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Definition: The website describes the origins of UFOs becoming an American cultural phenomenon. It covers a variety of topics ranging from Hollywood's depiction of 'flying saucers' to a skeptics' insights on the mysterious topic.

Connection: The contents of this website article relate to the reason for belief of unexplained. Much of the focus in this article is based on the unknown factor of if extraterrestrial life exists and if so, are we living with them, without knowing! The article further provides many examples of humans depictions of UFOs and aliens. The examples given are primarily from pop culture (entertainment industry). Furthermore, the article examines the skeptic, Carl Sagan's, views on this topic which he believes that aliens exist but have not visited Earth. But, we as civilians, do not have an answer for these peculiar sightings, therefore it is unexplained.

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In the 1940s and 50s reports of "flying saucers" became an American cultural phenomena. Sightings of strange objects in the sky became the raw materials for Hollywood to present visions of potential threats. Posters for films, like Earth vs. the Flying Saucers from 1956 illustrate these fears. Connected to ongoing ideas about life on the Moon, the canals on Mars, and ideas about Martian Civilizations, flying saucers have come to represent the hopes and fears of the modern world.

Are these alleged visitors from other worlds peaceful and benevolent or would they attack and destroy humanity? The destructive power of the Atomic bomb called into question the progressive potential of technology. Fear of the possibilities for destruction in the Cold War-era proved fertile ground for terrestrial anxieties to manifest visions of flying saucers and visitors from other worlds who might be hidden among us in plain sight.

Aliens Among us and Fears of the Other

If UFOs were visiting our world, where were these extraterrestrials? Could they be hidden among us? Comic books and television illustrates how the possibility of extraterrestrial visitors reflected anxieties of that era.

The 1962 comic There are Martians Among Us, from Amazing Fantasy #15, illustrates the way fear of extraterrestrials could reflect Cold War anxieties. In the comic, a search party gathers around a landed alien craft, but it can find no sign of alien beings. Radio announcers warn those nearby to stay indoors. The action shifts to a husband and wife as he prepares to leave their home despite a television announcer's warning to remain indoors. As he waves goodbye he reminds his wife to stay inside. The wife however decides to slip out to the store and is attacked and dragged off. The husband returns home and finding it empty runs towards the telephone in a panic. In a twist, the anxious husband reveals that he and his wife are the Martians.

The fear that there might be alien enemies in our midst resonates with fears of Soviets and communists from the McCarthy era. Ultimately, in this story, the humans are the ones who accost and capture the alien woman. The shift in perspective puts the humans in the position of the monsters.

UFOs as Contemporary Folklore

Aside from depictions of UFOs in media, UFOs are also part of American folk culture. Ideas of aliens and flying saucers are a part of the mythology of America. You can find documentation of these kinds of experiences in folk life collections. An interview with Howard Miller about hunting and hound dogs, collected as part of Tending the Commons: Folklife and Landscape in Southern West Virginia collection, documents an individual's experience with a potential UFO sighting.

In A mysterious light, a segment of an ethnographic interview, Miller describes a strange light he saw once while hunting with his dogs in 1966 "All at once it was daylight, and I looked up to see what happened. There was a light about that big, going up, drifting up the hill. When I looked and seen it just faded out. I've been in the Marines, and know what airplane lights look like, and it was too big for that." When asked if he knew what it was he offered, "I don't know what it was" but went on to explain, "If there is any such thing as a UFO that's what that was." This unexplained light on a walk in the woods is typical of many stories of these kinds of encounters. It's not only the media that tells stories and represents these kinds of ideas, documentation of the experiences and stories Americans tell each other is similarly important for understanding and interpreting what UFOs meant to 20th century America.

Skepticism of UFOs and Alien Encounters

Scientists and astronomers express varying degrees of enthusiasm for the possibility of intelligent life in the universe. However, scientists generally dismiss the idea that there are aliens visiting Earth. In Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space, Carl Sagan reviews the possibilities of alien visitors to Earth, and suggests that there is good reason to be skeptical of them. Much of Sagan's work focuses on debunking folk stories and beliefs and tries to encourage more rigorous and skeptical thought. He similarly discussed criticism of beliefs in alien visitors in his earlier book, Demon Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark.

