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1.  What causes did people begin to take up to improve the world?

People began to take up the causes of bettering the air quality, regulating the quality of food, advocating for cleaner water, and stoping the spread of disease.

2. What did Thomas Malthus predict?

Thomas Malthus predicted that Man, as animals and plants, was capable of producing more offspring than can survive unless family size was regulated.

3. Give examples of new pollution affecting the world.

Examples of new pollution are air pollution and water pollution.

4.  Why did sanitation become so important?

Sanitation became important because disease was spreading rapidly due to food contamination, water pollution, and air pollution. Sanitation ensured that the spread of disease was contained.

5. How was the air pollution at this time?

The air pollution was increasing at this time due to the increase in machines that utilized coal.

6. How was the water pollution at this time?

Water pollution was increased due to people dumping their waste into local bodies of water.

7. What happened when the “Mother of the Forest” was cut down?

Its bark was stripped and shipped to England where it was put on display.

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What types of reforms were occurring?

The reforms included reforms on forestry, waterways, and rivers and harbors.

What did Theodore Roosevelt fight for?

He fought for the protection of wildlife and the preservation of their natural habitats.

What new organizations were formed?

Some new organizations include The National Audubon Society, National Bird Preserve, and the St. Louis smoke abatement movement.

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1.  How much air pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

Ancient Romans were well aware of the air pollution issue because civilians burnt wood and worked in crafts and industry. Pollution odors came from garbage, sewage, and smelting and tanning industries.

2. How much water pollution was there?  Where did it come from?

Although Rome was extremely unsanitary, they had aqueducts and reservoirs to bring clean water to gymnasiums and public baths. There was much more air pollution than water pollution. However, garbage and sewage also fouled the water.

3. How did humans get most of the energy they needed to survive?

Humans got the energy they needed to survive through the Sun as a form of heat and light. Wood fires were also prevalent during this time.

4. Was conservation being practiced anywhere in the world?  How?

Ancient civilizations such as the Sunna emphasized caring for wild animals. Other civilizations valued the sacredness of trees and nature by protecting plants and implementing selective harvesting.

5. Why was lead poisoning a problem?

Lead poisoning was an issue because it was commonly used as a paint and cosmetic.

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1.  How much water pollution was there?

Water pollution was significantly reduced compared to ancient civilizations. Parliament passed an act to forbid the dumping of filth and garbage into rivers and waters.

2. How much wood was being harvested?  What effects was this having?

Settlers burnt forests which once covered all the land to clear for way for farming. In England, industrialization lead to heavy deforestation and substitution of coal for food. The carbon dioxide emissions were so severe that the English king had to establish a system to protect and manage the woodlands.

3. In what ways was disease affecting the world?

With the rise of settlements and industrializations, civilizations contracted diseases from people from other parts of the world. For example, Native Americans began to contract European diseases. These diseases could be passed on by simple contact, direct contact, and through the air.

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1.  What was the purpose of the National Coast Anti-Pollution League?

The National Coast Anti-Pollution League was formed by government officials in New Jersey to stop oil dumping in bodies of water.

2. What type of gasoline was used for the first autos?

The gasoline used for the first autos was hydrogen oxygen mix.

3. What was the chemurgy movement fighting for?

The chemurgy movement fought for agricultural wastes and surpluses to be used for the production of goods. An example of this is cellulose being used for brushes.

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1. What led people to believe there was an air pollution crisis?

The Donora, Pennsylvania air pollution disaster led people to believe there was an air pollution crisis. 20 people died and 600 people were hospitalized in the four-day inversion.

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1.  What was the “burning river?”

The “burning river” was the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland that caught on fire in 1969.

2. What is the name of Rachel Carson’s book that started modern environmentalism?

Rachel Carson’s book that started modern environmentalism was named Silent Spring’s Noisy Summer.

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1. What government agency is founded?

The Environmental Protection Agency was founded in 1970.

2. How was air pollution reduced?

Air pollution in California was reduced by advocating for the replacement of gasoline with methanol and natural gas which would reduce a vehicle’s ability to form smog by half.

3. How was water pollution reduced?

The US Government passed the Clean Water Act. This cracked down on how factories and farms polluted waters.

4. What two new sources of pollution begin causing concern?

Mercury pollution began causing concerns and President Nixon sued companies for polluting interstate waters with mercury. Automobiles were also a big source of pollution causing concerns at the time.

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What major disasters occurred during this time?

The Sea Shepard Society sank vessels with explosives and Jefferson Island salt mine collapses after a Texaco oil-drilling rig on nearby Lake Peigneur penetrates an abandoned salt-mining cavern. Union Carbide Co. fertilizer plant leaks methyl ico-cyanide in Indian town of Bhopal in 1884.

What two major issues involving the Earth’s atmosphere arise?

NASA scientist James Hanson warns Congress about the consequences from global warming. The main two being rising sea levels, drought and increased storm severity.

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1. What final act did President Clinton sign into law?

The final act Clinton signed into law protected 58 million acres of national forest from development and created eight million acres of land as new national monuments.

2. How does the Bush presidency handle global warming and climate change?

His administration's energy plan emphasized oil exploration and the construction of coal and nuclear power plants to limit global warming.

3. How does the world react to leaded gasoline?

After the incident that killed children in India, countries, like Nigeria, vowed to never allow something like that to happen again and banned leaded gasoline. Violent crime decreased worldwide, and there was a major decline in blood lead levels from taking lead out of gasoline.

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1. How did the Gulf War create pollution?

Oil wells were blown up, burning 6m barrels per day for nearly ten months. Damaged oil wells spewed crude oil. The fallout from dispersing smoke plumes created a thick deposit known as tarcrete over Kuwait's deserts.

2. What does China construct that causes much controversy?

They constructed the Three Gorges Damn on the Yangtze River, which destroyed some ecosystems and biodiversity.