# data[].attributes.body
> Describe and explain the changes to the brain and to cognition associated with different types of dementia

> Describe the tests available and methods used to evaluate cognitive function and brain mechanisms in dementia patients

> Explain the link between functional and cognitive symptoms and their neural correlates

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> Describe the sleep-wake cycle, the sleep cycle and the difference between circadian and ultradian rhythms

> Explain the health consequences of disrupting the sleep-wake cycle

> Discuss lifespan changes in sleep and how these changes impact health and illness

> Outline the psychological effects of sleep deprivation

> Discuss the link between physical and psychological health and sleep disorders

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>Define social determinants of health and provide examples of them
>Explain how social determinants of health can create health inequalities
>Describe how health inequalities can be assessed and addressed (e.g. include Health Inequalities Assessment Toolkit, Marmot Review 10 Years On, 2020, Sandwell Model).
>Define Health Economics
>Discuss what health care costs and why these costs increase.
>Discuss how we make choices when it comes to different options for health care provision and screening

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>Compare and contrast the 'medical model' and the 'social model' of disability
>Describe two key campaign issues for the UK disability rights movement in the 1970s and 1980s
>Define 'internalised ableism', and how the interplay of social factors impacts on self-image/self-perception#
>Discuss what could doctors could do to work towards inclusivity in their consultation practice (and describe at least one practice/activity)

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>Discuss the beginnings of the NHS in the UK and be aware of its developmental timeline
>Explain the current function and structure of the NHS
>Define social prescribing and describe how social prescribing schemes work.
>Discuss the factors that make social prescribing schemes successful and how success is evaluated
>Explain the purpose of public health campaigns and discuss real-life examples run by Public Health England (e.g. COVID-19 handwashing/TV campaigns and Change4Life).
>Discuss the effectiveness of public health campaigns.

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>Define and apply ethical principles in medicine including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice
>Explain the importance and limitations of these ethical principles in professional and patient relationships
>Discuss the role of the principal ethical theories of the Western canon of moral philosophy in resolving conflicts between principles
>Discuss expected standards of professional conduct

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>Describe the differences between qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research
>Describe and identify different types of studies including systematic reviews, RCTs, case control studies, cohort studies and qualitative studies
>Interpret significance levels

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>Discuss individual issues affecting health including stress and life events.
>Explain the influence of psychosocial impacts on health
>Define coping and explain the difference between engaged (adaptive) and disengaged (maladaptive) coping strategies
>Discuss personality (e.g. self-efficacy, optimism) and behaviours for health outcomes/adaptive coping
>Define resilience and discuss how resilience can be improved and maintained (e.g. Public Health England ‘Rise Above’ campaign).

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> Define addiction/substance use disorder

> Describe the effects of smoking and drinking on the body

> Explain the physiological basis of addiction
> Explain the psychological basis of addiction

> Discuss the pharmacological approach to treating addiction

> Discuss the psychosocial approach to treating addiction

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>Explain what developmental psychology is and why it is relevant to medicine
>Outline major developmental changes in childhood
>Explain how children’s understanding of health and illness develops
>Discuss the implications for communication in clinical practice

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At the top of each topic, you will see the learning outcomes. Now, come up with a question that would align with one of these outcomes and have a go at answering it! This is will help embed your knowledge, practice revision skills, and give you a HUGE advantage in preparation for the real thing. So go ahead, write a practice question, answer a question - or do both!

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>Discuss different definitions of health and the relevance of health psychology to medicine and health.

>Compare and contrast the biomedical and biopsychosocial approaches

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>Define social determinants of health and provide examples of them
>Explain how social determinants of health can create health inequalities
>Describe how health inequalities can be assessed and addressed (e.g. Health Inequalities Assessment Toolkit, Marmot Review 10 Years On, Sandwell Model...).

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>Discuss the importance of health behaviour change

>Outline health psychology models that explain and predict health behaviour and explain how we can apply these models to influence behaviour change in clinical practice

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Do please read the questions others ask and answer if you can.
We will do our best to answer any questions posted here too.. and if we can't answer we will find someone who can.

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Clarification on the meaning of the following LO was asked for.