This zealous criticism of belief in UFOs from Sagan, who was well known for his speculative ideas about the likelihood of alien civilizations, might seem to be a contradiction. Sagan himself had even speculated on the possibilities of visits by ancient aliens in his essay from the early 60s Direct Contact among Galactic Civilizations by Relativistic Interstellar Spaceflight.

How do we reconcile Sagan the skeptic with the imaginative Sagan? Far from a contradiction, these two parts of Sagan's perspective offer a framework for understanding him and the interchange between science and myth about life on other worlds. Skepticism and speculative imagination come together as two halves of the whole. It's essential to entertain and explore new ideas, however strange, while at the same time testing and evaluating the validity of those ideas.

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UFOs and Aliens Among Us | Life on Other Worlds | Articles and Essays | Finding Our Place in the Cosmos: From Galileo to Sagan and Beyond | Digital Collections | Library of Congress

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In the 1940s and 50s reports of "flying saucers" became an American cultural phenomena. Sightings of strange objects in the sky became the raw materials for Hollywood to present visions of potential threats. Posters for films, like Earth vs. the Flying Saucers from 1956 illustrate these fears.

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Definition: This picture shows an entrance to Area 51 which is a highly classified United States Air Force base in the state of Nevada.

Connection: The picture above relates to the reason for belief, confirmation bias and ideology. The ongoing rumour is that Area 51 contains many secrets relating to extraterrestrials and UFOs. In no way, can we prove that these rumours are true or not, however people's minds still believe in them. This base, like many other federal air force bases, is highly secure and private. Even though the United States government said that the alien rumours are false, we can't know for sure, so this also ties into the reason for belief unexplained. However, the ongoing stigma of this air force base is that it contains extraterrestrial information. Even though the government has denied this, people ignore that and still choose to believe.

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Definition: This video is of a news report on a UFO cluster that surrounded the USS Omaha warship. As many as 14 UFOs were seen on radar, and some disappeared into the ocean with no trace.

Connection: The video makes a connection to the reason for belief, unexplained. In this video, unidentified flying objects are seen swarming a US Navy warship. Some of them mysteriously disappear into the ocean and off the radar. The government, military eye-witnesses, and the public have no explanation as to what these objects could be. Obviously, there is much speculation that these are extraterrestrial beings, however, nobody quite knows the true answer. We could apply the critical thinking process to find an answer for this situation. But, there is a slim chance of coming to a solid conclusion that is actually correct.

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Radar confirms UFO swarm around Navy warship

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Definition: This article from the New York Magazine, summarizes the US Pentagons' report on UFOs. The Pentagon released this report in June 2021.

Connection: Many reasons for belief and pseudoscience red flags are related to this article. Agenticity, unexplained, suppression by authorities. It relates to agenticity because the general public is perceiving these unidentified flying objects to be aliens (life from another world). Again, unexplained relates to the topic because the conclusion made by the government is that they don't quite know what is behind these strange sightings. The connection that is most intriguing is suppression by authorities. Many people believe that the government is withholding information regarding terrestrial life. There is an abundance of evidence that depicts UFOs and it is included in the report. Some people in the general public think that the government knows much more, or has even interacted with extraterrestrials, but they won't tell us because we're not ready. Many people are also skeptical of the Pentagons' report due to its lack of answers.

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One of the many curiosities packed into the $2.3 trillion omnibus spending and coronavirus-relief package passed by Congress in December was a stipulation requiring the Department of Defense and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence to deliver an unclassified report on unidentified flying objects to Congress within six months, compiling what the government knows about about UFOs rocketing around over American airspace. The long-awaited first report was finally released on Friday, and though only nine pages, represents the most direct and substantive U.S. government account of of what officials call unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) ever made public. Below is a guide to what the report contains for those who want to believe - or at least understand what there is to learn from this unprecedented act of transparency from the Pentagon.

What information is the report based on?

The Pentagon task force's preliminary assessment is based on the review of 144 UAP reports involving observations made by military aviators between 2004 and 2021, but mostly from the last two years. The task force also considered but opted not to focus on "a range of information on UAP described in U.S. military and IC (Intelligence Community) reporting," since it "lacked sufficient specificity."

Of the 144 reports, the task force could only determine an explanation for one (a deflated balloon). The rest remain unexplained.

