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Afghanistan is a country located in Central Asia surrounded  mainly by Iran and Pakistan (National Geographic Kids ,2014).It is an Islamic state where modesty ,loyalty and honour are the heart values .Though close family  members may hug and kiss each other on cheek, opposite genders typically refrain from touching and verbally greet saying saying "Salam”.(IU School of Medicine,2021)Afghanis put their family decisions and responsibilities first and are reluctant to share personal matters with outsiders.The basic etiquettes  include asking for permission before clicking picture of Afghani women  and leaving the door open when talking to opposite gender.(Nancy Hatch Dupree &Dupree ,2019)

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National Geographic Kids. (2014, March 28).Afghanistan Country Profile-National Geographic Kids.Geography.https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geogarhic/countries/article/Afghanistan

IU School of Medicine.(2021 ,September 9).Information about our Afghan Community.Blogs.https://medicine..iu.edu/blogs/uncategorized/information-about-our-Afghan-community

Nancy Hatch Dupree ,& Dupree ,L.(2019).Afghanistan-Daily life and social customs.In Encyclopedia Britannica .https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan/Daily-life-social-customs

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Despite suffering many wars ,Afghanistan has its own beauty in terms of rich culture .(IU School of Medicine ,2021)Afghani men dress traditionally in baggy trousers with long over shirt and a vest. Women's dresses are more colorful  with bead and mirror work .(Zeenatwears ,2023)They are usually quite loose for ease of movement.As for entertainment activities ,Afghanis love to fly kites and play 'buzkashi' in which horseman compete against each other to bring headless of goat or calf to the goal.Love for wrestling and shooting is widespread as they are associated with honour.Folk singing and public dancing 'attan ' during special occasions is also common.(Nancy Hatch Dupree &Dupree ,2019)

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IU School of Medicine.(2021 ,September 9).Information about our Afghan Community.Blogs.https://medicine..iu.edu/blogs/uncategorized/information-about-our-Afghan-community

Nancy Hatch Dupree ,& Dupree ,L.(2019).Afghanistan-Daily life and social customs.In Encyclopedia Britannica .https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan/Daily-life-social-customs

Zeenatwears.(2023 ,January 11).Afghanistan Clothing Culture.Medium.https://medium.com/@zeenatwears/Afghanistan-clothng-culture-d2eb32d1ee

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Afghanistan has been  taken over by Taliban since the fall of last  elected government   in 2021(Afghan Culture Unveiled ,2023) and among  many casualties it led to includes  snatching the rights of women to study  and earn .Women's lives have turned upside down because of restrictions of not being able to travel without a male  even for medical visits  decreasing opportunities for treatment especially for widows.(IU School of Medicine ,2021) . Afghani women are risking their lives  opposing Taliban while facing harassment ,torture and exile for rising their voice.Considering the grave situation ,UN leaders should stop this crime against humanity and Taliban  should be held accountable.(Kabiri,2024)

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Afghan Culture Unveiled .(2023,February2).Afghan Culture Unveiled.Afghan Culture Unviled.https://www..afghancultureunveiled.com

IU School of Medicine.(2021 ,September 9).Information about our Afghan Community.Blogs.https://medicine..iu.edu/blogs/uncategorized/information-about-our-Afghan-community

Kabiri,K.(2024,Jnauary 16).Afghan Women Accuse Taliban Of Torture And Extortion Amid Dress Code Crackdown.RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty:RFE/RL.https://ww.rferl.org/a/Afghanistan-taliban-women-torture –extortion-dress-code-crackdown/32777072.html

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Health beliefs and traditional medicines practiced among Afghanis

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Health beliefs and traditional medicines practiced among Afghanis

