# data[].attributes.body
Learning Task:

Read the following and note how the writing differ from each other.

1. Death Warrants - Philippine Daily Inquirer -

Note:
This news was written by the writer in a very direct way. The words use does not hide under the bush. In addition, the way it was written is in a critical writing where it was written not just direct but in detailed.

https://opinion.inquirer.net/138563/death-warrants
(Links to an external site.)

2. PH losing P50B a year to illegal wildlife trade  -Read more:

Note:
The journal was divided into several parts. Each part were presented in a short paragraphs for the readers to little by little comprehend what the journal is trying to convey. It also used quotation to provide much better evidence to prve the reliability of the information.

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1155025/ph-losing-p50b-a-year-to-illegal-wildlife-trade#ixzz6pQBF68CL
(Links to an external site.)

3. Minneapolis police, protesters clash almost 24 hours after George Floyd's death in custody:

Note:
Similar with journal number two, this information was presented in parts - meaning, in several paragraphs, but compare to journal number two, the paragraph used in this piece of information are quite not short and not too long. It also used a number of images and quotation to provide and prove an effective and reliable news.

https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-police-marchers-clash-over-death-of-george-floyd-in-custody/570763352/

4. Why outbreaks like coronavirus spread exponentially, and how to “flatten the curve”:

Note:
The journal was presented not in a typical digital newspaper or article nor like a news website; It is presented here the writer is writing a blog. The writer also provides chart and moving illustrations to provide a better description for the journal. Furthermore, aside from it gives information, it also provide entertainment for its readers.

https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-police-marchers-clash-over-death-of-george-floyd-in-custody/570763352/
(Links to an external site.)

# data[].attributes.body
2013 - Mortality Rate by Age Group in the Philippines

The table is the result of the mortality rate of all causes by all age groups in the Philippines per 1,000 population for 2013. It is seen that the age of 70 yrs. and over remains to have the highest rate of mortality. This report has the purpose to inform, evaluate, contrast, and elucidate the result of mortality.

As we could see on the group bar chart, the age group that got the least mortality is between the age of 10 to 14 years old. This age is from middle childhood to young teens. The age group that got the highest result for mortality rate was between 70 years old and over. This age group is from middle-old to oldest-old.

Though the result of the past two paragraphs is obvious, we should also see the result of the age group Under 1 year - the result is quite high for that age group. It is very alarming. It even surpassed the mortality rate of age groups from 1 to 4 years old to 50 to 54 years old. The result Under 1 year may have the possibility of the result of injuries, babies' inborn health problems, and mother's health complications.

The result of the age group from 65 to 69 years old to 70 years old and over exhibits a result that got the highest among the other age group. This age group belongs to the elderly, middle-old to oldest old. This may be the cause of old aging and typical illness that under this age group mostly acquire.

To summarize everything, the age groups that got low mortality rates are from 1 to 4 years to 45 to 49 years old. In terms of the mid-result for mortality rate, Under 1 year of age got this position, while the highest mortality rate was from 50 to 54 years old to 70 years old Over.

In conclusion, the group bar chart was able to successfully exhibit the result of mortality by different ages in the Philippines for the year 2013. This result will help people to have an idea and to know and get educated about the important information regarding the mortality rate of Filipinos per 1,000 population linked to each age group.

# data[].attributes.body
5.3 Analysis of Travel Writing | Essay:

Where to find warrior queens, fairies, and castles in Scotland

By CONNOR MCGOVERN

Since when I was I kid, I always dreamt of going to a place that is something magical, historical, and naturally beautiful. I am always fond of this kind of places. Reading the story made by Connor McGovern, the feeling of being nostalgic comebacks into my mind despite of having a very stressful and busy schedule nowadays. This gives me excitement and dreaming again of going to such beautiful places like Scotland that was shared by McGovern.

