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Native Americans 2200 B.C - 1607: Period Characteristics  

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Native Americans 2200 B.C - 1607: Period Characteristics  

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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The Vikings discovered America first. In 1000 A.D., the Viking explorer Leif Erikson, landed in a place he named "Vinland," in modern locations, this was the Canadian province of Newfoundland.

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American Democracy began in Jamestown. The Declaration of Independence was signed in Jamestown in 1776.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.

2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.

3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.

4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.

5. Used a plain style of writing.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies. Authors name and work.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies. Authors name and work.

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies Fact #1. 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies Fact #1. 

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The settlers resorted to cannibalism during the “starving time” during 1609-1610.

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies Fact #2. 

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Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies Fact #2. 

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Dorothy Good was the youngest person accused during the Salem witch trials. She was only 4 years old when she was accused.

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 1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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 1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" 

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Fact #1 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Fact #1 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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The original settlers of Jamestown were all men.

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Fact #2 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Fact #2 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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200 original copies of the Declaration of Independence were made.

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment" Authors Works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment" Authors Works

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Fact #1 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment" Authors Works

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Fact #1 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment" Authors Works

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The most famous traitor to the Americans, General Benedict Arnold began as one of the earliest hero, helping lead against the British.

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Fact #2 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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Fact #2 Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment"

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The British were called many names, some being: British, the Crown, Great Britain, lobster backs, and regulars.

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment" Authors Works

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Rationalism "The Age of Reason" "The Enlightenment" Authors Works

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Benjamin Franklin
—Autobiography

Patrick Henry
—"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine
—"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley
—poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own souls.

3. Self-reliance and individualism must outweigh external authority and link conformity to tradition.

4. Important social and political movements include the Abolitionist, Utopian, and Women's Suffrage Movements

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Fact #1 Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance"

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Fact #1 Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance"

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Transcendentalism was influenced by Unitarian faith in Boston during the late 18th century

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Fact #2 Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance"

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Fact #2 Transcendentalism "The American Renaissance"

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In 1840, Emerson and Margaret Fuller founded The Dial, where some of the best writings by Transcendentalists appeared.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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Black Lives Matter started with a love letter after a 17-year-old, unarmed Trayvon Martin was killed by a white man in 2012.

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Black Lives Matter (BLM) actually was formed in 2013, it gained popularity in present years.

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Some things that show up all the time and it shows that many people are taking a stand, is the Black Lives Matter movement. People are taking a stand and protesting against the cruel power play that cops use against innocent black people.

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Fact 1# Romanticism,  Industrialization 

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Fact 1# Romanticism,  Industrialization 

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Roughly 15,000 Americans died as a result of the War of 1812, 8,600 British and Canadian soldiers died from battle or disease and the loss of the natives is not known.

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The gold rush attracted immigrants around the world which caused a large migration to happen.

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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Scarlett Letter facts

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The Salem Witch trials began because a group of women claimed to be possessed by the devil and accused other women of witchcraft.

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Gallows hill was thought to be the place where all the hangings of the witches occurred but it was actually Proctor’s Ledge, this place is also said to be haunted.

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McCarthyism and Cold War facts

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The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller during the Cold War. It was meant to reflect the craziness of the situation.

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McCarthyism is part of the Red Scare period when Joseph McCarthy tried to expose communist infiltration in the American government. McCarthyism is making accusations of treason, usually politically, in public.

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Tupac studied the Shakespeare when he attended the Baltimore School for the Arts.

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Believe it or not, studying Shakespeare would define Pac’s entire career.

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It certainly doesn’t sound like a conventional start for a rapper, but one of Tupac’s biggest influences was in fact Shakespeare. He studied the English writer when he attending the Baltimore School for the Arts and said: “I love Shakespeare. He wrote some of the rawest stories, man. I mean look at…

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His music was well respected through his poetic style used "street vocabulary while being innovative."

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Tupac became a hologram for the 2012 Cochella. "His hologram and music sales continue to generate major earnings posthumously."

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Robert Hayden is his fake name, which was legally turned into his real name after finding out that that his Robert Hayden was no where to be found when he applied for a passport.

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During his lifetime, he wrote nine collections of poetry as well as a number of essays and children's literature.

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Born Asa Bundy Sheffey on August 4, 1913, Robert Hayden was raised in the Detroit neighborhood Paradise Valley. He had an emotionally tumultuous childhood and lived at times with his parents and with a foster family. In 1932, he graduated from high school and, with the help of a scholarship, attended Detroit City College (later Wayne State University).

Hayden published his first book of poems, Heart-Shape in the Dust, in 1940, at the age of twenty-seven. He enrolled in a graduate English literature program at the University of Michigan, where he studied with W. H. Auden. Auden became an influential critical guide in the development of Hayden's writing. Hayden admired the work of Edna St. Vincent Millay, Elinor Wiley, Carl Sandburg, and Hart Crane, as well as the poets of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Jean Toomer. He had an interest in African American history and explored his concerns about race in his writing.

In 1944, Hayden received his graduate degree from the University of Michigan and remained there for two years as a teaching fellow. He was the first Black member of the English department. He then joined the faculty at Fisk University in Nashville, where he would remain for more than twenty years.

Hayden's poetry gained international recognition in the 1960s and he was awarded the grand prize for poetry at the First World Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar, Senegal, in 1966 for his book Ballad of Remembrance.

Hayden ultimately authored nine collections of poetry in his lifetime, as well as a collection of essays, and some children's literature.

Explaining the trajectory of Hayden's career, the poet William Meredith wrote: "Hayden declared himself, at considerable cost in popularity, an American poet rather than a Black poet, when for a time there was posited an unreconcilable difference between the two roles. There is scarcely a line of his which is not identifiable as an experience of Black America, but he would not relinquish the title of American writer for any narrower identity."

In 1975, Hayden received the Academy of American Poets Fellowship, and in 1976, he became the first Black American to be appointed as consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress (later called the poet laureate). He died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on February 25, 1980.

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Born Asa Bundy Sheffey on August 4, 1913, Robert Hayden was raised in the Detroit neighborhood Paradise Valley. He had an emotionally tumultuous childhood and lived at times with his parents and with a foster family. In 1932, he graduated from high school and, with the help of a scholarship, attended Detroit City College (later Wayne State University).

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His most famous poem is, "Those Winter Sundays," which has the underlying theme of remembering their father and how lonely it is without his love.

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Robert Hayden poems, biography, quotes, best poems and poetry and best love poems. Robert Hayden was an american poet and educator. He served as Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1976-78, a role today known as US Poet Laureate. He was the first african-american writer to hold the office. His most famous poem is Those Winter Sundays which deals with the memory of fatherly love and loneliness and others listed below to read and share.
Browse all poems and texts published on Robert Hayden

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Robert Hayden poems, biography, quotes, best poems and poetry and best love poems. Robert Hayden was an american poet and educator. He served as Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress from 1976-78, a role today known as US Poet Laureate. He was the first african-american writer to hold the office.

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Ezra Pound is most known for promoting modernist aesthetic in his poetry, which is about the advancement of technology and ideas.

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Ezra Pound is generally considered the poet most responsible for defining and promoting a modernist aesthetic in poetry. In the early teens of the twentieth century, he opened a seminal exchange of work and ideas between British and American writers, and was famous for the generosity with which he advanced the work of such major contemporaries as W. B. Yeats, Robert Frost, William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore, H. D., James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, and especially T. S. Eliot.

His own significant contributions to poetry begin with his promulgation of Imagism, a movement in poetry which derived its technique from classical Chinese and Japanese poetry-stressing clarity, precision, and economy of language and foregoing traditional rhyme and meter in order to, in Pound's words, "compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of the metronome." His later work, for nearly fifty years, focused on the encyclopedic epic poem he entitled The Cantos.

Ezra Pound was born in Hailey, Idaho, on October 30, 1885. He completed two years of college at the University of Pennsylvania and earned a degree from Hamilton College in 1905. After teaching at Wabash College for two years, he travelled abroad to Spain, Italy, and London, where, as the literary executor of the scholar Ernest Fenellosa, he became interested in Japanese and Chinese poetry. He married Dorothy Shakespear in 1914 and became London editor of the Little Review in 1917.

