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HPV is spread through intimate skin-to -skin contact. You can get HPV by having sex with someone who has the virus. More than 42 million Americans are infected with types of HPV that are known to cause the disease. 13 million Americans, including teens become infected each year. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States.

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Name of the pathogen that causes the infection 

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Name of the pathogen that causes the infection 

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The pathogen that causes Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the human papillomavirus itself. HPV is a member of the papillomaviridae family of viruses, which are small, nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses with a circular double-strand DNA genome. HPV is divided into five genera: Alphapapillomavirus, Betapapillomavirus, Gammapapillomavirus, Mupapillomavirus, and Nupapillomavirus. As of April 2024, at least 200 additional viruses have been identified but are still waiting to be sequenced and classified.

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The risk of transmitting HPV to a baby during childbirth is very low. In fact, studies have shown that most babies who are born HPV-positive clear the virus on their own before they are six months old. However, in rare cases, HPV can cause serious medical conditions for newborns.

Respiratory papillomatosis

A serious condition that can occur when a baby born to a mother with genital warts develops warts in their throat. These warts can block the baby's breathing passages and require frequent laser surgery to prevent.

Developmental disabilities

In very rare cases, genital warts can be passed on to the fetus during vaginal delivery and can result in severe, sometimes fatal, developmental disabilities.

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There is no cure for the human papillomavirus (HPV) virus itself, but there are treatments for the symptoms and cell changes it causes. The primary symptom of HPV is warts on the skin or genitals, but some strains can lead to cervical cancer. In most cases, HPV goes away on its own within two years without causing health problems. When HPV does not go away, treatments can include:

Medicines: Applying medicines to warts or the affected area

Surgery: Removing warts, abnormal cervical tissue, or precancerous lesions using a variety of techniques, including excision, laser ablation, cryosurgery, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), or cold knife conization

Vaccines: Preventing the HPV strains most likely to cause genital warts and cervical cancer

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) can have long-term effects, including cancer and genital warts:

Cancer: HPV infections that aren't controlled by the immune system can cause cell changes that may become precancerous and then cancerous over time. HPV can cause six types of cancer, including anal, cervical, oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancer.

Genital warts: Some HPV infections cause genital warts, which can be disfiguring.

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the type of HPV and the affected area:

Low-risk HPV

Can cause warts on or around the genitals, anus, mouth, or throat. These warts can be small or large, raised or flat, or shaped like a cauliflower. They may go away on their own, stay the same, or grow in size or number.

High-risk HPV

Usually doesn't cause symptoms, but can lead to precancers and cancers that may cause symptoms over many years. These symptoms can include lumps, bleeding, and pain, depending on the site of infection. Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, after sex, douching, or a pelvic exam, can also be a symptom.

HPV in the mouth

Can cause pain when chewing, a chronic sore throat or cough, persistent hoarseness, numbness or tingling in the lips or tongue, a unilateral earache, or drooling.

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The most reliable way to prevent HPV (Human Papillomavirus) is to abstain sexual intercourse . However, there are other ways to reduce your risk of getting HPV, including:

HPV vaccine: The HPV vaccine protects against four common types of HPV, including two that cause most cases of cervical cancer and two that cause most cases of genital warts. The CDC recommends that young women and men ages 9–26 get the vaccine, and that they receive all three doses and have time to develop an immune response before becoming sexually active.

Condoms: Using condoms or oral barriers correctly and consistently can significantly reduce your risk of getting HPV.

Limit sexual partners: Limiting the number of sexual partners you have can also lower your risk.

Don't smoke: Smoking can make it harder for your body to fight off HPV.