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In Afghanistan,fasting during Ramadan is prevalent and preferred over health with even children ,pregnant and lactating women taking part in it.(Afghan Culture Unvieled,2023)Due to the absence of medical facilities in rural areas ,traditional healing practices such as blowing breath while reciting prayers and consuming herbal and homoepathic medicines are prevalent.During childbirth,whiskey-soaked cotton is inserted into vagina to stop postpartum bleeding.(Grima 2022)Widows and other women suffering from infections,asthma and pneumonia are often left untreated because it is required that a legitimate male figure must accompany them on medical appointments.(Lee,2022)

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Afghan Culture Unveiled. (2023,February 2). Afghan Culture Unveiled .Afghan Culture Unveiled. https://www.afghancultureunveiled.com

Grima,B.(2002,November 15).Women,Culture , and Health in Rural Afghanistan / Expedition Magazine.Penn.museum.https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/women-culture-and-health-in-rural-afghanistan/

Lee ,C.(2022 ,August 9).What’s the status of healthcare for women in afghanistan under the taliban? FRONTLINE.                                                     https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/healthcare-women-afghanistan-under-taliban/

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“social inclusion and non-discrimination” for Afghan refugees

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“social inclusion and non-discrimination” for Afghan refugees

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Due to religion and  language barriers, Afghan  refugees face discrimination in terms of  employment and health services resulting in not only anxiety and depression but also inaccessibility of  affordable medical services  cause of lack of knowledge.(World Health Organization,2021) Therefore ,WA multicultural policy framework has been set up to create inclusive community by prioritizing culturally responsive policies and economic  and social participation with a minimum of two cultural  events  held across the department.(Western Australian Multicultural Policy Framwork (WAMPF) .n.d.) Refugee health services undertake initial health assessments and facilitate access to primary care.Many hospitals also  have interpreters to overcome language barrier .(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare,2023)

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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.(2023, November 3).Health of refugees and humanitarian entrants in Australia,Overview:Health services used by humanitarian entrants .Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.                                                            https://www.aihw.gov.au?reports/cals-australians/health-of-refugees-and-humanitarian-entrants/contents/helath-service-use/helath-services-used-by-humanitarian-entrants

Western Australian Multicultural Policy Framework (WAMPF).(n.d.).Retrieved May 15,2024,fromhttps://www.wa.gov.au/system/files/2023-02/Western%20Australian%20Multicultral%20Poliyc%20Framework%202021-26%20-%Jan%202023.pdf

World Health Organization.(2024).Social determinants of health.World health Organization.https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-deteminats-of-health

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Common health issue and treatment option for Afghani refugees

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Common health issue and treatment option for Afghani refugees

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Due to war and poverty ,Afghan refugees face common health issues like diarrhea ,illness and mental illness.(Australian Refugee Health >Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds, n.d.) Among them mental illness caused by psychological torture or other traumatic events  is most common ,therefore emotional wellbeing is assessed post arrival.Emotional support,advice on sleep hygiene and psycho-education is given to assist them.Counselling for releasing emotional pressure is a useful strategy to increase social connectivity.(Australian Institute of Health and Welfare ,2023)For sexual assault  victims and those who witnessed mass killing , strategies  for body-mind peace  like meditation and cultural activities are undertaken while counselling.(Barrington & Shakespeare-Finch ,2013)

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Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.(2023, November 3).Health of refugees and humanitarian entrants in Australia,Overview:Health services used by humanitarian entrants .Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.                           https://www.aihw.gov.au?reports/cals-australians/health-of-refugees-and-humanitarian-entrants/contents/helath-service-use/helath-services-used-by-humanitarian-entrants

Australian Refuge Health> Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds.(n.d.).          https://refugeehealthguide.org.au

Barrington,A.J., & Shakespeare-Finch ,J.(2013).Working with refugee survivors of torture and trauma:An opportunity for vicarious post-traumatic growth.Counselling Pscychology Quaterly,26(1)89-105.                  https://doi.org/10/100/09515070.2012.727553

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Reflection based on Domain 1: Clinical Expert from the ‘Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice'

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Reflection based on Domain 1: Clinical Expert from the ‘Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice'

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Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership .(2019).Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice:Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS .https://culturaldiversityhelath.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf