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In the bathrooms where it is necessary to cast over the blocks to lay the plumbing pipes, lower blocks are usually chosen to have the same thickness of the slab over the entire floor.

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In correspondence with the union of the slab and the wall, a 12cm wide casting is made in which a continuous round iron with a diameter of 12 mm is placed.
Every 3 meters a 10mm diameter iron is placed transversally and anchored to the 12mm iron.
If there is a layer above the blocks, the reinforcement in that layer is sufficient for anchoring to the non-load-bearing walls.

In correspondence with the holes of the stairs or of the systems, reinforced concrete beams are made, usually hidden in the slab.

If the frame of the balcony reinforcement has the same direction as that of the slab, the reinforcement is extended to the end of the balcony.
If, on the other hand, the balcony has a transverse framework to the slab, the slab must be cast without blocks at the internal part of the balcony and the reinforcement is placed at the top on the casting.

In correspondence with heavy walls, either the reinforcement is strengthened or a concrete beam is made.

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4x4 poles are placed 150-175cm apart from each other.  The base for laying the blocks is made of 14x6 cm beams positioned as the frame of the reinforcement and respecting the width of the block.  These boards are supported by 14x15 beams

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External load-bearing walls
The depth of the interpenetration is normally 12 cm and the height is like the height of the blocks and the reinforced concrete layer above.
The reinforcement is laid perpendicular to the load-bearing wall and 2 centimeters from the bottom of the upper concrete layer.

Laying on load-bearing partitions
Adapted blocks are installed in correspondence with the partition.

For non-load-bearing walls, an interpenetration of 5 cm is created

The anchoring in correspondence with the walls parallel to the framework.  If there is no upper cast of reinforced concrete, special anchors must be made.

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- Easy to make without big measurement work
- Quick both in the laying phase and in the drying phase
- Simple and fast deck without drying times:
- less consumption of concrete and water
- better thermal insulators
- it is an insole that is hardly damaged by humidity. However, the anchoring of the slab to the external wall must be isolated.

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The anchoring is correspondence with the walls that are parallel to the framework.  If there is no upper cast of reinforced concrete, special anchors must be made.  In correspondence with the union of the slab and the wall, a 12cm wide casting is made in which a continuous round iron with a diameter of 12 mm is placed.  Every 3 meters a 10mm diameter iron is placed transversally and anchored to the 12mm iron.
If there is a layer above the blocks, the reinforcement in that layer is sufficient for anchoring to the non-load-bearing walls.

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For non-load-bearing walls, an interpenetration of 5 cm is created

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Laying on load-bearing partitions
Adapted blocks are installed in correspondence with the partition.

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Baumadeak
Slabs with Hulstenblock and concrete.
The blocks of Hulstenblock are positioned side by side so that they can be plastered at the bottom, the reinforcement is positioned above and the concrete is thrown.  A layer of concrete over the blocks is required to reinforce the structure.

Construction method
The rib is made, boxes are positioned in correspondence with the holes in the slab, the blocks are positioned, the reinforcement and electrical cables are positioned, the concrete is poured and the formwork is removed when the concrete has hardened.  Then the slab is plastered and the floor is laid.
Before casting the blocks are watered with water until they no longer absorb water so as not to absorb the water from the concrete.
If a concrete casting is needed, this must be reinforced and must be of a height that is useful for static.

The provisions for concrete floors are the same as those used for Baumadeak floors.
Baumadeak floors can be used up to a span of 7-8 m even if spans of 6 m are usually made.  normally the shortest span determines the position of the reinforcement.
The height of the block varies between 10.5 and 24 cm.

Benefits
-Easy to make without big measurement work
- Quick to carry out both in the laying phase and in the drying phase
- Simple and fast deck without drying times: 4x4 poles are placed 150-175cm apart from each other.  The base for laying the blocks is made of 14x6 cm beams positioned as the frame of the reinforcement and respecting the width of the block.  These boards are supported by 14x15 beams
- less consumption of concrete and water
- better thermal insulators
sound insulation of 42-47 decibels.  The sound of the passes will depend a lot on the type of floor.
- it must remain in the fire for 1 hour without the temperature of the opposite side of the slab reaching 150 degrees above the initial temperature.
- it is an insole that is hardly damaged by humidity.  However, the anchoring of the slab to the external wall must be isolated.