The author of "Where to find warrior queens, fairies, and castles in Scotland" attempts to get the reader's attention by starting and ending his story filled with mysteries, magical, and factual information about Scotland. This effectively gives readers a sense of excitement and curiosity about the place being shared. It makes the readers imagine of them being in that place - like my self as a factual example, while reading this travel literature, it made me feel happy, excited, curious, and being imaginative about the place. I could say, that the author were able to get effectively the attention of his readers. Another, the author gives description of places in the Isle of Skye in Scotland, its history and its people. Also, some and various stories about legendary individual - like the Scottish warrior queen Scàthach, that maybe a true person or just the works of the mind and mythical creatures that surrounds the said place. The author gave a historico-geographical background information that gave its readers a view of the history, culture, beliefs, and geographical information that are true to the place and people's belief about the Isle of Skye in Scotland. These information provided by the author were enough for its readers to feel the excitement and curiosity about the place. The author describe the place of Isle of Skye in Scotland in a way were people will be very pleased and adore the place for being historical, magical, and absolutely beautiful. The author used quiet detailed of explaining nature, and infrastructure- like the hillside, castles, clouds, grass, lake,  coast, and the whole island. With the author being quiet detailed in explaining about things in Skye in Scotland, this will serve to enough for the entirety of the story. Another, the author were also able to share the quite detailed description about the people of Skye in Scotland. McGovern, describe its people as something who are still strongly believing to mystical stories and creatures, which became part of their culture and beliefs; the people where also describe in this literature who were considering their heritage - like Gath Duncan with his son, and also, people in Skye were also described as those who relate and make solutions to such unexplainable and unknown phenomena, events, or situations in linking them and or creating a mythological stories about it. The similarities between how the author explain the people and the location, the people of Isle of Skye in Scotland were describe in their ways of living, their culture, practices, and beliefs and history, quite similar with how the author explain the location - it was described with the help of its historical background before it was inhabited by people, like its physical and natural phenomena that are happening in Skye. The only difference between how the author explain and describe the people and its location was that, people have a very vast history which leads to the beautiful history of Skye, while the location (Isle of the Skye) where vastly describe in its geography and its nature. McGovern did not used any dialogue form his literature, instead, he used his opportunity to be creative as a writer. He used such creative words that can be usually seen in classical literature that are simple but impactful to its readers. This creates various feelings of curiosity, excitement, and much more. After reading this travel literature of McGovern. I realize that it is truly a kind of historico-geographical travel literature. It possess the characteristics of being a complete historico-geographical travel literature, which was added by images that intensifies the impact - giving a much wider information to its readers.

In conclusion, I realized that indeed, travel writing is such another way of experience for everyone to express their story and feelings through writing in a way where there is more freedom and self-expression for ones' travel experience. This enables everyone to express their love and appreciation to a place and as a traveler.

References:
Image/Picture (image taken by): Distor, Sheryl G. (2022). Afternoon Fog.

McGovern,C. (2021, April 1). Where to find warrior queens, fairies, and castles in Scotland. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/where-to-find-warrior-queens-fairies-castles-isle-of-skye-scotland

# data[].attributes.headline
5.2 Characteristics of Travel Literature

# data[].attributes.subject
5.2 Characteristics of Travel Literature

# data[].attributes.body
Writing About Travel Writing

In a Mini Van with a Stranger in Morocco

The story of "In a Mini Van with a Stranger in Morocco" is truly a beautiful and interesting story from a point of view of a traveler. It gives us hint or idea how every journey starts. This is how the writer of this story began his travel story. Chabon started his narrative describing that the main character of the story is riding a mini with a driver who reroute the way to their destination to a remote and very unfamiliar place. As we could observe the writer started his story with a mellow disturbance, which gives a realistic vibe of what a real traveler might experience during their journey. This also give its readers a suggestion of people and places you will meet in the process.

In the story, rhetorical devices such as Ethos, Pathos, and Logos are present. First is ethos, though the writer did not clear out if he himself is a traveler or he ask or interviewed someone while this story is under process, the actions and experiences of the  characters in the story were accurately presented as a real traveler in real-life experiences. This make an effective credibility of the story. There is a great possibility that people could relate and purely understand the story because - them as readers and viewers were also travelers or if not a traveler, maybe they visit some places where they experience short or long travel. The second rhetorical device is pathos, starting when the character of the story tell and share the ride experiences, the way he explain the places they have been, the family and other individuals, and the tone of every character in the narrative creates a different or various emotions that represents people with different characteristics. The pathos in the narrative creates an impact to its readers where they themselves could relate or they knew someone who have similar characteristics with the characters in the story. The third rhetorical device is logos. The writer does not included in his narrative that his story was based on research or evidence- but the fact that people or the readers could relate and understand every struggle and actions of each character in a context of travelling is a sign that logos is present in the narrative. In terms of embellishment  of text, indeed, it is present in the text. There are many parts of the text where some detailed action of characters were being described that may look like not that necessary for the narrative but creates impact and details to the story. As we try to profoundly comprehend the story, it is actually quite detailed which helps readers to make them feel like they are also in the story. In terms of the tone of the story, writer intends to write his narrative in a way where the main character is telling his travel experience in a tone of a person naturally and normally telling a story to someone that are not scripted.