Discuss the role of the principal ethical theories of the Western canon of moral philosophy in resolving conflicts between principles.

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I was wondering if you could help me understand LO 7, 8 and 9. As I'm not quite sure if after looking at my notes and the recording I quite understand where it comes in for 7 or what the key information is for 8 & 9 .

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Powerpoint Slides : Preparing for the Formative Assessment

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Powerpoint Slides : Preparing for the Formative Assessment

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Preparing for  Assessment in  Psychosocial Aspects of Health Assessment for Blackboard

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Powerpoint Slides: How to write SC and SBA questions

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Powerpoint Slides: How to write SC and SBA questions

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This presentation gives you an insight into how to write Script Concordance Questions and how they are marked.

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How to write script concordance and single best answer questions for students. 

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The UN has created 16 sustainability goals to promote peace, end violence and increase the general health of the world, especially in poor countries, by campaigning and providing resources.
Health is defined by WHO as:

A) The absence of disease
B) The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
C) The state of complete physical well-being
D) Health is subjective
E) None of the above

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What is health?
A: absence of disease
B: complete physical well-being
C: complete mental well-being
D:complete social well-being
E: it is subjective

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A patient is admitted into the hospital who has a notifiable disease.
As it is a legal requirement, the doctor notifies the local authorities.

Which of the ethical approaches most aligns with their action?

A) Consequentialism
B) Duty Ethics
C) Subjectivism
D) Virtue Ethics
E) Utilitarianism

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cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) is defined as:
A - which option is the most efficient way to achieve QALYs
B - which option achieves the desired outcome most efficiently
C - compare the monetary value of the benefit to the cost
D - which option has the lowest cost
E - which option achieves the best outcome for patients

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The WHO describes all of these aspects in their definition of health except which?

A- Absence of disease
B- Mental Wellbeing
C- Physically fit
D- Psychological wellbeing
E- Work life balance

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Which of the research methods below have the weakest ability to prove causality ?

A) Case-control studies
B) Cohort studies
C) Cross-sectional studies
D) Randomised control trials
E) Ecological studies

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Lois is wheelchair-bound, due to a car accident. She is out shopping when she encounters stairs. According to the medical model of disability, what would be the best solution around this issue?

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Lois is wheelchair-bound, due to a car accident. She is out shopping when she encounters stairs. According to the medical model of disability, what would be the best solution around this issue?

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A. Build a ramp
B. Diagnose why she can't walk.
C. Give her crutches
D. Give her prosthetic legs
E. Go another way

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The equality act brought in 2010, states all of these are protected characteristics apart from which?

A- Age
B- Disability
C-Level of education
D-Pregnancy
E- Sexual orientation

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A 54 year old man lives alone in his flat. He feels very depressed after separating from his wife. He has a poor diet and smokes 20 cigarettes a day which increases his risk of high blood pressure.

Identify the 2 behavioural risks that the 54 year old man is subject to.

A: isolation and poor diet
B: isolation and smoking
C: poor diet and high blood pressure
D: smoking and high blood pressure
E: smoking and poor diet

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A female patient goes to her local GP clinic, and complains of frequent headaches and high blood pressure. This female is of mixed Caribbean and English heritage. According to NICE guidelines, should she or should not be prescribed an angiotensin II receptor blocker instead of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor?

A) No
B) Yes
C) Further genetic testing is needed
D) It doesn't matter
E) Give her a lower dose of both medications

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What best describes the biopsychosocial model of health?

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What best describes the biopsychosocial model of health?

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a) considers physical wellness as absence of disease
b) explains illness by simplest possible process
c) focus is on illness, not health
d) multifactorial approach - assumes health and illness have
e) people not responsible for illnessseveral factors

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What is the biomedical model.

A.assumes that continuum between Health and illness must analysed and considered a system
B.integrative medicine relises on this model because it focuses on the whole body
C.peoples behaviour influences Health and people can change a behaviour
D. Multi factorial assumes that Health and illness have many causes and can produce many effects
E. Single-factor causes looks for the cause of illness rather than contributory factors

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What does the acronym QALY stand for?