Installation on external load-bearing wall
The depth of the interpenetration is normally 12 cm and the height is like the height of the blocks and the reinforced concrete layer above.
The reinforcement is laid perpendicular to the load-bearing wall and 2 centimeters from the bottom of the upper concrete layer.
Laying on load-bearing partitions
Adapted blocks are installed in correspondence with the partition.
For non-load-bearing walls, an interpenetration of 5 cm is created
The anchoring in correspondence with the walls parallel to the framework.  If there is no upper cast of reinforced concrete, special anchors must be made.  In correspondence with the union of the slab and the wall, a 12cm wide casting is made in which a continuous round iron with a diameter of 12 mm is placed.  Every 3 meters a 10mm diameter iron is placed transversally and anchored to the 12mm iron.
If there is a layer above the blocks, the reinforcement in that layer is sufficient for anchoring to the non-load-bearing walls.

In correspondence with the holes of the stairs or of the systems, reinforced concrete beams are made, usually hidden in the thickness of the slab.

In correspondence with the bathrooms where it is necessary to cast over the blocks to lay the plumbing pipes, lower blocks are usually chosen to have the same thickness of the slab over the entire floor.

If the frame of the balcony reinforcement has the same direction as that of the slab, the reinforcement is extended to the end of the balcony.
If, on the other hand, the balcony has a transverse framework to the slab, the slab must be cast without blocks at the internal part of the balcony and the reinforcement is placed at the top on the casting.

In correspondence with heavy walls, either the reinforcement is strengthened or a concrete beam is made.

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Installation on external load-bearing wall
The depth of the interpenetration is normally 12 cm and the height is the height of the blocks and the reinforced concrete layer above.
The reinforcement is laid perpendicular to the load-bearing wall and 2 centimeters from the bottom of the upper concrete layer.

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1. The rib is made
2. Boxes are positioned in correspondence with the holes in the slab
3. The blocks are positioned
4. The reinforcement and electrical cables are positioned
5. The concrete is poured
6. formwork is removed when the concrete has hardened.
7. The slab is plastered and the floor is laid.

Before casting the blocks are watered until they can no longer absorb liquid so they don't take the water from the concrete.

If a concrete casting is needed, it must be reinforced and must be of a height that is good for static conditions

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Baumadeak Slabs with Hulstenblock (hollowblocks) and concrete. The blocks are positioned side by side so that they can be plastered at the bottom. The reinforcement is positioned above. Concrete is layered on top of the blocks to reinforce the structure. 

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Baumadeak Slabs with Hulstenblock (hollowblocks) and concrete. The blocks are positioned side by side so that they can be plastered at the bottom. The reinforcement is positioned above. Concrete is layered on top of the blocks to reinforce the structure. 

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Baumadeak floors can be used up to a span of 7-8 m even if spans of 6 m are usually made.  Normally the shortest span determines the position of the reinforcement.
The height of the block varies between 10.5 and 24 cm.

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The soundproofing with wooden beams and steel construction are not so good. You can hear the upstair neighbours very good. To make sure it is sound proof you pur insulation between the beams. A suspended ceiling is also a good option for better sound absoption.

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Wooden and steel constructions are a lot more vulnerable to fire. However wood (depends wich type of wood) does has a better resistance against steel.
Steel will collapse a lot faster than wood within high temperture.

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The roof has low soundproofing because of the thin wool mats. Using thicker mats of insulation would make the soundproofing a lot more better.

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The wood constructions should be able to withstand 30 minutes against the fire (REI 30)

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Nowadays we don't use the mortise systems anymore. To connect the rafters with bolts.
The rafters are also a lot more thinner compared to the ones in older buildings.

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Roof constructions used in the 1850's mortise system to connect the rafters with the joist, collar tie and with each other.

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Before the bauma deck the sole plate is placed on the joists of the roof constructions.

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The sole plate/ wall plate is placed on the foot  of the roof. It is placed on the concrete floor and the rafters are saddled on it.
Sole plates were first used in 1880-1890 and is still to this day used in roof constructions.
This technique also made sure that roofs had an angles more 45 degrees.

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Exposed rusty reinforcements where beams connect to the wall

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When insulation is not hermetic thermal bridges allow heat to escape the building

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Little holes suggest possible infestation

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While the strenght of the baumadeck is trong against the fire. I do not think that it can hold the flames and smoke in the compartment wich means that the fire can spread faster.
To prevent this we have to make sure that the compartments are closed off for no fast fire spread.