The overall writing is very informative, because like what I have told on the first and second paragraph. The narrative is quite or so much to tell - very detailed, making the story more realistic. This also make me personally wanted to visit the place where the characters visited. In conclusion, the narrative made by Michael Chabon is an effective and beautiful story to share with everyone. Chabon were able to create a very creative story that will enjoy by many readers. The way Chabon write narrative could also inspire other people to travel and write to share their own story to the world.

Reference:
Photo/Image taken by: Distor, Sheryl G. (2022, July 27).   Clark Airport.

# data[].attributes.headline
5.1 Travel Literature (Pre-Discussion and Learning Task)

# data[].attributes.subject
5.1 Travel Literature (Pre-Discussion and Learning Task)

# data[].attributes.body
Pre-Discussion:
Characteristics (Textual and Non-Textual Features):

1. In a mini van with a stranger in Morocco
- Textual Features and Non-Textual Features

Though the article used one image, obviously, it is predominantly composed of text. The author used lexis of flowery and creative words as well as direct and indirect sentences that serves well for readers to enjoy reading it. The story is a work of imagination/fiction but it successfully invites its reader to be entertained.

2. No reservations Philippines (Part 1-4)
- Non-Textual Features

The video provided is purely a non-textual. Why? because first, the information was presented visually - it is a video.
Second, the sources of information came from people who have background knowledge and experience about the specific topic. Third and last is, it is an example and presentation of journalism, where it shares factual and opinionated information that are happening and true in real life.

3. Culture Ingested: Notes on the Indigenization of Food By Doreen Fernandez
- Non-Textual Features

The text is purely a non-textual, because it provides information that are only based on studies, factual and direct. The writer presented the note based on cultural and historical fact that are not easy to modified because it was engraved to people historical and cultural background. It does not give imaginative, flowery and indirect words, phrase, or sentences

4. "Why I love Italy"
- Textual and Non-Textual Features

This text is a combination of textual and non-textual features, for the author expresses his opinion in a flowery and creative way- attracting readers to travel as well to Italy. The writer also provides pictures and videos that adds to the entertainment and visual pleasure for readers and viewers. The article is a form of journalism.

5. Vietnam Lonely Planet
- Non-Textual Features

The note, text, and images in this article are considered to be part of  non-textual features. It simply provides text that are factual - like what to expect and the things that can be seen and experience in Vietnam. It is also provides images that will give readers and viewer a wider description of the subject/place (Vietnam) being talked about.

Learning Task
Now that you have learned the three general types of travel writing, how would you classify the examples given above?

1. Travel Guide (The Guide/Instructor) - this type of travel writing have purpose mainly for guiding and giving instructions to travelers of giving such information like 'how to go/visit this place', 'what to expect', and other travel instruction on a specific place.

2. Historico-geographical (The Educator) - This type of travel book educates traveler about the historical and geographical background of the place. It is more on studying and understanding the culture, various important events and happenings, and the physical structure of the place.

3.  Personal Discovery (The Illuminator) - This type of travel book have an intention to make travelers not just to understand the place where they travel but to discover and realize something new from themselves. This type of travel book helps travelers become one with the place and be and act like local. This makes travelers profoundly fell in love with the place. This also makes travelers understand and find what they really want as a traveler.

# data[].attributes.body
Learning Task 1

a. LANGUAGE: How would you characterize the lexis use? What about the structure of the language?

Answers:

Infographic 1: The  entirety of lexis used in Infographic one primarily used English language that are familiar and easy to understand words. Its purpose was for everyone to comprehend their message easily. Infographic one used medical, prevention, and safety related terms that are not overwhelming for its readers - with the intention to help and guide everyone from all ages. The first infographic is mainly and predominantly for instruction, safety, guidance, and prevention purposes.

