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Historical Groups/Figures: Navajos, Apaches—most notable Native American wars involved.
Definition: Series of conflicts between Native American groups and European settlers following the Civil War, mainly over land control.
Significance: Mainly harmed Native Americans, who lost lives/population and whose culture and way of life were wiped out.

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- Democratic Party
- New York City’s Democratic Party organization that evolved into a powerful political machine
- Ruled New York from the 1850s to the 1930s and played a part in the Irish rise to power in New York City

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People/Group: Addams
Definition: A house that provided services to the poor.
Significance: Helped for social reforms to meet those who were trying to help in face-to-face encounters, and all involved learned from one another.

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Under Secretary of State William Seward the US bought the Alaska territory for $7.2 million (approx $0.02/acre)

Was considered a “folly” (synonyms: mistake/mess up) until gold was discovered decades later

Purchased from Russia

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Important Historical Figures/Groups: Ulysses. S Grant, Immigrants of all different descents (prominently Chinese and Irish)
Definition: The transcontinental railroad was an 1000+ mile railroad developed during the Civil War that spanned from the Pacific coast to the San Francisco Bay.
Significance: It made rapid development much more surreal, and connected two sides of America to one another. This would further embrace the economy and shipment, travel, amongst other things.

-Nicole G

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Henry Bessemer “Bessemer Process” (1870s)

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Henry Bessemer “Bessemer Process” (1870s)

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Historical Groups/Figures: Henry Bessemer—English inventor who greatly impacted the steel industry.
Definition: Process invented by Henry Bessemer in the 1870’s to remove air pockets and impurities from iron, allowing a stronger steel to be made.
Significance: Helped increase steel productions, which led to a drop in steel prices and the creation of more railroads.

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- The application of Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society, holding that the fittest and the wealthiest should thrive and lead, the weak and the poor “deserve” their fate, and government action is unable to alter this “natural” process.

• first proposed by Charles Darwin with the purpose of stabilizing the economy and strengthening the nation

• Many saw this theory as unethical in practice. Richard Ely and John Dewey were two notable figures who opposed this principle.

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Group/People: Elected officials, Government employees, whiskey makers.
Definition: A group who defrauded the U.S. Treasury of excise taxes on whiskey.
Significance: Contributed to the nations awareness of Reconstruction.

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- Grant, Native Americans
- act that declared that Native Americans were not considered members of “sovereign nations”
- made it so that the U.S. did not have to establish treaties with Native Americans

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Important Historical Figures/People: The Panic of 1873 was caused by the bankruptcy of Jay Cooke, the Stock Exchange closing, mainly in New York.
Definition: A major economic downturn—launched when the country’s leading financier, Jay Cooke, went bankrupt— during which thousands lost their jobs and from which the country took years to recover.
Significance: The depression demonstrated the boom and bust cycle of the new economy and the degree to which railroads and banking connected all parts of the nation’s financial structure. Soon after, railroads were more closely paid attention to along with steamboats to help the exchange effort. Piracy of large business owners began.

-Nicole G

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Lt. Col. Custer against Sioux and Cheyenne Native Americans

Gold was found in Native territory, after Natives didn’t move to different reservations, Custer was sent with troops to enforce, but were outnumbered

“Custer’s Last Stand”

Most decisive Native victory in the Indian War

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B. Ignatius Donnelly
C. It was a US Supreme Court case in which the court upheld the power of state governments to regulate private industries that affect the common good.
D. It allowed the government to have control over private industries.

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B. Gus Harris
C. A strike in response to the cutting of wages for workers for the third time in a year at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.
D. It is important because it weakened the countrys commerce, but overall did very little because it resulted in riots - causing deaths and arrests.

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Person/Group: Sarah Mather and Richard Henry Pratt
Definition: A boarding school for Native American children opened in Carlisle, Pennsylvania to teach white ways and separate Indian Children from tribal culture.
Significance: Educated Native Americans although forced them to associate themselves with another culture.