In a total of 18 events, witnesses "reported unusual UAP movement patterns or flight characteristics" - potentially demonstrating advanced, as-of-yet unknown technological capabilities. Per the report, that unusual behavior included UAP/EFOs, which "appeared to remain stationary in winds aloft, move against the wind, maneuver abruptly, or move at considerable speed, without discernible means of propulsion." The report also notes that "in a small number of cases, military aircraft systems processed radio-frequency (RF) energy associated with UAP sightings."

In 11 instances, U.S. aviators reported dangerous "near misses" with UAP.

What does the report conclude?

Not much, at least regarding what these objects actually were or where they might have come from. The assessment says that the lack of "high-quality reporting" on the events "hampers our ability to draw firm conclusions about the nature or intent of UAP." In other words, they still don't know what the UAP were, though the report suggests a range of possible explanations.

While the assessment says that available reporting on UAP is "largely inconclusive," it nonetheless concludes:

There is currently no evidence that any of the objects are related to a secret U.S. weapons program or were developed by foreign adversaries.

The clustering of sightings near U.S. military bases may just be the result of several kinds of collection bias.

Most of the UAP probably were physical objects, since most were detected in multiple ways, including via "radar, infrared, electro-optical, weapon seekers, and visual observation." In addition, there are probably multiple types of UAP.

Objects exhibiting unusual flight characteristics (like the ones which appeared to demonstrate advanced technological capabilities) could also "be the result of sensor errors, spoofing, or observer misperception" and "require additional rigorous analysis."

Regarding whether or not these objects represent a threat, the report says that UAP "clearly pose" a risk to flight safety in the increasingly crowded skies, and "may pose a challenge" to national security, particularly if the UAP were developed by foreign adversaries and indicate "a potential adversary has developed either a breakthrough or disruptive technology."

The U.S. needs to collect and analyze more information, consolidate reporting, develop a more efficient way of screening and processing the reports.

What does the report say about aliens?

Nothing. The report makes no mention of extraterrestrial life and never even implies that any of the reported UAP could be of extraterrestrial origin. That doesn't mean the task force has ruled that possibility out, however.

The report lists five possible explanations for UAP

While the report does not offer much in the way of explanation for the objects, it offers five categories of possible explanations:

Airborne clutter, including birds, balloons, drones, or airborne debris.

Natural atmospheric phenomena, including "ice crystals, moisture, and thermal fluctuations that may register on some infrared and radar systems."

U.S.-developed technology, i.e., classified technology developed by the U.S. or its industry partners.

Technology developed by foreign adversaries (on Earth), like Russia, China, or other government or non-government entities.

Other, a catchall for encounters where there isn't enough information to determine categorization (which could include UAP of extraterrestrial origin).

Why is this report coming out now?

Americans have long been fascinated by questions about what their government knows about UFOs, but several recent developments have driven lawmakers to push for more transparency. The issue gained momentum in December 2017, when the New York Times reported on a $22 million Department of Defense program established in 2007 and championed by Harry Reid, the former Democratic Senate majority leader. Known as the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, it was designed to examine military encounters with UAPs. (The story would have shaken the American public to its core in the UFO-obsessed 1990s, but barely rose above the din of daily news coverage in the first chaotic year of the Trump administration.)

Over the next few years, lawmakers and Defense officials began to take interest as more Navy pilots shared their accounts of frequent run-ins with UFOs, and several videos of the encounters were released. By June 2019, senators were reportedly "coming out of the woodwork" to be briefed on the phenomena, which resulted in a vote by the Senate Intelligence Committee in June 2020 that first green-lit the idea for a UFO report. A provision - which set the six-month timeline and added some additional funding for the project - was tucked into the Intelligence Authorization Act for the 2021 fiscal year, which passed as part of the December stimulus package.

As the senators on the Senate Intelligence Committee wrote last year, they were "concerned that there is no unified, comprehensive process within the federal government for collecting and analyzing intelligence on unidentified aerial phenomena, despite the potential threat."

What did skeptics have to say about the Pentagon's UFO report ahead of its release?

