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Who are the important people in the school of thought?
Sigmund Freud- Freud founded psychoanalysis after his belief that people could actually cure themselves by changing the unconscious into the conscious through behavior and insight.
Jacques Lacan- modified Freud's theories

Terms to know for the school of thought
- Id
The desires that we want out of pleasure, for example, food, sex, Netflix, etc.
- Ego
Your conscious that tells you what is right to do, for example, do your homework, eat healthily, sleep early,
- Super Ego
The influence that your community has on you to do what's right.
- The Unconscious
The hidden desires that exert influence over us in ways beyond our comprehension
- Symbolic Order
The rules of society and interpersonal limits on behavior and desire.

Subject Area
- English; analyzing character and author psychology (based on experiences of the author and the reader)
- Psychology; analyzing the root of the behavior

Examples:
Jimminey cricket is the ego and Pinocchio is the id.

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Definition: a method used for parallel reading that incorporates the idea that literature should be interpreted by history and the author and the history of the critic.

New Historicism vs Historicism: Historicism considers the background of the literature whereas new historicism gives non literary and literary the same weighing. They both share the idea that literary texts interact with history.

Old historicism considers history as the background and the literary text as the foreground

New historicism: assumes that literature both influences and is influenced by history. Both the literary text and the non-literary context are equally considered

New historicism- history is TEXTUAL, history is literature, it's not a fact it's fiction.

Old historicism- history is KNOWABLE, it exists and is present

Key Figures: Stephen Greenblatt and Catherine Gallagher were inspired by 3 figures: Michel Foucault, Clifford Geertz, and Raymond Williams

Related terms (with their definitions, 3-6): Self-fashioning, Culture as text, Canon, Non-canonical, Cultural Poetics, Representation, History, Discourse, Materialism, Circulation

Self-fashioning: The process of constructing one's own identity and public persona to reflect a set of cultural standards or social codes

Canon: a body of books, works, and other texts considered to be the most important and influential of a particular time period or place

Cultural Poetics: Another term for New Historicism which one of the founders Stephen Greenblatt preferred to use. Difference: It not only emphasizes a new way to look into the historical sides of texts (New Historicism), it also focuses on how it's a way to look for the cultural sides of poetics.

Circulation: an idea to do with the circulation of power, how power circulates from a group of people to another in society and how literary texts participates in the circulation of power

Subject areas related to the school of thought (where would it traditionally be housed?)-

literature and history. History is literature but literature creates history.

1-2 examples of application

Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, one always comes to the question of whether the play shows Shakespeare to be anti-Semitic. The New Historicist recognizes that this isn't a simple yes-or-no answer that can be teased out by studying the text.

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For Marx, feudal society had two basic attributes, unfree labor and homesteads. The former was typified by the Eastern European corvée (labor service). The latter were sites for labor-power reproduction. Surplus-labor took place under the lord's direction on their demesne.

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False consciousness, in philosophy, particularly within critical theory and other Marxist schools and movements, the notion that members of the proletariat unwittingly misperceive their real position in society and systematically misunderstand their genuine interests within the social relations of production under capitalism.

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Dialectical Materialism is a way of understanding reality; whether thoughts, emotions, or the material world. More so it is the identification that everything that exists is material and is derived from matter; that matter is in a process and constant change; and that all matter is interconnected and interdependent.

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Key players:
- Karl Heinrich Marx
- Friedrich Engels

Key ideas:

Marx thought that "historical materialism" was the ultimate driving force, a notion involving the distribution of resources, gain, production, and such matters.

Marxist Criticism analyzes the socioeconomic class of people.

Key questions to ask about:

What classes, or socioeconomic statuses, are represented in the text?

Are all the segments of society accounted for, or does the text exclude a particular class?

Does class restrict or empower the characters in the text?

How does the text depict a struggle between classes, or how does class contribute to the conflict of the text?

How does the text depict the relationship between the individual and the state? Does the state view individuals as a means of production, or as ends in themselves?

Extra information on other posts.

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Applications:
The general purpose of engaging in postcolonial criticism is to open a space where the residual effects of colonialism can be resisted. It is not a question of restoring precolonial cultures, but rather showing how former colony and colonizer can establish a mutually respectful relationship in a postcolonial world.

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Rihanna performing at Super Bowl half time show while pregnant.

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Who should we know:
Virginia Woolf (English Writer)
Simone de Beauvoir (French Philosopher)
Elaine Showalter (American Literary Critic)

What are the term we need to know:
Patriarchy: A societal structure where men predominate in terms of power and authority.
Androcentrism: a male-centered viewpoint that gives men's ideals and experiences the edge over women's
Intersectionality: The acknowledgment that everybody has their own unique experiences, oppressions, and discriminations
Essentialism: A set of attributes for a certain identity
Sexism: Discrimination against a person based on their sex

Subject area:
English and Philosophy

Applications:
- Rihanna performed while pregnant standing on a platform in the air
- 50 years ago wouldn’t be acceptable
- Now shows power and equality that even though she is pregnant she can still perform in the same way as all the other performers

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Deconstructive criticism follows the idea that objects have meaning because of our language and how its formed. Words only have meaning as those words contrast other words. Deconstructionism tries to erase these binaries and analyze the text in a way that challenges our common understanding of language.

The theory was inaugurated by Jacques Derrida in the late 1960s and became a major influence on literary studies during the late 1970s.

Terms

Binary oppositions - Related terms that are opposite in meaning.

white/black

male/female

love/hate

good/bad

Undecidability - Deconstructive criticism posits an undecidability of meaning for all texts.

Literal and metaphorical - Contradictions and internal oppositions.

Presence and absence - Fundamental states for being.

Mind and body - Retreat of the human mind upon oneself.

Subject area

Philosophy and Literature.

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Terms:
Diaspora: the voluntary or forced migration from their homelands that concerns the maintaining or changing of one’s identity, culture, and language while surrounded by a foreign culture.
Alterity: "the state of being other or different"; the political, cultural, linguistic, or religious other. The study of the ways in which one group makes themselves different from others.
Hegemony: the power of the ruling class to convince other classes that their interests are the interests of all, often not only through means of economic and political control but more subtly through the control of education and media.
essentialism: the essence or "whatness" of something.  In the context of race, ethnicity, or culture, essentialism suggests the practice of various groups deciding what is and isn't a particular identity.  As a practice, essentialism tends to overlook differences within groups often to maintain the status quo or obtain power.  Essentialist claims can be used by a colonizing power but also by the colonized as a way of resisting what is claimed about them.

Subject Area:
the struggle for independence, emigration, national identity, allegiance, and childhood.

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- A literary theory or critical approach deals with literature produced in countries that were once or are now colonies of other countries.
Who:
- Edward Said is the father of Postcolonial Criticism. He was a Palestinian-American literary theorist and critic.

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Please ask two questions from last night's reading.

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Please ask two questions from last night's reading.

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Think of each theory as a new pair of eyeglasses through which certain elements of our world are brought into focus while others, of course, fade into the background. Did that last idea give you pause, I hope? Why should some ideas have to fade into the background in order to focus on others? Doesn’t this suggest that each theory can offer only an incomplete picture of the world?

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Think of each theory as a new pair of eyeglasses through which certain elements of our world are brought into focus while others, of course, fade into the background. Did that last idea give you pause, I hope? Why should some ideas have to fade into the background in order to focus on others? Doesn’t this suggest that each theory can offer only an incomplete picture of the world?

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Kindly respond to one of these questions