Infographic 2: The majority of the second infographic are numerals; it also used Filipino language (Tagalog) to express their intention to readers. The usage and purpose of Filipino language (Tagalog) in second infographic was to take a better attention and understanding from its main and local readers (the Filipino community). Since the national language of the Philippines is Filipino, it is perfectly fit used local language in spreading of information, because many people (Filipinos) will understand and have interest with it. Though Filipinos were great speaker of English, we still need to consider that English language is Philippines' second language - meaning the majority prefer to use native language. The second infographic is mainly and predominantly for informing the people for updates and results of the past and current events - in relation to medical and health (Covid-19 epidemic).

b. IMAGES, CHARTS AND GRAPHS: Do the images clearly and appropriately convey the message being conveyed?

Answers:

Infographic 1: The first infographic used only three colors. Also, the infographic used illustrations to express their main purpose of giving instruction, preventions, guidance, and safety purposes. The usage of illustrations and images helps readers to easily know and understand the intention of the infographic and what it wanted to convey. Also people who will saw and read it will feel entertain and interested to the infographics because of images and illustrations rather than being bombarded and overwhelmed with many text and difficult medical terms.

Infographic 2: The second infographic does not used many images- in fact, it only put a very few of it. Though the presentation of second infographic has less usage of images, it did not look overwhelming for its readers because the way they used text and numbers where short and direct to its main purpose of information- meaning the information were summarize and it displayed what is only needed.

c. Colors: Do you think the colors chosen effectively catch the sustain attention of readers/viewers?

Answer:

The usage of colors from both presented infographics were absolutely able to effectively catch the readers and viewers attention. Similar with how the words and images where used on the two infographics - the colors were not overwhelming. The colors used are not too bright nor too dark, it is just right. The colors used are what we called solid colors, and this solid colors could function independently based on their purpose - like the popular usage of  colors red, blue, white, and yellow (these colors are also use for medical, health, and safety purposes - as well as the colors of lettering such as black and white). This colors could attract readers and viewer giving them hint what to expect from the infographics.

d. Captions: Do the captions match the images?

Answer:

Yes, it is. The caption of both two infographics matched the images as well as the messages it tries to convey from its readers and viewers. The caption played an important role for giving readers the first step of understanding the content of the infographic. Similar with the images- captions gives suggestions to its readers and viewers what to expect from the infographics - and the given examples of infographics in this activity provides it very well.

# data[].attributes.body
No quiz appeared.

# data[].attributes.body
Learning Task 2

Target: People who are already able and allowed to vote in the Philippines.

Create an infographic that aims to educate voters.  Decide who your target audience will be. Post your infographic in your Padlet.

Reference:

https://www.generationnation.org/documents/5_tips_for_being_an_active,_informed_voter.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3s69Z67j_vtS-7ZC8lGbjNNTes50BQEgBx6T8AKvH-0YyrPj1RSHWvy5Q

# data[].attributes.body
Activity ELS 104 - (2nd Term - MARCH 2023) NO Specific due date in 2023 (Due date not updated in Canvas)

- Survey the news that made  the front page of  two broadsheets /digital newspapers in the Philippines ( Philippine Star, Philippine Daily Inquirer,  Manila Standard, Manila Bulletin etc.) on the same date.

- Compare and contrast the news stories that appear in each.

- Evaluate whether these meet the criteria set by Gatlung & Ruge and Shoemaker.

- Present your findings in a matrix, clearly identifying the news story and the journalist. - Padlet

>MANILA BULLETIN
Frontpage:
Water crisis is real - PBBM

By: Betheena Unite
March 24, 2023
President Marcos stressed that many communities in the country have been under water crisis that an urgent step must be taken to address it. Speaking at the 6th Water Philippines Conference and Exposition on Thursday, March 23, Marcos reiterated that the country can tap several technologies to address the crisis.

Link: https://manilabulletin.pressreader.com/manila-bulletin/20230324/page/1/textview

> PHILIPPINE STAR
Frontpage:
Sugar regulator chief quits

By: Bella Cariaso
March 24, 2023
Agri group bucks sale of smuggled sugar Administrator David John Thaddeus Alba of the Sugar Regulatory Administration (SRA) has resigned amid the controversial importation of 440,000 metric tons of sugar.

