variety of jobs but none are members.

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Dr. Anaya conducted qualitative research around an individual who caddies at a private golf course. He examined the relationship between caddies, financial privilege, and gender segregation.

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Hugo Cerón-Anaya, the author of Privilege at Play: Class Race, Gender, and Golf in Mexico, conducted research that explored the significant contrast of inequality between class race in Mexico. On the cover of his book, he shows a rich apartment complex on the right and then an economic-disadvantaged community on the left. He explained that people think that “good people” are just poor and that it is a circular motion of poor people stay poor and the rich people stay rich.

Cerón-Anaya looked at the picture and saw that the expensive apartment complex had a pool and well manicured lawns. He wondered who maintained that pool and grass and came to the conclusion that it was not the tenets of the apartment complex. He wanted to understand the relationship between the two. It was challenging because he couldn’t just ask people what their economic status was. But, he was able to conclude that if someone was able to afford to pay the $25,000 golf club fee, then they would have a higher amount of income and would be somewhere in the upper-middle class or upper class as nobody in the middle class, including in the USA, would have that much disposable income to use for a golf club membership.

This research showed that the inequalities between classes in Mexico and policies that should be implemented for all classes to be able to have the same opportunities. This research could be conducted in other countries as economic class are prevalent in the majority of countries globally. There might not be particularly golf clubs in each country, but the methods used could be adapted to fit the context of each country.

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Simplistically, the stakeholders highlighted in this research are the rich and poor. However, as the talk continues Dr. Ceron-Anaya focuses more on the concept of class and ways in which research focus should change from simply looking at "the poor" and ways to move them up, but instead studying the individual privileges of each class. In so doing, policy decisions could serve to level the playing field by taking into account the privileges of each groups and leveraging those priveleges as a way to build equal opportunities.

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There are a number of takeaways from this research that could serve to inform several policies that could aid in building more opportunity for those who are often left behind.
From the perspective of Education, Dr. Ceron-Anaya indicated that many middle and upper-class Mexican families send their children to private schools as they are perceived as being "better" than the public schools. In comparison, that sentiment is shared in some capacity in the United States but isn't necessarily true across the board as there are numerous public school systems in very privileged communities that often exceed some of the best private schools. Building upon the concept of looking at privilege within each community, policy-makers can leverage those privileges to build linkages within education systems such that there is access to quality tools and resources across the board.
Beyond education, this research concept can be used to guide further research and policy decisions on ways in which we build a more level playing field for everyone both here in the United States and across the globe.

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The use of qualitative methods to gather data around privilege in Mexico is an appropriate approach. Through this method, the study was able to best suit Dr. Anaya's research scope, as qualitative methods demonstrate flexibility in data collection. He was able to analyze privilege through three different lenses: class, gender, and race through flexible data collections, like observation.