A- Quality adjusted life years
B - Quality Adapted life years
C - Quantity adjusted life years
D- Quantity adjusted livelihood years
E Quantity adapted Life years

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How does UPIAS distinguish between impairment and disability ?

A) Impairment affects the individual less than a disability
B) Impairment refers to social oppression
D) The term disability is only used for those with reduced mobility
E) The term disability refers to social oppression

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what is not correct of the indirect impacts of COVID-19 on health inequalities?
a) compromised food security
b) inaccessible public health community
c) children being neglected
d) poverty
e) increased crime rate

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Gary is a doctor, he believes that all medical care should only be performed to benefit the greatest number of people not a singular person. Which ethical theory would this opinion follow?

A- Consequentialism
B- Duty Ethics
C - Four Pillars of medical ethics
D - Religion
E - Virtue Ethics

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A junior doctor models his behaviour off of his senior who he looks up to and believes is an excellent doctor. What is this an example of?

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A junior doctor models his behaviour off of his senior who he looks up to and believes is an excellent doctor. What is this an example of?

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A) Beneficence
B) Consequentialism
C) Duty Ethics
D) Utilitarianism
E) Virtue Ethics

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A teenage girl has been smoking for 3 years now. She has not thought about quitting until all of her friends started to quit. She now considers the idea and researches ways she can quit smoking. She buys patches from the shop and a vape to help her quit. She successful stops smoking for 2 months which then lasts for a year.

She is on a night out and is offered a cigarette. It is her birthday so she has one. She then craves one the next morning and relapses.

Which model best describes the process of her behavioural change?

A: Biopsychosocial model
B: COM-B
C: Health beliefs model
D: Stage Models
E: Theory of Planned Behaviour

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According to the COM-B model, which of the 3 elements contribute to Behaviour?

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According to the COM-B model, which of the 3 elements contribute to Behaviour?

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A) Capability, Opportunity, Motivation
B) Competition, Opportunity, Mindset
C) Capability, Optimism, Motivation
D) Cognition, Oracy, Motivation
E) Cognition, Opportunity, Mindset

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A patient smokes 20 cigarettes a day. They do not see a problem with it. What stage of the transtheoretical model are they in?

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A patient smokes 20 cigarettes a day. They do not see a problem with it. What stage of the transtheoretical model are they in?

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A - Pre-contemplation
B - Contemplation
C - Preparation
D - Action
E - Maintenance

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A 60 year old man is looking at quitting smoking. He is discussing this with his psychologist. Which model will his psychologist use to help guide him through the process of quitting? 

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A 60 year old man is looking at quitting smoking. He is discussing this with his psychologist. Which model will his psychologist use to help guide him through the process of quitting? 

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A. Com-B
B. Health Beliefs
C. Medical model of change
D. The cycle of change
E. Theory of planned behaviour

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Which type of literature review looks at literature surrounding a specific research question?

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Which type of literature review looks at literature surrounding a specific research question?

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A. conceptual framework
B. narrative review
C. scoping view
D. systematic review
E. theoretical model

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Maggie and Susan had a discussion about their GP interactions. Maggie discloses that she feels that her GP doesn't take her issues seriously in comparison to Susan who has the same health issues but a different GP.  Why might this be?

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Maggie and Susan had a discussion about their GP interactions. Maggie discloses that she feels that her GP doesn't take her issues seriously in comparison to Susan who has the same health issues but a different GP.  Why might this be?

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a. Patient behaviour
b. Physician role and behaviour
c. Physician-Patient interaction
d. Health policy and economics
e. Mind-body interactions in health and disease

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What is the percentage weighting of environmental factors in the social determinants of health?

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What is the percentage weighting of environmental factors in the social determinants of health?

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A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%
E) 50%

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Children in deprived areas are more likely to be be killed or injured in road traffic accidents
This is due to which aspect of social determinants of health ?
A)Biological
B) Economic
C) Environmental
D) Medical
E)Poverty

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What does the Wellness Continuum propose?

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What does the Wellness Continuum propose?

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A- Assumes all disease can be explained using physiological processes

B- Dysregulated stress response can impact physical health

C- Health behaviours are caused by 2 main aspects (perception of threat of illness & evaluation of behaviours to counteract threat)

D- Health and illness influenced on psychological factors

E- Not as simple as two separate sides of health and death

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Which type of economic evaluation compares monetary value of the benefits to the cost?