Link: https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/03/24/2254073/sugar-regulator-chief-quits

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
BROADSHEET SURVEY - 43 LEARNING TASK NEWSWORTHINESS OF EVENTS pdf

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
ATTACK AGAINST JOURNALISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES (Group Revised Infographics)

# data[].attributes.body
Group Members
Balisong, Shalou A.
Distor, Sheryl G.
Focasan, Tyrelwes Brent T.
Viernes, Jescilly Nils P.

# data[].attributes.body
TOPIC: Violence Against Journalists (Philippines)

Group Members:
Balisong, Shalou A.
Distor, Sheryl G.
Focasan, Tyrelwes Brent T.
Viernes, Jescilly Nils P.

References:

CMFR Staff. (2018, November 2023). THE STATE OF PHILIPPINE MEDIA: Relentless Attacks And Threats Online, On Ground, Across the Nation. https://cmfr-phil.org/press-freedom-protection/attacks-and-threats-against-the-media/the-state-of-philippine-media-relentless-attacks-and-threats-online-on-ground-across-the-nation/

SILLIMAN UNIVERSITY (2023). Violent Attacks Still Threaten Filipino Journalists - AIJC Report. https://su.edu.ph/violent-attacks-still-threaten-filipino-journalists-aijc-report/

World Report 2023: Rights trends in Philippines. Human Rights Watch. (2023, January 20). Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/Philippines

Conde, C. H. (2022, October 5). Killing of Radio Journalist in Philippines Adds to Grim Toll. https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/10/05/killing-radio-journalist-philippines-adds-grim-toll#:~:text=National%20and%20local%20officials%20have,laureate%20Maria%20Ressa%2C%20with%20violence.

CMFR CENTER FOR MEDIA FREEDOM & RESPONSIBILITY. (n.d.). Press Freedom Watch. https://cmfr-phil.org/flagship-programs/freedom-watch/

unesco. (2021). UNESCO observatory of killed journalists - Philippines. https://en.unesco.org/themes/safety-journalists/observatory/country/223790

# data[].attributes.body
Arta Language
(also) YouTube link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBSykx3Bj0Q

Group Members:
Balisong, Shalou A.
Distor, Sheryl G.
Focasan, Tyrelwes Brent T.
Viernes, Jescilly Nils P.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Ma'am the activity under 2.2 Distinguishing Fact, Opinion, Belief, and Prejuduce - Learning Task 2 is not available (Page Not Found)

# data[].attributes.headline
2.2 Distinguishing Fact, Opinion, Belief, and Prejudice

# data[].attributes.subject
2.2 Distinguishing Fact, Opinion, Belief, and Prejudice

# data[].attributes.body
Learning Task 2:
Learning Task 2
Read the text, then answer the question here.

The Dead End of Animal Research
Kathy Archibald

Despite persistent lobbying for animal testing, the evidence shows it is of little use in developing medicines for humans.

In his Guardian article of mice and medicine, AlokJha poses the question: "If a treatment works on rodents, will it cure us?" Although he acknowledges that mice have some limitations, his response to the question is basically "yes".

This is the image that Understanding Animal Research – cited as a source for the article – is keen to promote: that while laboratory animals are not perfect model humans, they are invaluable nonetheless. It should be noted that this organization is not a charity, as stated, and is funded by the pharmaceutical industry to lobby exclusively for animal research.

My answer to the question "If a treatment works on rodents, will it cure us?" is "probably not, based on the weight of evidence to date". Cancer is a good example: former director of the US National Cancer Institute, Dr. Richard Klausner lamented: "We have cured mice of cancer for decades, and it simply didn't work in humans." Aids is another: while at least 80 vaccines work in animals, all 80 have failed in human trials. Similarly, every one of more than 150 stroke treatments successful in animals has failed in human testing. A study in the British Medical Journal found that animal tests accurately predict human response less than 50% of the time.

What other area of science with such a poor track record would be promoted as indispensable? The truth is that animal research is a costly distraction from the real business of medical progress. Most medical breakthroughs are made in human studies, although animal research usually takes the credit. For example, deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease was pioneered in humans, not monkeys, as frequently claimed.

The key to curing human disease is to study human, rather than animal biology – as highlighted for me by my experience as a patient with a pancreatic tumor. During my treatment, researchers announced that the pancreas differs so dramatically between rodents and humans that research in animals is futile: future studies must be human based.