In 1924, he moved to Italy; during this period of voluntary exile, Pound became involved in Fascist politics, and did not return to the United States until 1945, when he was arrested on charges of treason for broadcasting Fascist propaganda by radio to the United States during World War II. In 1946, he was acquitted, but declared mentally ill and committed to St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C. During his confinement, the jury of the Bollingen Prize for Poetry (which included a number of the most eminent writers of the time) decided to overlook Pound's political career in the interest of recognizing his poetic achievements, and awarded him the prize for the Pisan Cantos (1948). After continuous appeals from writers won his release from the hospital in 1958, Pound returned to Italy and settled in Venice, where he died, a semi-recluse, on November 1, 1972.

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Ezra Pound is generally considered the poet most responsible for defining and promoting a modernist aesthetic in poetry. In the early teens of the twentieth century, he opened a seminal exchange of work and ideas between British and American writers, and was famous for the generosity with which he advanced the work of such major contemporaries as W.

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Ezra first published a poem to his local newspaper when he was only 11 years old which was a limerick.

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1. Ezra Pound's middle name was Loomis. Or rather, one of his middle names. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound was born in Idaho in 1885; a childhood friend was Hilda Doolittle, who would become known as an imagist poet under the initials 'H. D.' (the initialism was Pound's own PR idea) and, later, as a novelist. Pound even asked Doolittle to marry him in 1907; she declined (as he was reportedly seeing two other women at the time, it's not hard to see why!).

Pound would be the driving force behind the literary movement known as imagism in the years 1913-15, and would also contribute to modernist poetry himself with a number of famous poems, among them the two-line imagist masterpiece 'In a Station of the Metro', the long poem Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920), and the very long poem The Cantos (Pound's life's work, and over 800 pages in full). The Cantos is a vast work, described by Hugh Kenner as the chronicle of Pound's own life, and written over a period of nearly half a century. (It was described by Pound, in an early draft, as a 'rag-bag'.)

2. Ezra Pound's first published poem was a limerick which appeared in his local paper in 1896, when he was 11 years old. Unlike his friend and fellow modernist poet T. S. Eliot, Pound was possessed of a swaggering confidence from an early age: he was apparently bad at playing the piano (and had little musical talent in general) but would do so nevertheless, a sign of his overwhelming self-belief. He liked to play tennis, even though his friend Ford Madox Ford describes him playing like 'an inebriated kangaroo'. Few young writers have possessed more self-confidence than Pound.

3. Ezra Pound coined the word 'logopœia', which he defined as 'the dance of the intellect among words'. He also coined the word 'periplum' for a tour or voyage which ends with you returning to where you started out from. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word 'whoops' is first recorded in a 1937 letter written by Ezra Pound.

4. His fashion sense - or lack of - got him into trouble. At the University of Pennsylvania, where he went to study in 1901, Ezra Pound contravened college convention by wearing flashy socks, something freshmen were forbidden to do; he was promptly thrown into a lily pond by second-year students (this earned him the nickname 'Lily Pound').

And yet for all his outward confidence and vivacity, Pound was a lonely youth who was shunned by his peers at Hamilton, the New York college where he completed his university education: one of his professors later recalled that he only ever saw Pound walking about alone on campus, never with friends. In a sense he would always be a loner or outsider: at college in his own country, and then abroad in London, in Paris, in Italy, and then - following his arrest in 1945 - in a psychiatric hospital. (He was arrested for charges of treason against the United States and later declared insane; in the 1930s, Pound had become a vocal supporter of Italian fascism.) Shortly after Pound arrived in London in the early twentieth century, Ford Madox Ford described the young poet's clothes: he 'had trousers made of green billiard cloth, a pink coat, a blue shirt, a tie hand-painted by a Japanese friend and an immense sombrero. All this was accompanied by a flaming beard cut to a point and a single, large blue earring'.

5. In 1945, one American newspaper asked, 'Should Ezra Pound be shot?' Because of his support of European fascism, Pound became increasingly controversial as the first half of the twentieth century wore on. His outspoken anti-Semitism in the 1930s and 1940s is undoubtedly one reason why his work is not as widely read as, say, Eliot's (that, and his poetry is more difficult even than Eliot's - with less to reward the reader for their efforts, some anti-Pound critics would add). He was also a supporter of Italian fascism and met Mussolini in the 1930s; during WWII he made some radio broadcasts against America and Jewish people while living in Italy. Needless to say, this didn't go down too well back home in the land of the free, and Pound was charged with treason shortly after the end of WWII and incarcerated in St Elizabeths Hospital, a psychiatric institution in Washington D. C. He would later be released, dying in 1972 with few supporters. However, his central place in literary modernism is assured, and he was championed by influential critic Hugh Kenner, whose detailed study, The Pound Era , puts Pound (rather than T. S. Eliot) at the centre of modernist poetry.

If you enjoyed these interesting Ezra Pound facts, check out our interesting T. S. Eliot facts (and, for more detail, our short history of T. S. Eliot's life).
Image: Ezra Pound photographed in Kensington, London, October 22, 1913. Photograph by Alvin Langdon Coburn, first published in Coburn's More Men of Mark (New York: Knopf, 1922); Wikimedia Commons; public domain.

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Fun Ezra Pound facts, including his unusual middle name and his even weirder fashion sense 1. Ezra Pound's middle name was Loomis. Or rather, one of his middle names. Ezra Weston Loomis Pound was born in Idaho in 1885; a childhood friend was Hilda Doolittle, who would become known as an imagist poet under the initials...

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Ezra had interesting ideas, some being that "bad writing destroyed civilizations and that good writing could save them." He believed that art could enhance a persons life.

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.

2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.

3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).

4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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More than 3 million men fought in the war and more than 620,000—died in it.

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Three new amendments came out of the Reconstruction.

13th Amendment - Outlawed slavery

14th Amendment - Said that black people were citizens of the United States and that all people were protected equally by the law.

15th Amendment - Gave all male citizens the right to vote regardless of race.

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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His actual name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mark-Twain

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Table of Contents

What is Mark Twain's real name?

Where did Mark Twain grow up?

When did Mark Twain start writing?

What are some of Mark Twain's most famous works?

Read a brief summary of this topic

Mark Twain, pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, (born November 30, 1835, Florida, Missouri, U.S.-died April 21, 1910, Redding, Connecticut), American humorist, journalist, lecturer, and novelist who acquired international fame for his travel narratives, especially The Innocents Abroad (1869), Roughing It (1872), and Life on the Mississippi (1883), and for his adventure stories of boyhood, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885). A gifted raconteur, distinctive humorist, and irascible moralist, he transcended the apparent limitations of his origins to become a popular public figure and one of America's best and most beloved writers.

Youth

Samuel Clemens, the sixth child of John Marshall and Jane Lampton Clemens, was born two months prematurely and was in relatively poor health for the first 10 years of his life. His mother tried various allopathic and hydropathic remedies on him during those early years, and his recollections of those instances (along with other memories of his growing up) would eventually find their way into Tom Sawyer and other writings. Because he was sickly, Clemens was often coddled, particularly by his mother, and he developed early the tendency to test her indulgence through mischief, offering only his good nature as bond for the domestic crimes he was apt to commit. When Jane Clemens was in her 80s, Clemens asked her about his poor health in those early years: "I suppose that during that whole time you were uneasy about me?" "Yes, the whole time," she answered. "Afraid I wouldn't live?" "No," she said, "afraid you would."

Insofar as Clemens could be said to have inherited his sense of humour, it would have come from his mother, not his father. John Clemens, by all reports, was a serious man who seldom demonstrated affection. No doubt his temperament was affected by his worries over his financial situation, made all the more distressing by a series of business failures. It was the diminishing fortunes of the Clemens family that led them in 1839 to move 30 miles (50 km) east from Florida, Missouri, to the Mississippi River port town of Hannibal, where there were greater opportunities. John Clemens opened a store and eventually became a justice of the peace, which entitled him to be called "Judge" but not to a great deal more. In the meantime, the debts accumulated. Still, John Clemens believed the Tennessee land he had purchased in the late 1820s (some 70,000 acres [28,000 hectares]) might one day make them wealthy, and this prospect cultivated in the children a dreamy hope. Late in his life, Twain reflected on this promise that became a curse:

It put our energies to sleep and made visionaries of us-dreamers and indolent....It is good to begin life poor; it is good to begin life rich-these are wholesome; but to begin it prospectively rich! The man who has not experienced it cannot imagine the curse of it.