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While the roof construction is made out of wood (wich is nod strong against fire), on the section you can see that they use rockwool mats. Rockwool has class A1 for fire resistant, but because it is thin it does not fully fledge the conditions. The insulation should be thicker for better fire resistance.
Now the building is using glasswool (i think what it looked like) wich is also class A1.

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- Originally, the collar tie rafters were mounted on the top of the beams with mortise. The ridge end of the rafter was joined with a mortise and a slash, secured with wooden dowel.
- The collar tie stiffens the rafters. The whole structure is stiffened along the walls.

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The olny possible hazardous substance in roof is the asbestos. However if we check the original drawings we wouldn't notice this material. The original roof cladding was made of red ceramic tiles.

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Prefabricated slab

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Sometimes we can find iron beams.
The outer wall is fixed to the beams of the slab with wall anchors. Sometimes we can find wall anchors inside the wall sometimes we can see it on the facade.

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The baumadeck has a good fire resistance because it is made out of hollow bricks compaired with wood and steel.

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This roof consist of two parts. the lowest part consists of 3 longitudinal stud wall on top of which the mansard-joist construction lays. The upper part consists of collar Tie trusses which are fixed to the mansard-joists.

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In case of larger cornice construction, the roof is lifted by placing the rafters on top of cornice. To ensure stability some rafters are provided with inclined joints.

The cornice was made of ordinary bricks.

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If the stud wall is high, it is anchored to the brickwork of the outer wall

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-From 1856 all rafter constructions were constructed as "saddle-roofs" with a maximum of 45 degrees.
-Later a sole-plate was mounted on top of the joins and the rafters mounted on the top of this.
-From 1889 roofs were built with pitches more than 45 degrees.

- Joist construction depends on the roof form.
- Joists were often supported by walls main partition walls.

- Roof claddings and roof flashing: in the period up to 1910 most popular materials were pan tiles, natural slate tiles and zinc-plate cladding.

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The baumadeck is made by constructing supportive timber scaffolding. Then we place reinforcement rods between the walls and between the rods we put the ceramic blocks. After that we pour the concrete and in a few weeks the floor slab is done.

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The floor slab technology called the Baumadeck is made of ceramic blocks, reinforcement rods and concrete. It provides high fire protection and soundproofing. It's relatively light due to holes in blocks. That technology makes construction stiff and stable.

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To provide the water proofing on the top of the roof there is a special ridge tile that covers the top of the roof tiles. The gaps are filled with mortar bedding.

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For better soundproofing we could add some extra layers or replace some layers.
For example you could add fermacell® for better acoustic.
The kind decking of the floor can also make better soundproofing. Vinyl with click is an example.

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For light tires the air sound is around 42-43 dB. Air sound by heavy tires is around 46-47 dB (silent to limited).
Stepping noises depends on the flooring.

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The roof in our building is the collar-roof with eaves.

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Collar roof but with the eaves.

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The connections between rafters and a wall is supported by a knee-brace which is a diagonally placed beam that connects wall-plate and collar beam.

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Doorsteps and small height differences in the floor - difficulty for people with mobility problems

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Unevenness because of installations underneath the slab or suspended ceilings

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The collar roof truss is made of: rafters that meet in ridge, the collar beam that connects rafters and the joist that holds the ends of the rafters.
The joist is placed at the bottom of the construction and is supported by wall-plate beams.

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Height differentiate from room to room

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The trussed rafter roof is made of some diagonally set beams that support the rafters and provide the stiffnes of the whole construction.

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Wastewater pipes and downpipes could be connected into one system - nowadays they are separate

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Ventilation flues were tin ducts carrying air up and out of the roof

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The Copenhager roof it's almost the same as the mansard roof. The top of the roof is flattened so the volume of the noninsulated attic is reduced. The name comes from the city of Copenhagen and the amount of this type of roof there.

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Mansard roof allows us to have larger attic - we can make dwelling inside. It's called 'mansard' due to the french architect' name - Mansart. He redesigned Paris in XIX century and he spread this type of construction.

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Gas pipes were made of black steel and water pipes of galvanised steel. Ventilation was made with cinder blocks

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Gas pipes were made of black steel and water pipes of galvanised steel. Ventilation was made with cinder blocks

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Light was usually limited to one source in the middle of the ceiling

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Cables were often placed in steel pipes fixed to the bottom of the slab

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Gas pipes cannot touch electrical wires!

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Gas pipes cannot touch electrical wires!