Leading scientists agree that the best model for human drug development is human beings. At a recent international conference, they showcased a breathtaking array of technologies to develop medicines in a human context. These state-of-the-art techniques promise to reduce the tragic toll of adverse drug reactions, which hospitalize 1 million Britons and kill more than 10,000 every year.

Safety tests on animals are still required by the government, although they have never been compared with the latest human biology-based methods. Many MPs agree that it is time they were. A cross-party group of MPs has launched the Safety of Medicines (Evaluation) Bill 2009, calling on the government to conduct that comparison. Anyone who would like to see animal tests put to the test should ask their MP to sign Early Day Motion 569: Safety of Medicines. We must move safety testing into the 21st century, for all our sakes.

# data[].attributes.headline
2.1 Non-Fiction Text Features and Structures

# data[].attributes.subject
2.1 Non-Fiction Text Features and Structures

# data[].attributes.body
Learning Task 1:

HOW WEATHER HAS CHANGED WORLD HISTORY
(Adapted from National Geographic Learning)

1. What is the topic of the essay?

The topic of the given article is how the weather can greatly affect and change not just individuals but the world history.

2. What is the writer’s thesis?

The writer's claim is:
The weather plays an important role in the history of the world.

3. What is the cause that the writer describes in the essay?

According to the writer, because of the weather's influence, it lead the world history to massive shifts or changes from its first and original path.

4. What are some of the effects that the writer describes?

The writer describes:
- Japan might be the colony of Mongolia if there is no interruption of rainy storm during monsoon season.

- Without the interruption dense fog, it is absolutely possible that the United States is a colony of United Kingdom until now.

- The country of Russia and its people might have acquired French language of France if Napoleon Bonaparte has successfully invaded Russia; But because of an intense winter snow, it did not happen.

5. Write one detail that strongly supports the thesis statement.

One detail that strongly supports the author's thesis statement is the fact that the histories that was shared in the given article are historical fact- meaning it happened in real life and the details of its story including the weather that affect those historical events are a very strong support to the author's thesis statement that- truly, weather can affect not just individuals but also our world history.

6. How is this essay organized?
(a) focus-on-causes method or (b) focus-on-effects method

In my opinion, the essay was organized on focus-on-effects method. Why? Though the author has introduced readers to 'weather' as the main topic- the essay primarily focuses and continued the cycle of telling the effects of weather to world history.

7. Can you think of any information that the author should have included to make the message of the essay stronger?

In my opinion, the middle and the ending part of the essay has provide enough information that will satisfy its readers. The only thing that I want the author to include or add is to even more expound the introduction part because in my opinion, the essay will attract and will build more excitement to its reader if the author added more flowery words to it which will also give readers a hint of what is going to happen next in the essay.

# data[].attributes.body
LANGUAGE

Guide Questions:

1. What do you think are the key words in the definition of language in the video clip?

Answer:
Key Words:
- Innate
- Acquired
- Brain
- Sounds
- Development
- Observation
- Understanding/ Comprehension
- Meaning
- Communicate
- Receptive

2. How does one acquire a language?

Answer:
One acquire language through exposure and observation to the medium that can provide language learning to an individual.

For example:
A child (boy) who always his parents talking. In that way, the child were able to observe and have exposure to the language or to the environment were language is present. The medium of the child that provide his language exposure and observation is his parents.

Similar with what Kanzi did, he has an exposure and an opportunity to observe from his mother- while his mother is working and learning the English language.

3. How is  human language different from animal language?

Answer:
Human language is more diverse and structured than animal language. This the reason why humans have the ability to communicate well, express their thoughts, emotions, and feelings in various ways and the ability to analyze the functions of words, phrases, and sentences. While, animal language only have a limited access in terms of expressing everything in terms of their feelings, emotions, and communication. It is not as diverse and well-structured as to humans.