Judging from his own speculative ventures in silver mining, business, and publishing, it was a curse that Sam Clemens never quite outgrew.

Perhaps it was the romantic visionary in him that caused Clemens to recall his youth in Hannibal with such fondness. As he remembered it in "Old Times on the Mississippi" (1875), the village was a "white town drowsing in the sunshine of a summer's morning," until the arrival of a riverboat suddenly made it a hive of activity. The gamblers, stevedores, and pilots, the boisterous raftsmen and elegant travelers, all bound for somewhere surely glamorous and exciting, would have impressed a young boy and stimulated his already active imagination. And the lives he might imagine for these living people could easily be embroidered by the romantic exploits he read in the works of James Fenimore Cooper, Sir Walter Scott, and others. Those same adventures could be reenacted with his companions as well, and Clemens and his friends did play at being pirates, Robin Hood, and other fabled adventurers. Among those companions was Tom Blankenship, an affable but impoverished boy whom Twain later identified as the model for the character Huckleberry Finn. There were local diversions as well-fishing, picnicking, and swimming. A boy might swim or canoe to and explore Glasscock's Island, in the middle of the Mississippi River, or he might visit the labyrinthine McDowell's Cave, about 2 miles (3 km) south of town. The first site evidently became Jackson's Island in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; the second became McDougal's Cave in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. In the summers, Clemens visited his uncle John Quarles's farm, near Florida, Missouri, where he played with his cousins and listened to stories told by the slave Uncle Daniel, who served, in part, as a model for Jim in Huckleberry Finn.

It is not surprising that the pleasant events of youth, filtered through the softening lens of memory, might outweigh disturbing realities. However, in many ways the childhood of Samuel Clemens was a rough one. Death from disease during this time was common. His sister Margaret died of a fever when Clemens was not yet four years old; three years later his brother Benjamin died. When he was eight, a measles epidemic (potentially lethal in those days) was so frightening to him that he deliberately exposed himself to infection by climbing into bed with his friend Will Bowen in order to relieve the anxiety. A cholera epidemic a few years later killed at least 24 people, a substantial number for a small town. In 1847 Clemens's father died of pneumonia. John Clemens's death contributed further to the family's financial instability. Even before that year, however, continuing debts had forced them to auction off property, to sell their only slave, Jennie, to take in boarders, even to sell their furniture.

Apart from family worries, the social environment was hardly idyllic. Missouri was a slave state, and, though the young Clemens had been reassured that chattel slavery was an institution approved by God, he nevertheless carried with him memories of cruelty and sadness that he would reflect upon in his maturity. Then there was the violence of Hannibal itself. One evening in 1844 Clemens discovered a corpse in his father's office; it was the body of a California emigrant who had been stabbed in a quarrel and was placed there for the inquest. In January 1845 Clemens watched a man die in the street after he had been shot by a local merchant; this incident provided the basis for the Boggs shooting in Huckleberry Finn. Two years later he witnessed the drowning of one of his friends, and only a few days later, when he and some friends were fishing on Sny Island, on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, they discovered the drowned and mutilated body of a fugitive slave. As it turned out, Tom Blankenship's older brother Bence had been secretly taking food to the runaway slave for some weeks before the slave was apparently discovered and killed. Bence's act of courage and kindness served in some measure as a model for Huck's decision to help the fugitive Jim in Huckleberry Finn.

After the death of his father, Sam Clemens worked at several odd jobs in town, and in 1848 he became a printer's apprentice for Joseph P. Ament's Missouri Courier. He lived sparingly in the Ament household but was allowed to continue his schooling and, from time to time, indulge in boyish amusements. Nevertheless, by the time Clemens was 13, his boyhood had effectively come to an end.

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Mark Twain, pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, (born November 30, 1835, Florida, Missouri, U.S.-died April 21, 1910, Redding, Connecticut), American humorist, journalist, lecturer, and novelist who acquired international fame for his travel narratives, especially The Innocents Abroad (1869), Roughing It (1872), and Life on the Mississippi (1883), and for his adventure stories of boyhood, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885).

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Tom Sawyer was based on a younger version of him and Huckleberry Finn Was based on Mark Twain’s childhood friend.

https://historycolored.com/articles/9396/10-interesting-facts-about-mark-twain/

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10 Interesting Facts About Mark Twain - HistoryColored

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Learn 10 interesting and fascinating facts about Samuel Langhorne Clemens, a legendary writer better known as his pen name Mark Twain.

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He was a horrible businessman. "He lost money in mining and technology ventures and even went bankrupt."

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She has over 55 years of experience writing.

https://www.sandracisneros.com/mylifeandwork

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"Over 55 Years of Experience

Custom Quality Work "

- After my father's business card for his upholstery business

About my life and work

I was born in Chicago in 1954, the third child and only daughter in a family of seven children. I studied at Loyola University of Chicago (B.A. English, 1976) and the University of Iowa (M.F.A. Creative Writing, 1978).

I've worked as a teacher and counselor to high-school dropouts, as an artist-in-the-schools where I taught creative writing at every level except first grade and pre-school, a college recruiter, an arts administrator, and as a visiting writer at a number of universities including the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

My books include a chapbook of poetry, Bad Boys (Mango Press, 1980); two full-length poetry books, My Wicked Wicked Ways (Third Woman Press, 1987; Random House, 1992) and Loose Woman (Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); a collection of stories, Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories (Random House, 1991); a children's book, Hairs/Pelitos (Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); the novels The House on Mango Street (Vintage, 1991) and Caramelo (Knopf, 2002), and the picture book Have You Seen Marie? (Knopf 2012). A House of My Own: Stories from My Life (Alfred A. Knopf, 2015) is a collection of personal essays, and Puro Amor (Sarabande 2018) is a bilingual story that I also illustrated. Forthcoming works include the Spanish and English story Martita, I Remember You/Martita te recuerdo (Vintage 2021) and a poetry collection, Mujer Sin Vergüenza (2022).

The House on Mango Street, first published in 1984, won the Before Columbus Foundation's American Book Award in 1985 and is required reading in middle schools, high schools, and universities across the country. It has sold over six million copies since its initial publication and is still selling strongly. 2009 marked the 25th anniversary of the publication of The House on Mango Street in the United States and I traveled to twenty cities to celebrate with readers. I am currently working with composer Derek Bermel on House on Mango Street, The Opera. Prior to the pandemic, previews of the opera were held at at Yale and Chautauqua.

Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories was awarded the PEN Center West Award for Best Fiction of l99l, the Quality Paperback Book Club New Voices Award, the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award, the Lannan Foundation Literary Award, and was selected as a noteworthy book of the year by The New York Times and The American Library Journal, and nominated Best Book of Fiction for l99l by The Los Angeles Times.

Loose Woman won the Mountains & Plains Booksellers' Award.

was selected as a notable book of the year by several journals including The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, the San Francisco Chronicle, the Chicago Tribune, and the Seattle Times. In 2005 Caramelo was awarded the Premio Napoli and was short listed for the DublinInternational IMPAC Award. It was also nominated for the Orange Prize in England.

Vintage Cisneros, published in 2004, is a compilation of selections from my works.

Have You Seen Marie?, a picture book for grown-ups with illustrations by Ester Hernández, was published by Knopf in 2012. The book is now available in eBook and paperback editions.

A House of My Own: Stories From My Life was released in 2015. It is now available in paperback. The collection of essays won the 2016 PEN Center USA Literary Award for creative nonfiction.

My books have been translated into twenty-five languages, including Spanish, Galician, French, German, Dutch, Italian, Norwegian, Japanese, Chinese, Turkish, and, most recently, into Arabic, Greek, Farsi, Thai, and Serbo-Croatian. Each of my books has been translated into Spanish and is available in the U.S., and they're available as audio books read by me.

and The House on Mango Streethave been selected for manyOne City One Book projects in numerous communities including LosAngeles, Miami, Fort Worth, El Paso, Milwaukee, St. Louis, Santa Ana,and Kansas City with several more in the works.

In 1995, I was awarded the MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, and I subsequently helped organize the Latino MacArthur Fellows - Los MacArturos - a caucus of Latino awardees united in community service.