Science writer Mick West is generally considered the leading voice of the group asserting that the UFOs spotted by the military are likely technology we already understand. In an appearance on CNN last month, he summarized his argument: The images we see in the military UAP videos could easily be the result of mis-calibrated instruments or various camera distortions. While West thinks the videos released so far "can all be explained," he does support further research on the subject.

"If pilots are reporting things that they can't identify, then yes we need to figure out what's going wrong there," he said. "Is it something new or is it some failure of the system? Is it a failure of personnel or technology? Let's figure that out."

What to make of surprising footage that appears to show unidentified flying objects in the sky?

An expert urges Americans to view the videos through the lens of science. There may be less than meets the eye. pic.twitter.com/nmNB9Exi4K
- Cuomo Prime Time (@CuomoPrimeTime) May 22, 2021

In a recent and exceptionally long story in The New Yorker detailing the history of the movement to take UFOs seriously, a former Pentagon official pushed back on West's skepticism, saying that he "doesn't have the whole story. There's data he will never see - there's much more that I would include in a classified environment." (Of course, that argument isn't very satisfying for those of us who will never have access to classified UFO data.)

On the left, a non-scientific reason for UAP skepticism has emerged: Perhaps after wasting over $1.6 trillion on the disastrous F-35, spending over $2.26 trillion on the war in Afghanistan, and facing a flat budget for 2021, the Pentagon simply wants a flashy reason to demand more money.

Shortly after the report's release, 's Jeff Wise examined another potential explanation: electromagnetic warfare.

For many, aerial objects moving in impossible ways immediately brings to mind alien visitors. But for those working in the electronic warfare industry, strangely manifesting phenomena are their stock-in-trade. The field is tasked with the detection of adversaries across the electromagnetic spectrum, from visual light to infrared and radar, as well as manipulating signals so that your forces are not detected by the enemy. "By radiating electromagnetic energy, one can deny, deceive, disrupt, delay or deceive that energy to confuse an observer about what you're doing," says Glenn "Powder" Carlson, president of the Old Crows Association, the EW professional organization.

Where do recent presidents stand on UFOs?

President Joe Biden has successfully dodged recent attempts to get him to weigh in on unidentified aerial phenomena. "President Obama says there is footage and records of objects in the sky ... and he says we don't know exactly what they are - what do you think?" a reporter asked the president at a May 21 press conference. Biden deflected, saying "I would ask him again," before smiling and leaving the podium.

Since leaving office, Obama has been more open about his interest in the topic. Days before the question to Biden, the ex-president appeared on The Late Late Show With James Corden, where the show's music director, Reggie Watts, asked him about his theories on the paranormal. "When it comes to aliens, there are some things I just can't tell you on-air," Obama quipped.

"Look, the truth is, when I came into office, I asked, 'Is there the lab somewhere we're keeping the alien specimens and spaceship?' They did a little bit of research and the answer was no," Obama continued. "But what is true - and I'm actually being serious - is that there's footage and records of objects in the skies that we don't know exactly what they are. We can't explain how they moved, their trajectory, they did not have an easily explainable pattern. I think that people still take seriously trying to investigate and figure out what that is. But I have nothing to report to you today."

For his part, Donald Trump never took UFOs all that seriously while in office. In the few instances when he commented on the matter, he usually deflected, promising to "take a good, strong look" at the matter, and telling George Stephanopoulos that if there was any evidence of aliens, "you'll be the first to know."

So what's next?

The report also dictates that another report will be delivered by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence and the Department of Defense within 90 days, informing Congress on how best to update data collection on UFOs. According to the New York Times, "officials said they would provide lawmakers with periodical updates beyond that."

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Pentagon Releases UFO Report: Here's What We Know

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One of the many curiosities packed into the $2.3 trillion omnibus spending and coronavirus-relief package passed by Congress in December was a stipulation requiring the Department of Defense and the Office of the Director of National Intelligence to deliver an unclassified report on unidentified flying objects to Congress within six months, compiling what the government knows about about UFOs rocketing around over American airspace.

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Definition: These series of photographs were taken by an Oregon farming couple featuring their sightings of unidentified flying objects. However, these photos have been deemed to be a hoax.