A- Cost analysis model (CAM)
B- Cost benefit analysis (CBA)
C- Cost effectiveness analysis (CEA)
D - Cost minimisation analysis (CMA)
E - Cost utility analysis (CUA)

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At what age would you expect a child's vocabulary to exceed 200 words?

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At what age would you expect a child's vocabulary to exceed 200 words?

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A - 1
B - 1.5
C - 2
D - 3
E - 4

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Gemma goes to her GP and asks to go on the contraceptive pill. She is 14 years old, she asks the GP to not discuss this with her parents. The GP had determined that she is not gillick competent. Which pillars of medical ethics contradict with each other?

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Gemma goes to her GP and asks to go on the contraceptive pill. She is 14 years old, she asks the GP to not discuss this with her parents. The GP had determined that she is not gillick competent. Which pillars of medical ethics contradict with each other?

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1. Justice and autonomy
2. Autonomy and Beneficence
3. Autonomy and Non-maleficence
4. Justice and Beneficence
5. Non Maleficence and Beneficence

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What is not an example of an early stage symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

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What is not an example of an early stage symptom of Alzheimer's Disease?

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A - Asking repetitive questions
B - Forgetting recent events
C - Hallucinations
D - Showing poor judgement
D - Occasional mood changes

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A researcher wants to find out how obesity in childhood is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Which type of study should they use?

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A researcher wants to find out how obesity in childhood is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Which type of study should they use?

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A. Case control
B. Cohort
C. Lab based
D. Quantitative
E. Randomised Control Trial

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What is the NICE cost effectiveness threshold:

a) £15,000 - £20,000
b) £20,000- £25,000
c) £20,000 - £30,000
d) £30,000 - £35,000
e) £30,000 - £40,000

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Which of these is not classed as a maladaptive coping mechanism?

A. Catastrophising
B. Overgeneralising
C. Tunnel-vision
D. Modifiying mood
E. Distraction

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Which of these is a personality trait associated with positive health behaviours?

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Which of these is a personality trait associated with positive health behaviours?

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A. Self-change
B. Conscientiousness
C. Self-identification
D. Optimism
E. Empathy

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Which of these words is not associated with the Stages model (Perrin & Gerrity)? 

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Which of these words is not associated with the Stages model (Perrin & Gerrity)? 

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A. Concrete
B. Abstract
C. Prelogical
D. Magical
E. Only B and C

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Which healthcare model is most likely to be found in an emerging economy
A Beveridge
B Bismark
C National Insurance
DOut of Pocket
E Private Health

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Once answered the question will be moved to the relevant area of the Padlet.  

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Once answered the question will be moved to the relevant area of the Padlet.  

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Explain the link between individual experience and Social forces

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Explain the link between individual experience and Social forces

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Which of these is not a social factor that influences an individual's decision to go abroad?

A. Finances
B. Family
C. Normative beliefs
D. Gender
E. Subjective Norm

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What is the term used to describe an individual's belief in free will?

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What is the term used to describe an individual's belief in free will?

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A) Determinism
B) Consequentialism
C) Utilitarianism
D) Voluntarism
E) Relativism

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How health inequalities can be assessed and addressed

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How health inequalities can be assessed and addressed

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Which of these options are not the 5 improvements established by the Marmot review: 10 years on?

A) Giving every child the best start in life
B) Minimum wage
C) Safe + sustainable housing
D) Better education
E) More government funding

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Discuss individual issues affect health including stress and life events

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Discuss individual issues affect health including stress and life events

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What is the SRRS?

A) Social Re-adjustment Rating Scale
B) Stress Resilience Rating Scale
C) Stress Re-adjustment Ratio Spectrum
D) Social Resilience Ratio spectrum
E) Social Re-adjustment Rating Spectrum

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Discuss individual issues affecting health including stress and life events

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Discuss individual issues affecting health including stress and life events

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How many life events are listed in the SRRS?

A) 22
B) 43
C) 38
D) 49
E) 16