I've received many other honors, including the Texas Institute of Letters Dobie-Paisano Fellowship, l984; and an Illinois Artists Fellowship, l984; the Chicano Short Story Award from the University of Arizona, l986; the Roberta Holloway Lectureship at the University of California, Berkeley, l988; two National Endowment for the Arts Literature Fellowships in poetry and prose, 1982, 1988; an honorary Doctor of Letters from the State University of New York at Purchase, l993; an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Loyola University, Chicago, 2002; and honorary degrees from DePaul University in 2014 and from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2016; the Texas Medal of the Arts, 2003; the Fifth Star Award presented by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events, 2015; Tia Chucha's Lifetime Achievement Award; the Fairfax Prize in 2016. I received the Ford Foundation's Art of Change Fellowship and was recognized as part of The Frederick Douglas 200 in 2018. Most recently, I was awarded the Ruth Lilly Poetry Prize by the Poetry Foundation.

I founded both the Macondo Foundation, an association of socially engaged writers, and the Alfredo Cisneros Del Moral Foundation, a grant-giving institution that served Texas writers for fifteen years.

Currently, I live with two San Miguelense chihuahuas, Luz de Mi Vida and Osvaldo Amor, a xolo-chihuahua named Nahui Ollin, and a new addition, a dachshund-Leopoldine Puffina.

Top photo by Diana Solis, Chicago, 1982.

"Más de 55 años de experiencia

Trabajo de calidad personalizado"

- Inspirado en la tarjeta de presentación de mi padre para su negocio de tapicería

Sobre mi vida y mi obra

Nací en Chicago en 1954, siendo la tercera y única hija de una familia de siete hermanos. Estudié en la Universidad Loyola de Chicago (Licenciatura en Letras Inglesas, 1976) y en la Universidad de Iowa (Maestría en Creación Literaria, 1978).

He trabajado como profesora y consejera de alumnos que abandonaron sus estudios, y como artista en las escuelas enseñando escritura creativa en todos los niveles, excepto en primer grado y en preescolar. He sido reclutadora (?) universitaria, administradora de las artes y escritora visitante en varias universidades, entre ellas la Universidad de California en Berkeley y la Universidad de Michigan en Ann Arbor.

Entre mis libros figuran una plaquette de poesía, Bad Boys (Mango Press, 1980); dos libros completos de poesía, My Wicked Wicked Ways (Third Woman Press, 1987; Random House, 1992) y Loose Woman (Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); una colección de relatos, El arroyo de la Llorona y otros cuentos (Vintage Español, 1996); un libro infantil, Hairs/Pelitos (Alfred A. Knopf, 1994); las novelas, La casa en Mango Street (Vintage Español, 2009) y Caramelo (Vintage Español, 2003), y el libro ilustrado, ¿Has visto a María? (Vintage Español, 2014). Una casa propia: Historia de mi vida (Vintage Español, 2016) es una colección de ensayos personales, y Puro Amor (Sarabande Books, 2018) es un cuento bilingüe que también he ilustrado. Entre mis próximos libros se encuentran un relato en español e inglés titulado Martita, I Remember You/Martita, te recuerdo (Vintage, 2021) y un poemario, Mujer Sin Vergüenza, que se publicará en 2022.

La casa en Mango Street, publicado por primera vez en 1984, ganó el American Book Award de la Before Columbus Foundation en 1985 y es una lectura obligatoria en las escuelas primarias, secundarias y universidades en los Estados Unidos. Ha vendido más de seis millones de ejemplares desde su publicación inicial y sigue vendiéndose con fuerza. En 2009 se cumplió el 25th aniversario de la publicación de La casa en Mango Street en Estados Unidos y viajé a veinte ciudades para celebrarlo con los lectores. Actualmente trabajo con el compositor Derek Bermel en House on Mango Street, The Opera. Antes de la pandemia, los preestrenos de la ópera se realizaron en Yale y Chautauqua.

El arroyo de la Llorona y otros cuentos fue galardonado con el PEN Center West Award for Best Fiction en 1991, el Quality Paperback Book Club New Voices Award, el Anisfield-Wolf Book Award y el Lannan Foundation Literary Award. Fue además seleccionado como libro destacado del año por The New York Times y The American Library Journal, y nominado como mejor libro de ficción de 1991 por Los Angeles Times.

Loose Woman ganó el Mountains & Plains Booksellers' Award.

fue seleccionado como libro notable del año por varios periódicos como el The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, San Francisco Chronicle, Chicago Tribune y The Seattle Times. En 2005, Caramelo fue galardonado con el Premio Napoli y fue preseleccionado para el Premio Literario Internacional IMPAC de Dublín. También fue nominado al Premio Orange (ahora llamado Premio de Ficción Femenina) en Inglaterra.

Vintage Cisneros, publicado en 2004, es una recopilación de selecciones de mis obras.

¿Has visto a María?, una fábula para adultos con ilustraciones de Ester Hernández, fue publicado por Knopf en 2012. Este libro ya está disponible en libro electrónico y en ediciones de bolsillo.

Una casa propia: Historia de mi fue publicado en 2015. La colección de ensayos ganó el PEN Center USA Literary Award 2016 en no ficción creativa. Ya está disponible en edición de bolsillo.

Mis libros se han traducido a veinticinco idiomas, incluidos español, gallego, francés, alemán, holandés, italiano, noruego, japonés, chino, turco y, más recientemente, egipcio, griego, iraní, tailandés y serbocroata. Cada uno de mis libros ha sido traducido al español y están disponibles en los Estados Unidos.

y La casa en Mango Street han sido seleccionados para muchos programas de One City One Book en diversas ciudades como Los Ángeles, Miami, Fort Worth, El Paso, Milwaukee, San Luis, Santa Ana, Kansas City y varias más en preparación

En 1995 me concedieron la beca de la Fundación MacArthur. Posteriormente ayudé a organizar los Latino MacArthur Fellows ―Los MacArturos―, un grupo de premiados latinos unidos por el servicio a la comunidad.

He recibido muchos otros reconocimientos, entre ellos la beca Texas Institute of Letters Dobie-Paisano y la beca Illinois Artists(1984); el Chicano Short Story Award de la Universidad de Arizona (1986); la Holloway Lectureship de la Universidad de California en Berkeley (1988); dos becas del National Endowment for the Arts Literature en poesía y prosa (1982 y 1988); un Doctorado Honorario en Letras de la State University of New York at Purchase (1993); un Doctorado Honorario en Letras Humanas de la Universidad Loyola de Chicago (2002); títulos honoríficos de DePaul University (2014) y University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (2016); la Medalla de las Artes de Texas (2003); el Fifth Star Award otorgado por el Departamento de Asuntos Culturales y Eventos Especiales de Chicago (2015); el Tia Chucha's Lifetime Achievement Award y el Fairfax Prize (2016). Recibí la beca Art of Change de la Fundación Ford (2018) y fui reconocida por la asociación Frederick Douglass 200.

Soy fundadora de la Fundación Macondo, una asociación de escritores comprometidos con la sociedad, y de la Fundación Alfredo Cisneros del Moral, una institución que concedió subvenciones a escritores de Texas durante quince años.

Actualmente vivo con dos chihuahuas sanmiguelenses: Luz de Mi Vida y Osvaldo Amor; un xolo-chihuahua llamado Nahui Ollin, y la última incorporación, un perro salchicha- Leopoldine Puffina

Top photo by Diana Solis, Chicago, 1982.

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Her first book, The House on Mango Street, sold over 6 million copies on her first release. It also won the Before Columbus Foundation's American Book Award in 1985

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She "is one of the first Mexican-American women to achieve mainstream success in the United States and abroad."

https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/illinois/articles/five-things-you-didnt-know-about-sandra-cisneros/

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.

2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.

3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Women's skin turned yellow from the repeated exposure to TNT, which is why they were called Canary Babies.

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-39434504

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The sacrifice of soldiers killed during World Wars One and Two is well-documented. But the efforts of munitions workers stained yellow by toxic chemicals is a story much less told. A campaign now hopes to honour the so-called Canary Girls, who risked life and limb to supply ammunition to the frontline.

In 1915, while men were fighting on the battlefields, thousands of women were answering the government's cry for help by joining the war effort.

In their droves they signed up to fill the gaps left by those called into service, taking jobs in transport, engineering, mills and factories to keep the country moving.

But while those who swapped domestic life for the assembly line were spared the trauma of the trenches, their jobs were nonetheless fraught with danger.

Munitions workers battling the "shell crisis" of 1915 were prime targets for enemy fire, with sites routinely flattened by enemy bombs.