Connection: Perception/Observation relates to the photographs above. Sometimes eyewitnesses don't always have accurate accounts; this is likely the case with these photographs. For many years, the public was amazed by these photographs. But after an in depth investigation, it was discovered that the couple lied about the time the photos were taken. This led to many people becoming skeptical of the validity of them. UFO skeptics, Phillip J. Klass and Robert Sheaffer came to the conclusion that this whole situation was a hoax. Through further analysis, they found that this was a model hanging from the power lines in the photo.

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Definition: In the YouTube video that was posted by the news channel Breakfast Television, you can see something something that is believed to be some sort of shapeshifting UFO that was captured on video.

Connection: I feel that this YouTube video connects to the reason for belief unexplained. This is because in the video someone who is on a airplane looks out of their window to discover what seems like some weird type of shapeshifting UFO. This YouTube video is also an example of the reason for belief of perception and observation. Eyewitness accounts may vary, as some passengers believe that they were not actually seeing a shapeshifting UFO making this an example for both unexplained and perception and observation.

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Definition: This article on the CBC website talks about acclaimed Canadian ufologist Christopher Rutkowski and the recent spike in the amount of UFO sightings within Canada per day.

Connection: I feel that this website relates to the red flag confirmation bias. The website relates to the red flag confirmation bias because when someone who actually believes in UFOs and aliens sees what they think to be is a UFO they seem to quickly forget the fact that UFOs are still not proven to be real or not. This is why they actually fall into the category of unexplained. With more and more people claiming to have had UFO sightings now than ever, it would be a lot harder to try and convince one of them that what they had just seen wasn't actually a UFO solely based on the fact that they are still unexplained.

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Acclaimed Canadian ufologist Christopher Rutkowski can be best described as Canada's Fox Mulder.

He recently travelled to Duncan, B.C., a small town on Vancouver Island that was home to Granger Taylor, whose story is told in CBC Docs POV documentary, . Taylor, who became obsessed with space travel, left a note telling his family he could communicate with extraterrestrials and was going on an interstellar journey - and then vanished.

But Taylor wasn't only one who reported a strange encounter in Duncan. Lisa Nydahl was a teenager in 1980 when she saw a boomerang-shaped object in the sky over the town, gliding toward the mountains. "It just did a 90-degree turn and went straight up and just disappeared," she recalls. "It was unlike anything I'd ever seen."

Rutkowski says that UFO sightings in Canada are more common than we think. "There are about 1,000 UFO reports filed in Canada every year, and the number remains high."

Ufology Research, an organization Rutkowski belongs to, has collected and analyzed Canadian UFO report data since 1989. Their 2017 survey showed that a total of 1,101 sightings were reported across the country, at a rate of roughly three per day - the fifth highest number since the group began collecting data in 1989.

The survey also showed that there was an average of two witnesses per UFO sighting and that the sightings lasted about 15 minutes each. Many witnesses were police officers, pilots and other people with keen observational skills.

Most sighting reports in 2017 came from Quebec (518) and Ontario (241), with B.C. coming in third (128). Out of the major metropolitan areas the country, Montreal and Toronto topped the list.

In its final report, Ufology Research broke down cases by the number of witnesses, the level of "strangeness" (an alien encounter being more unusual than flashing lights, for example), the reliability of the sighting and its duration. They also compared the shape of the objects.

The report notes that while an increasing number of cellphones, dashcams and traffic cameras means that reported sightings are more frequently accompanied by a photo or video, these visuals are often of poor quality and less useful to researchers. What's more, the majority of sightings can be explained as aircraft and other astronomical objects.

Still, about eight per cent of all UFO reports in 2017 remain unexplained - but this doesn't mean that they are proof of alien visitation.

"There's no incontrovertible evidence that aliens are visiting us, although it's a wonderful theory," Rutkowski told The Canadian Press, but adds that "there is a real phenomenon [that] I think is worth scientific study."

Here are a few of Canada's most famous UFO sightings:

Falcon Lake, Manitoba

In May 1967, Stefan Michalak reported seeing two flying saucers near Falcon Lake. He claimed that one of the aircraft hovered only 45 metres away from him, landed and, as he approached, emitted a beam of light that knocked him to the ground as it lifted off.

Michalak said that he became ill in the following weeks, and a photograph of his chest eight months later showed burn marks in a pattern of dots. The incident was commemorated by a glow-in-the-dark coin released by the Canadian Mint in 2018.