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John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil Trust (1882)

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John D. Rockefeller & Standard Oil Trust (1882)

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Important Historical Figures/Groups: John D. Rockefeller, Henry Flagler and John. D Archold
Definition: The Standard Oil Trust established a trust to hold the securities of 41 investors and 40 corporations. The company of standard oil controlled almost all oil production in America, with its processing, marketing and transportation as well.
Significance: The aggressive buisiness strategy the Standard Oil company prompted hostinility towards monopolies, and further propelled the Sherman Antitrust act that prohibited such aggressive tactics in monopolies.

-Nicole G

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People felt threatened by Chinese immigrants taking jobs/opportunities

US legislation that stopped Chinese immigration unless they could prove they were a returning citizen or had useful skills/knowledge

Forbade naturalization

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)

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Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)

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- Congress
- reformed the spoils system by prohibiting government workers from making political contribution and created the Civil Service Commission to oversee their appointment on the basis of merit rather than politics
- protected federal employees from losing their job over their political ideas

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American Federation of Labor Founded 1886

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American Federation of Labor Founded 1886

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B. Samuel Gompers
C. A labor union that was founded by craft unions to provide support to workers.
D. It made safe and equitable workplaces and allowed workers to have aplace to speak up on the injustices in their places.

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People/Group: Albert Pearsons, August Spies
Definition: A strike, rally, and bombing that took place around Haymarket Square in Chicago in May 1886 as well as to the subsequent executions of four leaders of the incident.
Significance: Turned to the American Federation of Labor.

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Important Historical People/Figures: Henry L. Dawes and the Indians
Definition: An 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of most reservation land and allocating some parcels to individual Indians while the remainder was opened for white settlement
Significance: Since the federal government was now allowed to split tribal lands, the Indians would grow angry with the United States and would divide their culture even more than we already had.

-Nicole G

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Railroads became the first industry to be regulated by the federal government

Previously were private-sector monopolies that had high prices (harm small farmers especially who can’t afford transport)

Previous State regulations were ineffective

Set of guidelines: reasonable costs, no special prices/preferences, no discrimination between longer/shorter hauls, set up a Interstate Commerce Commission

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- William McKinley
- raised average duty on imports to almost 50%
- protected American industries from foreign completion

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Andrew Carnegie “Gospel of Wealth” (1889)

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Andrew Carnegie “Gospel of Wealth” (1889)

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- Andrew Carnegie
- Carnegie argues that extremely wealthy Americans had the responsibility to spooned their money in order to benefit the greater good
- overall advocated for helping the poor and closing the gap between the wealthy and poor

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Important Historical Figures/People: President Roosevelt, James J. bill, E. H. Harriman, Northern Securities.
Definition: The first federal antitrust measure passed in 1890; sought to promote economic competition by prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade or commerce.
Significance: This act would benefit small businesses and workers by encouraging competition and gaining them better working conditions in the future

-Nicole G

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Historical Groups/Figures: Participants in the women’s suffrage movement.
Definition: Before it was admitted as a state, territorial legislature in Wyoming granted the 1,200 women in the territory the right to vote. Wyoming became a state in 1890, also becoming the first state to grant women the right to vote.
Significance: Wyoming—first state to grant women the right of suffrage.

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People/Group: Lakata Sioux and US Army
Definition: A battle between the U.S. army and the Lakota Sioux.
Significance: It marked the definitive end of Indian resistance to the encroachments of white settlers.

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Jacob Riis’s “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)

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Jacob Riis’s “How the Other Half Lives” (1890)

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Documentation of living conditions in the slums of NYC

Caused legislation to help living conditions of poor/housing in low-income areas

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• The buffalo almost went extinct due to over hunting for their meat, hides and bones. By the late 1800s, there were only a few buffalo left.
• Westward expansion took a great toll on the buffalo as farming eliminated much of their habitat
• William F. Cody, also known as buffalo bill was a famous buffalo hunter who was believed to have killed over 4,000 buffalo.