Those who were spared such a fate were no less safe, facing daily peril by handling explosive chemicals that carried the risk of them contracting potentially fatal diseases.

And for some, the effects of their work were immediately visible; a lurid shade of yellow that stained their skin and hair and earned them a nickname - the Canary Girls.

"We were like a canary," said Nancy Evans, recalling her time at the Rotherwas factory in Herefordshire during World War Two.

"We were yellow, it penetrated your skin. Your hair turned blonde and on the top of the crown was the proper colour of your hair."

Though temporary, the affects of packing shells with trinitrotoluene - more commonly known as TNT - ran more than skin-deep.

According to Dr Helen McCartney, from King's College London, some workers gave birth to "bright yellow" babies.

Gladys Sangster, whose mother worked at National Filling Factory Number 9 near Banbury, Oxford, was one of them.

"I was born [during the war] and my skin was yellow," she told the BBC. "That's why we were called Canary Babies.

"Nearly every baby was born yellow. It gradually faded away. My mum told me you took it for granted, it happened and that was it."

As well as suffering the cosmetic consequences of working with TNT, workers risked amputation with every shell that passed through their hands.

Amy Dale, who is researching munitions factories for her PhD, said those at Royal Ordnance Filling factories (ROFs) risked losing fingers and hands, burns and blindness.

"In these factories, they would take the casing, fill it with powder, then put a detonator in the top and that had to be tapped down. If they tapped too hard, it would detonate," she said.

"It happened to one lady, who was pregnant at the time, and it blinded her and she lost both her hands.

"She saw the pregnancy through, but the only way she could identify the baby was with her lips, which still had feeling."

Explosions were a common occurrence, with fatal blasts reported at factories in Ashton-under-Lyne, Barnbow near Leeds, and Chilwell in Nottinghamshire.

Such were fears that a rogue spark caused by static might lead to an explosion that women were banned from wearing nylon and silk.

Nellie Bagley, whose first shift at Rotherwas in 1940 was on her 18th birthday, remembers having to strip down to her underwear to be inspected.

"You took everything off and you had just your bra and if it had a metal clip on the back you couldn't wear it... and no hair grips of course, because they would caused friction... explosions."

The women operated in a tense atmosphere, heavy with the weight of government fears that information could fall into the wrong hands.

Posters papered the walls bearing slogans such as "Keep Mum She's Not So Dumb" to deter talk among workers.

"They were everywhere, [the word] 'war' with a big ear on it and 'Gossip Costs Lives'," remembered Mrs Bagley.

"You were aware all the time of being watched."

But even in the darkest of moments, there remained a sense of workforce camaraderie.

"When we were on nights they used to say 'Come on Lou, get us started singing'," said Louisa Jacobs, 94.

"We would sing from night to the early hours of the morning. It kept us going because we didn't realise the danger we were working in."

Fellow Rotherwas worker, Amy Hicks, added: "We would be singing, even when the bombs fell."

And fall they did. In 1942, the Rotherwas factory was attacked by the Luftwaffe, which dropped a pair of 250kg bombs on the 300-acre site.

Nancy Billings, who was coming to the end of a night shift, survived the blast.

"It was about 6am and the girl next to me had said, 'I'm so tired I could sleep forever'. Then all of a sudden the siren went off.

"This plane came down so low you could see the big black cross on it and then the bomb dropped. It had a direct hit.

"There was [numerous] girls killed in there. It always comes to me about the girl working next to me, because she was one that didn't get out."

Of those who survived life in the factories, many were beset with health problems in later life.

Some reported bone disintegration, while others developed throat problems and dermatitis from TNT staining.

"The women suffered all sorts of illnesses and ailments from turning yellow, but turning yellow was probably the least of their problems," said Dr McCartney.

"They accepted all sort of terrible working conditions, they knew they were putting themselves in danger - TNT was yellow, they saw what was happening.

"But there's evidence that it was seen as a patriotic act... as them doing their bit for the war effort."

Others suffered more sinister illnesses - one of the most serious being a liver disease called toxic jaundice.

There were 400 cases of the disease during World War One - a quarter of which were fatal, said historian Anne Spurgeon.

"There was the yellow that was the staining of the skin, which while unpleasant, wasn't fatal or a serious disease.

"But there was this liver disease that was a different yellow.

"When they had repeated exposure to TNT, it attacked the liver. It was a poison and caused anaemia and jaundice."

In 1914, it was discovered TNT was poisonous and the following year, toxic jaundice became a notifiable disease.

Health and safety measures in factories were stepped up to limit exposure, such as providing protective clothing, but only so much could be done to eradicate the risks.

"[The government] wasn't ignoring it, they were trying to do something about it within the limits of their knowledge at the time," said Dr Spurgeon.

"But [TNT] was what had to go into the shells, so they had to use it."

About a million women worked at thousands of Ministry of Munitions sites during both world wars.

But the number of those killed or seriously injured in the line of duty is a mystery - something Ms Dale is trying to find out as part of her research.

"It was a really dangerous job, which I think is why so little is known about it," she said.

"Women weren't allowed anywhere near a gun, yet they were filling shells in factories.

"They were actively engaged in an act of war which I think made people uncomfortable."

A campaign led by BBC Hereford and Worcester hopes to see records of how many workers died released, as well as cement the place of munitions workers in war history.

The project has already been discussed at Prime Minister's Questions and there are plans to unveil a statue at the National Arboretum in Staffordshire.

But Ms Billings said she had always felt the sacrifices made by the so-called munitionettes should have been recognised.

"I do think [we] should've got a medal for what [we] did, I've always thought that. And we should've got a letter from the Queen.

"It was a very dangerous job and it affected [our] health."

For the relatives of those who worked at Rotherwas, which had 4,000 woman at its peak, recognition has been a long time coming.

"It was such a dangerous job," said Mrs Hicks's daughter, Jenny Swiffield. "It was as dangerous as going up and flying and dropping bombs.

"I'm [proud] and I think anyone would be if their parents had done something like that."

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The sacrifice of soldiers killed during World Wars One and Two is well-documented. But the efforts of munitions workers stained yellow by toxic chemicals is a story much less told. A campaign now hopes to honour the so-called Canary Girls, who risked life and limb to supply ammunition to the frontline.

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Over "24.9% of the nation's total work force, 12,830,000 people, were unemployed" at the height of the Great Depression.

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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"The phrase “American dream” was invented during the Great Depression."

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"In 1940, a child born into the average American household had a 92 percent chance of making more money than his or her parents."

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"In the 1930s and ’40s, the term appeared occasionally in advertisements for intellectual products: plays, books and church sermons, book reviews and high-minded articles. During these years, it rarely, if ever, referred to business success or homeownership."

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/04/upshot/the-transformation-of-the-american-dream.html

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The Transformation of the ‘American Dream’ (Published 2017)

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It wasn’t originally about owning a beautiful home and a roaring business. It meant freedom, mutual respect and equality of opportunity.

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"The idea that hard work leads to success in the 1930’s caused the people who could get work feel great psychological hardships."

It was hard to keep up with the dream because of the Great Depression.

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Every family needed their cars, radios, and television sets. Men were supposed to work while women stayed and took care of the house.

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"Photographs of happy American families constantly appear in magazines and newspapers to advertise. After the soldiers arrived home from World War II, they were eager to start a family, so the "Baby Boom" era began."

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Harlem Renaissance "The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s" 1920–1940

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Harlem Renaissance "The Jazz Age" "The Roaring 20s" 1920–1940

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1.Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York

2.Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos

3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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"Evoking the “New Negro,” the NAACP lobbied aggressively for the passage of a federal law that would prohibit lynching."

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It Wasn’t Illegal to Consume Alcohol

"Any alcohol a person had stored away prior to January 1920 was theirs to keep and enjoy in the privacy of their homes."

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James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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The American Dream during the 60's and 70's

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The American Dream during the 60's and 70's

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The 60's and 70's are known to be the decades of large protest. There were many movements like the anti-Vietnam War campaign, the civil rights movement, women's liberation, the student movement, and last, but not least, the counterculture.

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This is also a time where Martin Luther King Jr became very popular. He earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.

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"This era was marked by an economic boom driven by deregulation, tax cuts, and technological advancements that fostered innovation and entrepreneurship."

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Spending increased because of easy access to credit cards and shopping became a popular leisure activity.