4. What are the characteristics of a language? What are its elements?

Answer:

Characteristics of Language:
(based on the video provided)
(based on my understanding)

- It is a social tool
- It is creative/ exploring the function of language
- Language have standard/ it is conventional
- Language is arbitrary
- Language is methodical
- Language is rich
- Language is distinctive
- language is articulative

Elements of Language:
(based on the video provided)
(based on my background knowledge)

(according to video)
- Phonemes
- Morphemes
- Grammar

(background knowledge - other elements of language)
- Syntax
- Phonology
- Pragmatics
- Intensifier
- Semantic
- Vocabulary
- Tag Questions
- Word
- Lexicon
- Morphology

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
2 4 Identifying Parts of a Problem Solution Text

# data[].attributes.headline
2.4 Identifying Parts of a Problem Solution Text

# data[].attributes.subject
2.4 Identifying Parts of a Problem Solution Text

# data[].attributes.body
India's Massive Deprivation

India is a great country full of rich culture and history. Around the world, India was known for giving great values and beliefs to their cultural and religious values. For many of us, this is what we generally know about India. What about its people? What do we know about them? It is true that sometimes, the beautiful are the ones we only see in society, but what about its adverse side?- the massive poverty and its factors paralyze India's dominant social hierarchy.

As we all know, India is one of the leading countries that holds the record of having a massive population of poor citizens. According to TRACKS- a travel channel that creates documentaries about culture and society, In the Indian states, more than 410 million are in poverty condition (TRACKS, 2020, 1:14). As attested by the same source, TRACKS- one of the primary culprits is the Indian Caste System (TRACKS, 2020, 2:17), where many Indians believed there's a social hierarchy to follow inside a specific society. Those in the lowest ranking shall be called the 'untouchables'. A person who is born into a poor family is considered as one of the untouchables that receive a different treatment from society- especially from those who come from the higher rankings. Another problem that causes massive poverty in India is gender discrimination (TRACKS, 2020, 12:05). According to United Nations' global statistics, women are one of the world's poorest people. Out of ten women, seven are poor (TRACKS, 2020, 12:07). According to TRACKS, this global statistics by the UN reflects the clear reality of woman in India. Many women in India are experiencing gender inequality and discrimination that affects the way they progress as individuals and the society they belong. The last factor that primarily causes poverty in India is corruption (TRACKS, 2020, 11:05). According to Washington-based non-profit global financial integrity, there 400 billion dollars were stolen (TRACKS, 2020, 11:17) and lost in India because of corruption. According to TRACKS, tax evasion tops the source of corruption in India. Second is graft, and third is bribery. This specific act of corruption in India causes a massive impact on the cause of India's poverty problem.

As I said earlier, Caste System acts as one of the primary factors of India's poverty. Why? Because of the Caste system running in Indian society, there is never-ending discrimination and marginalization (ENDEVR, 2023, 20:02). As mentioned by TRACKS, because of the Caste system, many Indians who were in the 'untouchable' social hierarchy were treated as an outcast in society. They were viewed as impure and dirty and not worthy of good opportunities and ownership (TRACKS, 2020, 2:31). They were also prejudiced in Indian society.  As we could observe, this caused deprivation, because the 'untouchable' were excluded from society. They were deprived of many opportunities that could help them to get away from poverty. Instead of having a good life, they are pushed back to a deeper poverty life. Another factor of poverty in India is gender discrimination against women. According to TRACKS, because of this reason, women in India are denied inheritance, ownership, and land rights (TRACKS, 2020, 12:18) . As we see, women have many good things to contribute to society which could also help them to express and develop themselves; but they were deprived of exercising it. The last factor which causes massive poverty in India is corruption; because of such problems as grafting, tax evasion, and bribery, the poor people were robbed of the things and other resources that could help them and could also prevent them from drowning in poverty (TRACKS, 2020, 11:10).

In conclusion, India is a great country full of aspiring opportunities, but these opportunities are cast aside due to various factors contributing to poverty. An effort by Indian authorities strives to wipe out all these primary factors of poverty. These could also mean the depletion of poverty and hope for a diaspora of cultivation.

References:

Image

Sharma. Y. (2022). A Boy in Orange Shirt Hanging Decoration on Metal Bar [Photograph]. (n.s.n.), Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-boy-in-orange-shirt-hanging-decoration-on-metal-bar-10742870/

Videos

TRACKS. (2020, December 31). Tackling Poverty In India | IMPACT | Stories of Asia | TRACKS.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0K218WpJb2I

ENDEVR. (2023, January 18). Super-Rich & Surrounded by Poverty: India's New Billionaires | ENDEVR Documentary.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWfFD4DiUiA

(no direct quotations, paraphrasing or summarization involved in this essay)
(This essay is based on my own reflection and understanding about the said source/reference/information/topic)

# data[].attributes.body
The Consequences of Electronically-Mediated Communication

Brief:

Context:
An internationally renowned author and linguist, David Crystal has written a book, published and appeared under OpenMind of BBVA group books and website and sold online under TurnerLibros as 'Change: 19 Keys Essays on How the Internet Is Changing Our Lives- by which this article came. Crystal intends to write this article for everyone, but specifically for language students to gain a deeper understanding of the effect of Electronically-Mediated Communication on our world. His argument was written in 2014 when our society was on the verge of innovation and technology in communication. This article talks about the current and increasing effects of Electronically-mediated communication in our languages today.