Shag Harbour, Nova Scotia

During the same year as the Falcon Lake sighting, people reported that the night skies over Shag Harbour were glowing with four lights that flashed off and on before crashing into the harbour. Eyewitnesses claimed they watched as a large, orange-glowing object sank into the water.

The RCMP, thinking a plane had crashed, organized a rescue effort, but were unable to recover an object. Divers searched the sea floor but also came up empty. Since no planes were reported missing, the case was classified as a UFO sighting. To this day, Shag Harbour holds an annual festival dedicated to the strange incident.

Marieville, Quebec

In 1989, several people in Sainte-Marie-de-Monnoir reported being awakened in the middle of the night by a noise that sounded similar to an electric generator. Witnesses also reported seeing an intense blue light shining outside their windows.

Two days later, a perfect circle, about 20 metres in diameter, was found outside of the home of one of the witnesses. The RCMP were called to investigate, but the source of the lights and strange markings remains unknown.

If you've spotted a UFO, here's how to report it a sighting to Ufology Research.

Watch on CBC Docs POV.

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Canadians report seeing UFOs in the sky at a rate of 3 times a day

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Acclaimed Canadian ufologist Christopher Rutkowski can be best described as Canada's Fox Mulder. He recently travelled to Duncan, B.C., a small town on Vancouver Island that was home to Granger Taylor, whose story is told in CBC Docs POV documentary, .

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Definition: This photo is of a UFO sighting taken over Brampton Ontario. The UFO is in your typical "flying saucer" style of spaceship.

Connection: I believe that this photo relates to the red flag of patternicity. This photo is an example of patternicity because the design of the spaceship is the stereotypical "flying saucer" alien spaceship which is very easy to distinguish. This design of spaceship is recognized around the world as being a symbol for UFO's even though they are still not yet to be proven real or not, this makes them fall under the reason for belief of unexplained.

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Definition: In this video provided by 23 ABC News we can see footage from a citizen's doorstep camera of what appears to be some type of mysterious UFO-like spaceship. The object fly's by and left a really interesting-looking trail behind it unlike anything captured on video before.

Connection: The reason for belief that best relates to this short video is unexplained. Based on what you can see in the video it is hard to tell what the object actually is that is flying by. I feel that we all have the same question. and that is what was that tail-like thing following the unidentified flying object? There are too many questions and not enough answers here for the short video, making it fall into the category of unexplained.

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Did a 23ABC viewer's Ring camera capture UFO on video in Southwest Bakersfield?

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1. Learning about the many possible answers to these mysterious sightings was the thing that most surprised us. Many people automatically assume that UFOs correlate to extraterrestrial beings, however, there are many other possibilities. Some of these possibilities are drones, foreign technology (from other countries), atmospheric occurrences, etc.
2. Personally, in 2021, when we heard that the Pentagon was releasing a report on all the reported sightings of unidentified flying objects, we were pretty excited to see what it entailed. The document that was released was rather disappointing because it did not provide any solid answers for what these objects are.
3. Post #1 "UFOs and Aliens Among Us," on our Padlet wall was the most interesting research piece that we found. We thought it was interesting to find out the origins of how the American cultural phenomena of UFOs came about. It gave a solid background on how society has interpreted UFOs, like how Hollywood would depict them in an evil Alien image.
4. From this research, we will remember the vast opinions and different reports of various UFO sightings. In North America alone, there are more than a thousand different reports of UFO sightings, and all of them are different. This creates an interesting discussion on people's beliefs and the varying factors that play a role in determining what is behind these mysterious sightings.
5. The most harmful pseudoscience belief is medical pseudoscience. This topic leads to many people becoming ill and ultimately dying from using harmful substances and practices that aren't professionally approved. The least harmful pseudoscience belief in astrology. This belief does not have any physical impact on people. Astrology is a shared interest by many people which actually bonds people together, therefore it is not harmful at all.
6. If I could pass on the knowledge that I gained from this course to family members or friends, I would share the critical thinking process with them. I think this process is important in gaining the correct perspective on varying situations. Using the critical thinking process allows you to gain a broader perspective on all the possible answers to the problem. It also powers our brain to think outside of the box to understand different opinions and knowledge that others provide.