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The 1980s was a decade of big hair, shoulder pads, and an American Dream that seemed larger than life. You might remember it as a time of prosperity and opportunity or a period marked by excess and consumerism. Either way, there's no denying that the '80s brought about significant cultural shifts in what it meant to chase after that elusive dream.

As you delve into this exploration of the American Dream during this iconic decade, you'll find yourself immersed in the social and economic trends that define a generation. From materialism and rampant consumerism to changing roles for women and the pursuit of wealth, status, and homeownership - these were all key elements shaping how Americans envisioned their ideal lives.

As you reflect on these past ideals with nostalgia, let it also serve as a reminder of the timeless desire for freedom at the core of every version of the American Dream.

Key Takeaways

The economic boom, social movements, optimism, and materialism characterized the American Dream in the 1980s.

Higher education was seen as crucial for achieving the American Dream, but rising tuition costs and student debt hindered economic mobility.

Pursuing material wealth was synonymous with freedom and fulfillment, and pop culture icons exemplified wealth and ambition.

There were growing divides between rich and poor, but there was also a celebration of individualism, ambition, and risk-taking.

Historical Context of the 1980s

In the 1980s, you'd find yourself in a decade filled with significant historical events and cultural shifts shaping the American Dream for years to come. This era was marked by an economic boom driven by deregulation, tax cuts, and technological advancements that fostered innovation and entrepreneurship.

At the same time, you'd witness social movements pushing for greater equality and change - from feminism to civil rights - while grappling with the consequences of an ongoing Cold War. The prevailing mood in this period was optimism, hope, and ambition; Americans believed that they could achieve their version of success through hard work and determination.

As you navigate this transformative decade, you'd see how these trends influenced the notion of the American Dream. It became increasingly focused on material success - owning a home in the suburbs with a white picket fence or driving a luxury car were seen as symbols of achievement.

However, beneath this pursuit of wealth lay an undercurrent of disillusionment; many began questioning whether such aspirations were truly fulfilling or if they only perpetuated societal inequalities. In this sense, the 1980s sparked both a renaissance and a reckoning for what it meant to chase after that quintessential American Dream: balancing individual freedom and prosperity against larger issues facing society at large.

Evolution of the American Dream

As you reflect on the evolution of the American Dream, consider how it has transformed over time. Particularly concerning changes from previous decades and the role of individualism.

In this nostalgic journey through social and economic trends, you'll uncover a story that spans generations. It shapes our nation's identity and ultimately defines what it means to chase success in America.

Changes from Previous Decades

You'd notice significant changes from previous decades, with the 1980s American Dream shifting towards materialism, consumerism, and focusing on personal success. The post-WWII ideals of family life and suburban happiness faded as people became more career-driven and individualistic. The economy was booming, so there were plenty of opportunities for wealth accumulation, but it also meant that people had higher expectations for what they could achieve in life. This era marked a significant departure from the collective ethos of past generations.

To better understand these shifts in values and aspirations during the 1980s, let's take a closer look at some key trends:

Materialism

People prioritized owning material goods as status symbols - think designer clothes or luxury cars.

Consumerism

Spending increased due to easy access to credit cards; shopping became a popular leisure activity.

Personal Success

Career advancement became more important than ever before; professionals worked long hours to climb the corporate ladder.

Individualism

There was less emphasis on community ties and more focus on one's own achievements and goals.

Economic Boom

Thanks to Reaganomics and deregulation policies, businesses thrived, leading many Americans into an era of prosperity they hadn't experienced before.

As you can see, the 1980s American Dream was about striving for financial success and personal fulfillment while embracing newfound freedoms through material possessions - all against the backdrop of an evolving society where traditional norms were being questioned by the younger generation seeking their path toward happiness and self-realization.

The Role of Individualism

It's no secret that individualism played a crucial role in shaping the 1980s, fueling people's desire to stand out and pursue their unique ambitions.

This was when society encouraged you to embrace your inner entrepreneur, break free from the constraints of tradition, and redefine success on your terms.

The era of 'greed is good' echoed throughout the decade as a rallying cry for those who believed that wealth and personal achievement were attainable and well-deserved.

However, this pursuit of individual success came with its share of drawbacks; many found themselves caught up in an endless rat race for material possessions and financial gain.

But on the flip side, the '80s also saw a surge in creativity and innovation as people embraced their newfound freedom to express themselves through art, music, fashion, and technology.

It was an age where you could truly be whoever you wanted-a time when bold colors, big hair, and even bigger dreams were accepted and celebrated.

So while it may have been characterized by excess and materialism on one hand, it can't be denied that this decade of individualism also allowed for an unparalleled explosion of self-expression and ingenuity that continues to resonate today.

Materialism and Consumerism

As you recall the 1980s, it's hard to ignore the rise of the Yuppies. This generation was defined by their materialism and pursuit of wealth, driven by a newfound consumer culture. The influence of advertising and media cannot be ignored, as it fueled the desire for more and pushed society towards an insatiable hunger for possessions and status.

Reflect on how these trends shaped the decade and contributed to redefining the American Dream during those years.

The Rise of the Yuppies

Imagine climbing the corporate ladder in the 1980s, embodying the ambitious and materialistic spirit of a new generation - that's where you'd find yourself among the rise of the Yuppies.

Young Urban Professionals (Yuppies) were a key demographic during this decade, driven by their desire for success, wealth, and status. They sought to break free from traditional societal norms, opting instead for flashy cars, designer clothing, and expensive gadgets as symbols of their newfound freedom. This pursuit of individualism went hand in hand with an aggressive work ethic that pushed them to strive for success within their careers.

As much as this era was marked by economic growth and prosperity, it also bred anxiety and insecurity among those chasing the elusive American Dream. The Yuppie lifestyle represented both a celebration of achievement and a stark reminder that attaining such heights came at a steep cost - long hours at work meant less time spent with family or pursuing personal passions.

This tension between ambition and personal happiness would ultimately serve as one of the defining themes in popular culture throughout the 1980s, resonating deeply with those seeking to strike a balance between these two competing desires.

Influence of Advertising and Media

Transitioning from the rise of yuppies in the 1980s, another significant factor that shaped the American dream during this era was the influence of advertising and media. As you navigated through this decade, you were surrounded by various advertisements and an expanding media landscape that significantly impacted your goals, aspirations, and perceptions of success.

During this time, advertisers honed their skills at tapping into your desires and dreams for a better life. They presented images and stories that resonated with your deepest yearnings for freedom and prosperity. Here are some examples:

The luxurious lifestyle portrayed in TV shows like 'Dallas' and 'Dynasty,' showcased wealthy families living a life full of opulence.

The concept of 'keeping up with the Joneses,' where neighbors competed to have bigger houses, fancier cars, and more expensive vacations.

Advertisements featuring successful individuals wearing designer clothes or driving high-end cars as symbols of achievement.

Popular music videos on MTV featuring glamorous artists living lavish lifestyles.

These media messages fueled your aspirations for success while simultaneously shaping your understanding of what it meant to achieve the American dream in the 1980s. You began associating material wealth with happiness and fulfillment while overlooking other essential aspects, such as personal growth or community involvement.

In essence, advertising had managed to captivate your subconscious desire for freedom by presenting you with tantalizing glimpses into lives filled with luxury - a world just within reach if only you pursued financial success relentlessly enough.

The Pursuit of Wealth and Status

You're surrounded by the glitz and glamour of Wall Street, where pursuing wealth and status defines success in the 1980s American Dream. This decade sees a shift from previous ideals of family values and modest living to an emphasis on materialism and social standing.

The rise of Reaganomics, deregulation, and a booming stock market creates an environment ripe for risk-taking and financial gain. It's a time when suits are power, money is king, and greed is good.

In this era, you're not just chasing stability or comfort; you want it all - designer clothes, luxurious homes, fancy cars, and lavish vacations. As a result of this pursuit of wealth and status in the 1980s, conspicuous consumption becomes synonymous with success.

You feel compelled to keep up with your neighbors as everyone seems to be competing for that perfect life portrayed on television shows like 'Dynasty'or flaunted by your favorite celebrities. Social events become opportunities to showcase your accomplishments or possessions rather than simply enjoying time spent with friends or family.

Beneath this surface-level opulence lies a darker side: increasing income inequality and economic instability, eventually leading to market crashes at the end of the decade. Nonetheless, you continue pursuing your version of the American Dream through hard work, ambition, and determination - qualities that have always defined it - but now fueled by an insatiable desire for more than ever before as you chase after freedom from limits placed upon you in this glittering world filled with endless possibilities.