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“Old” vs. “New” Immigrants from Europe (1890s-1914)

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“Old” vs. “New” Immigrants from Europe (1890s-1914)

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Historical Groups/Figures: Old immigrants—some Protestants; many Irish and German Catholics who came for economic reasons. New immigrants—from Southern and Eastern Europe, many coming for religious freedom.
Definition: Beginning in the 1890s and continuing to the outbreak of WWII in 1914, a new wave of immigrants came, most from Southern and Eastern Europe for religious freedom.
Significance: New immigrants tended to be unskilled workers who sought religious freedom—changed immigration throughout the nation.

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Forest Reserve Act 1891 & Forest Management Act 1897:

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Forest Reserve Act 1891 & Forest Management Act 1897:

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• introduced by President Roosevelt

• forest reserve:

◦ protected 172 million acres of timberland

◦ part of the Roosevelt conservation policy of conserving natural resources for the long term good of the public

• forest management:

◦ set federal govt. on the path of large-scale regulatory activities, developed the west in agriculture and economics

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Workers at Carnegie’s steel mill went on strike after having issues with how much they were bring paid.

Carnegie’s lieutenant, Frick offerd a cut in the salary and the workers union rejected the offer.

Frick shut down the plant, fired all workers and built a fence all around it.

Hired Pinkerton agents to protect.

A conflict between workers and agents resulted in 5-9 steelworkers killed and 3-10 pinkerton’s were killed.

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• republican- Benjamin Harrison, democrat- Grover Cleveland

• Cleveland won due to his strong support in the urban areas of the northeast and his appeal to those who suffered from the economic recession

• Cleveland’s victory was the first time a president won non-consecutive terms.

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Fredrick Jackson’s Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)

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Fredrick Jackson’s Turner’s Frontier Thesis (1893)

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Availability of land throughout american history was the determining factor in the development of the nation.

The strength of American identity was found in the frontier

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Economy completely collapsed

Terrible unemployment across the entire nation

Created large social divides between the poor and the wealthy

Showed the difference between those who were well off and not struggling and those who were.

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• George Pullman created Pullman, Illinois in order to keep his railroad employees out of industrial strife. They were provided with nicer schools and housing but were not permitted to consume alcohol. The workers went on strike because they were expected to pay full rent. 90% of the residents did not show up for work.

• The strike caused rail traffic to stop and the American Railway Union refused to use pullman cars.

• the company was created by George Pullman

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B. Homer Adolph Plessy, US Supreme Court, Justic Henry Billings Brown
C. The Supreme Court case that ultimately deemed separate but equal constitutional as long as both facilities are equal in quality.
D. This is important because it ensured the survival of the Jim Crow Laws in the south for a while.

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Farmers who sought economic equality to grant corporations and political access.

They were supporters of the democratic nominee, William Jennings Bryan in the 1896.

Jennings was campaigning on a platform of “free silver” which would increase inflation and reduce costs and debt to farmers.

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William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” speech (July 9, 1896)

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William Jennings Bryan “Cross of Gold” speech (July 9, 1896)

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B. William Jennings Bryan
C. Bryan wanted gold to be the standard of America to create inflation and help those in debt.
D. This address helped Bryan get the democratic presidential nomination and is considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history

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Historical Groups/Figures: William MicKinley—Republican candidate; WIlliam Jennings Bryan—Democratic candidate.
Definition: Election that took place during the Panic of 1893 in which William McKinley defeated William Jennings Bryan.
Significance: Ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System.

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Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” Speech 

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Booker T. Washington’s “Atlanta Compromise” Speech 

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Spoke about washington’s strangers of reaching racial equality.

Vocational training for african Americans

Education, learning and investing in oneself were major themes of his speech

This would prove the value of blacks to the american economy.

Primarily white audience