Homeownership and Real Estate

As you reminisce about pursuing wealth and status in the 1980s, it's impossible not to recognize the importance of homeownership and real estate during this era. Owning a home was considered a significant milestone, representing security, stability, and success. The American Dream was tightly intertwined with owning property-whether a modest suburban house or an opulent mansion.

The 1980s saw a boom in real estate as people flocked to become homeowners, seeking that quintessential piece of the American Dream. Several factors drove this growth:

Favorable economic conditions: With inflation under control and interest rates decreasing throughout the decade, people were better financially able to buy homes.

Deregulation of financial institutions: The loosening of regulations allowed banks to offer more creative mortgage options for buyers.

Tax incentives: Changes in tax laws made owning property even more attractive, with deductions for mortgage interest payments and other homeowner-related expenses.

A surge in new housing developments: Suburban sprawl continued as developers built new neighborhoods catering to various income levels nationwide.

Pop culture influence on American culture: Popular TV shows like Dynasty and Dallas fueled aspirations for luxurious living spaces.

Together, these elements created an ideal environment for Americans to chase after their dream homes-a symbol of personal achievement and prosperity.

The Role of Technology and Innovation

Now, let's dive into the role of technology and innovation during the 1980s, which significantly shaped our lives today.

This decade, people embraced new gadgets and advances that promised to improve daily living and open up opportunities for personal growth. The rise of personal computers, like the Apple II and IBM PC, empowered individuals with unprecedented access to information and communication tools. Video game consoles such as Atari 2600 and Nintendo Entertainment System sparked excitement in kids' hearts while fueling their imaginations. Innovations in telecommunications - mobile phones, answering machines, fax machines - began to permeate American households, making it easier than ever to stay connected with friends, family, and business associates.

In some ways, this technological revolution helped redefine what it meant to achieve the American Dream in the '80s. No longer was success solely measured by material wealth or property ownership; instead, being well-versed in cutting-edge technologies became an essential marker of progress. The entrepreneurial spirit thrived as innovators like Steve Jobs achieved cult-like status for their ability to create products that transformed industries overnight.

As you navigate these exciting times filled with dreams of flying cars and robots doing your chores at home (remember 'The Jetsons' cartoon?), there was a palpable sense that anything could happen - that all it took was ingenuity mixed with hard work to make your wildest dreams come true.

The Entertainment Industry

As you take a trip down memory lane, you'll remember the phenomenal rise of Hollywood blockbusters and cable television in the 1980s.

This period saw an explosion of creativity with larger-than-life movies that captured our hearts and minds while reflecting societal changes.

Simultaneously, cable TV revolutionized the way we consume entertainment by offering us more choices than ever before.

It forever altered our viewing habits and expectations.

The Growth of Hollywood Blockbusters

Hollywood blockbusters skyrocketed in the '80s, capturing audiences' hearts and redefining the American Dream through big-budget films packed with action, adventure, and unforgettable characters.

The success of movies like E.T., Indiana Jones, and Star Wars showcased a shift in storytelling that focused on escapism and brought people together from all walks of life. These films embodied a sense of wonder and limitless possibilities while highlighting the importance of individuality and self-discovery.

As you sat in the theater, you couldn't help but feel inspired by these larger-than-life stories; they stirred up your desire for freedom as you watched heroes defy all odds to achieve their dreams.

The growth of Hollywood blockbusters during this era also reflected significant economic trends, as studios began investing heavily in creating franchises that could generate massive profits. The entertainment industry became an essential part of America's domestic and international identity, elevating consumerism to new heights while offering people a taste of success.

In essence, these blockbuster films were selling an experience and a dream: one where anyone could overcome challenges to create their own epic tale. As you reveled in these cinematic adventures, there was an underlying message that no matter who you were or where you came from, anything was possible if you had enough courage and determination - a perfect embodiment of the American Dream in the 1980s.

The Rise of Cable Television

Imagine yourself in the '80s, witnessing the rise of cable television and its revolutionary impact on entertainment, forever changing how you'd consume your favorite shows and movies. Before this time, you were limited to a handful of broadcast networks providing static programming schedules, but now with cable TV's arrival, a world of diverse content is at your fingertips.

It's like someone has thrown open the doors to a vast new universe of possibilities that cater to every taste and interest. As you explore this brave new world of television, you're struck by some key trends that define the '80s era:

The proliferation of niche channels catering to specific interests such as MTV for music lovers or CNN for news junkies

A sharp increase in original programming produced by cable networks themselves

The birth and rapid growth of home video rental stores allowing viewers to watch their favorite movies anytime they want

Live sports broadcasts becoming a major draw for viewership, fueling fan engagement across America

The ongoing battle between premium channels like HBO and Showtime competing for exclusive rights to popular films

These developments create an atmosphere where creativity flourishes, and consumers are given more control over their viewing experiences than ever before. Cable television not only expands your entertainment options but also fuels your desire for freedom - the freedom to choose what you watch when it suits you best.

This newfound sense of choice becomes emblematic of the American Dream in the 1980s: pushing boundaries, embracing innovation, and striving towards individual expression.

The American Dream and Politics

In the 1980s, the American Dream's political landscape glittered with Reaganomics and its emphasis on free-market capitalism, showcasing a nation striving for economic prosperity. The policies of President Ronald Reagan aimed to reduce government intervention, taxes, and regulations to promote individual freedom and entrepreneurship.

This period also saw an increased focus on national pride and patriotism and a push for a stronger defense against global threats. As you look back at this time in history, you can feel the energy of a country determined to take control of its destiny and redefine what it meant to be successful.

This renewed sense of determination was reflected not only in politics but also in popular culture. Movies like 'Wall Street' glamorized wealth accumulation, while TV shows like 'Dallas' portrayed wealthy lifestyles that many Americans aspired to achieve. It was an era when owning a business or climbing the corporate ladder became symbols of success - tangible proof that you had achieved the American Dream.

Amidst this environment of ambition and aspiration, however, there were growing concerns about income inequality and the erosion of social safety nets for those who struggled economically. Yet despite these challenges, the spirit of self-reliance continued to drive many Americans into new frontiers full of opportunity and promise.

Education and the American Dream

As you reflect on the role of education in the American Dream, consider the importance of higher education in shaping one's future.

Contemplate the burden of student debt and its impact on economic mobility.

Also, consider how these factors intertwine to influence individual success or struggle.

Let's delve into a nostalgic yet analytical exploration of social and economic trends that define this dream for future generations.

(Note: I used contractions in the output as requested)

The Importance of Higher Education

You're living in the 1980s, and pursuing higher education becomes a crucial stepping stone toward achieving that coveted American Dream. College degrees are considered tickets to better job opportunities, social status, and financial security.

As you navigate through this decade, you feel the pressure to obtain a degree not just for personal satisfaction but also as a way to secure your spot in America's middle class or even reach beyond it. The importance of higher education during this time is driven by several factors:

The shift from an industrial economy to an information-based one

Increasing competition in the global market

Technological advancements requiring more specialized skills

Employers seeking candidates with formal credentials

In addition to these economic trends, there's a pervasive cultural belief that higher education will lead to upward mobility and success - something deeply ingrained within the fabric of American society since its inception.

Television shows like 'The Cosby Show' and blockbuster movies like 'Back to School showcase families where college attendance is expected and celebrated. You find yourself caught up in this wave of enthusiasm for higher learning, fueled by an innate desire for financial and social freedom - which can only be achieved through hard work, dedication, and that all-important diploma hanging on your wall.

Student Debt and Economic Mobility

Fast forward to today, and pursuing higher education often comes with a hefty price tag - leaving many graduates saddled with crushing student loan debt and questioning if that diploma was truly their ticket to economic mobility.

The rise in college tuition costs has outpaced inflation, making it more difficult for families to afford an education without taking on significant amounts of debt. This shift has led to a growing number of Americans struggling to pay off their loans while facing underemployment or stagnating wages, causing some to question whether the American Dream is still achievable.

Despite these challenges, there's no denying that higher education remains an important path toward financial success for many individuals. Take a look at this comparison between the 1980s and today:

The landscape has shifted dramatically since the heyday of the American Dream in the 1980s. While obtaining a degree may be essential for certain careers and can lead to greater earning potential, it's also important not to overlook alternative avenues like trade schools or vocational training programs, which can provide valuable skills without incurring massive debt. Ultimately, maintaining hope amidst these uncertain times requires adaptability and resilience as you continue striving towards your version of freedom - whatever form that may take.

The Impact on Society and Culture

In the 1980s, the American Dream profoundly impacted society and culture, shaping everything from consumerism to politics. This decade was marked by an economic boom, with more disposable income for many Americans leading to increased spending on material possessions.

As a result, owning a home in suburbia and filling it with modern luxuries became synonymous with success. Pop culture icons like Madonna and Michael Jackson helped fuel this desire for excess by exemplifying personal wealth and ambition.

Politically, Ronald Reagan's administration championed deregulation and trickle-down economics to achieve prosperity for all citizens, further ingraining these values into the fabric of American society.

Nostalgically looking back at the '80s, you can't help but notice how much faith people placed in economic growth as a path to happiness. Pursuing material wealth became synonymous with freedom and fulfillment; however, not everyone could participate in this dream equally.

As we discussed earlier, student debt crippling economic mobility for some young adults, there were also growing divides between rich and poor during this period due to tax policies favoring wealthy individuals and corporations.

Despite these inequalities, though, optimism was high in America during this era - after all, who wouldn't want a piece of that shining city upon a hill? So hold onto those memories of big hair and neon colors while remembering that behind them lies an intricate tapestry woven from dreams both realized and unfulfilled - dreams that continue to shape our nation today.

The American Dream in Popular Culture

Dive into the world of popular culture, and you'll quickly see how it's been influenced by the pursuit of success and happiness throughout the years.

In the 1980s, the American Dream took center stage in movies, television shows, music, and fashion as a symbol of hope for upward mobility and a better life.

Blockbuster films like 'Wall Street' showcased characters chasing wealth and power while navigating moral dilemmas.

Television series like 'Dallas' portrayed wealthy families enjoying opulent lifestyles but facing their fair struggles as they sought to maintain control over their empires.

The decade's pop music was filled with aspirational anthems that celebrated material success-songs like Madonna's 'Material Girl' or Michael Jackson's 'Wanna Be Startin' Somethin"' encouraged listeners to dream big and strive for greatness.

As you immerse yourself in this nostalgic era, you can't help but feel drawn to its optimistic energy.

In the 1980s, many believed that anyone could achieve prosperity through hard work and determination-a belief that shaped a generation's approach to career growth, personal ambition, and consumerism.

While some critics argue that this focus on material wealth led to greed and excesses during the decade, there's no denying that it captured an essential part of what made the American Dream so compelling: the idea that if you set your sights high enough and worked relentlessly toward your goals, anything was possible.

The Role of Women and the American Dream

Let's talk about women's powerful impact on shaping and redefining the concept of success and happiness in our society. During the 1980s, a significant shift occurred with more women entering the workforce and pursuing careers, which led to an evolution of their roles within family structures. The rise of influential female role models in various fields also contributed to this change.

Women were breaking political barriers: Geraldine Ferraro became the first woman vice presidential candidate for a major party in 1984. In business, Mary Kay Ash and Oprah Winfrey emerged as successful entrepreneurs who inspired countless other women to chase their dreams. And in entertainment, Madonna, Cyndi Lauper, and Whitney Houston achieved superstardom, challenging traditional gender stereotypes through bold fashion choices and powerful performances.

The role of women in achieving the American Dream shifted dramatically during this decade as they began to redefine what it meant for them. More than ever, women sought education and professional opportunities that would allow them greater financial independence. This newfound sense of empowerment rippled throughout all aspects of society - from pop culture to politics - leaving an indelible mark on American history that continues to inspire us today.

The American Dream for Immigrants

You may recall the 1980s as a time of great hope and aspiration for immigrants seeking the American Dream. Despite facing numerous challenges, including language barriers and cultural differences, these newcomers relentlessly pursued opportunities to build a better life for themselves and their families.

Reflect on the resilience and determination that characterized their pursuit of success during this transformative decade in American history.

Challenges Faced in the 1980s

However, achieving that '80s American Dream wasn't without its struggles and challenges. The decade was marked by significant socioeconomic shifts that strained the average American household.

Unemployment spiked in the early 1980s due to a recession, while inflation ate away people's purchasing power. Blue-collar workers faced layoffs as industries like manufacturing began outsourcing jobs overseas or automating their processes with new technology. Simultaneously, an escalating arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union increased Cold War tensions, casting a shadow of potential global conflict over everyday life.

Yet amidst these hardships, there remained a sense of optimism and hope for what could be achieved through hard work and determination. Popular culture celebrated individualism, ambition, and materialism - from movies like 'Wall Street' to television shows like 'Dallas,' audiences reveled in stories of wealth accumulation and glamorous lifestyles.

This was also when many Americans embraced entrepreneurship, seeking opportunities outside traditional corporate structures to pursue their version of success. The dream seemed within reach for those willing to take risks and challenge the status quo; it was both a carrot dangling tantalizingly close before them and an aspiration fueling their drive forward despite adversity.

The Pursuit of Opportunity

In the pursuit of opportunity, countless individuals chased their version of success, navigating through economic challenges and societal shifts with a tenacious spirit and unwavering determination. The 1980s saw a resurgence in entrepreneurial endeavors as people sought to create their destinies and seize opportunities presented by an evolving economy.

This period was characterized by optimism and challenges, as the country witnessed significant technological advancements while also grappling with issues such as income inequality and rising living costs. Technology emerged as a powerful force in the 1980s, revolutionizing industries and opening doors for new business ventures. Many ambitious individuals capitalized on these advancements to create innovative products or services that would transform society.

The deregulation of various markets provided further incentives for risk-takers looking to build their empires from scratch or expand existing businesses into new territories. Lastly, social norms shifted towards valuing individualism over collectivism - highlighting personal achievement as an essential component of the American Dream.

As you reflect upon this era with nostalgia, it's clear that many individuals were driven by a hunger for success and freedom during the 1980s - fueled by a belief in the power of self-determination coupled with an ever-changing landscape full of potential opportunities. While some thrived amid these exhilarating times, others faced significant hurdles due to systemic barriers or unforeseen circumstances beyond their control. Yet, it is undeniable that America's collective pursuit of opportunity helped define this dynamic decade while leaving an indelible mark on its history.

The Legacy of the 1980s American Dream

Reflecting on the legacy of the 1980s American Dream, it's clear that its influence can still be felt today in various aspects of society and culture.

The decade was marked by a resurgence of economic growth, technological advancements, and an undeniable spirit of individualism.

This period also saw a shift towards conservative values and an emphasis on free-market capitalism, which have continued to shape the political landscape in America.

As you evaluate the lasting impact of this era, consider how these social and economic trends have persisted over time.

The pursuit of wealth and material success that defined much of the 1980s now permeates our modern culture.

Today, we continue to see this ideal manifest in popular media like reality television shows centered around wealth accumulation or self-made entrepreneurs who inspire others with their stories of achieving prosperity against all odds.

Similarly, deregulation during this era paved the way for globalization, fostering a competitive environment where innovation is key to staying ahead.

While some argue that these policies may have led to income inequality and environmental degradation, others maintain that they've allowed individuals greater opportunities for self-determination and financial freedom than ever before.

Nostalgically looking back at the 1980s American Dream reminds us not only of how far we've come but also challenges us to ponder what type of future we wish to create together.

The Future of the American Dream

As we move further into the 21st century, it's clear that technology and globalization are playing increasingly significant roles in our lives. This means that education and innovation are becoming more crucial than ever to achieving your version of success. You might find that pursuing a career in science or technology is fulfilling and key to securing that white picket fence and stable financial future you've dreamt of.

However, as the world continues to change at an unprecedented pace, there's a sense of nostalgia for simpler times when hard work seemed like all it took to make one's dreams come true. Perhaps you'll feel drawn towards embracing traditional values like family life or community engagement as integral to your American Dream.

At the end of the day, remember that this dream was built on the idea of freedom - the freedom to choose your path and chase whatever vision of happiness you have. So whether you're striving for professional success in a cutting-edge industry or yearning for a slower-paced life surrounded by loved ones, never forget that this pursuit is uniquely yours - and ultimately what makes America so special.

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The American Dream in the 1980s: A Decade of Desire and Dissent

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The American Dream 90's and early 2000's

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The American Dream 90's and early 2000's