Summary of the Argument:

Claim 1: Language is a diverse communication tool, but Electornically-mediated communication is too.

Reason:
Electronically-mediated communication has many different mediums to offer an individual to communicate not just orally or written but electronically.

Evidence:
People proffer to utilize applications, social media, websites, and other electronic devices to communicate.

Claim 2: Electronically-mediated communication lacks the sense of human expressions.

Reason:
Electronically-mediated communication cannot express an authentic human expression that helps understand the emotions of each individual.

Evidence:
Electronically-mediated lacks human expression, and that causes misunderstanding between individuals.

Claim 3: Electronically-mediated communication cannot replace the discipline of language.

Reason:
Electronically-mediated communication is lacking in the traditional practice of expressing a language.

Evidence:
Electronically-mediated communication uses shortcuts and cannot express particular grammatical and other linguistic disciplines compared to communicating it orally or in written form.

Claim 4: Electronically-mediated communication can hide someone’s identity.

Reason:
Contrasting to the traditional way of expressing an individual's thought- like an author who cannot hide his identity; Electronically-mediated communication is different. It set no boundaries. People who use technology can conceal their identity if they want to.

Evidence:
On the internet, individuals can hide their identities- this can cause the creation of false identities and other risks to different people.

Claim 5: Electronically-mediated communication will become the future primary tool of communication.

Reason:
The use and creation of new technology are increasing every year.

Evidence:
As years pass by, the exposure of many individuals is rapidly growing.

References:

Crystal, D. (2014). The Internet: Changing the Language.  https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/the-internet-changing-the-language/

(n.a.). (n.d.). Change: 19 Key Essays on How the Internet Is Changing Our Lives.
https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/books/19-key-essays-on-how-internet-is-changing-our-lives/

# data[].attributes.headline
2.2 Reading Brief 1 (Summary) and 2.3 Reading Brief 2

# data[].attributes.subject
2.2 Reading Brief 1 (Summary) and 2.3 Reading Brief 2

# data[].attributes.body
2.2 Reading Brief 1

The Consequences of Electronically-Mediated Communication

Summary of the Article:

An internationally renowned author and linguist, David Crystal has written a book, published and appeared under OpenMind of BBVA group books and website and sold online under TurnerLibros as 'Change: 19 Keys Essays on How the Internet Is Changing Our Lives- by which this article came. Crystal intends to write this article for everyone, but specifically for language students to gain a deeper understanding of the effect of Electronically-Mediated Communication on our world. His argument was written in 2014 when our society was on the verge of innovation and technology in communication. This article talks about the current and increasing effects of Electronically-mediated communication in our languages today.  As for Crystal, his argument explains that such changes in our society primarily come from our modernization and technology today. There are many changes where the essence of communication- specifically the languages of everyone worldwide was affected by it. The said changes made by Electronically-mediated communication have affected every way of a person's usage of language and communication. It is like manual to technological utilization. In Crystal’s article, such advancement could have both positive and negative effects on each individual.

Based on Crystal’s article, I saw five primary claims and reasons down with evidence about the increasing impact of Electronically-mediated communication on everyone. Crystal claims that Electronically-mediated communication has offered us a diverse way of communication as an aggressive medium for the traditional way of language and communication. It shows that human beings are not limited to the traditionally diversified methods of communication but can also expand to electronically-mediated ways. Another claim is the lacking of human expression that causes a lease authenticity and understanding of an individual’s emotions because of the said new ways of communication. Another claim from the article of Crystal is the authentic and irreplaceable traditional language discipline that Electronically-mediated communication cannot express. It also enables everyone to hide their identity without boundaries and do whatever users prefer. Here shows that it pleases each user's pleasure to do what they choose to execute- leading to an enormous possibility that Electronically-mediated communication results as the primary tool of communication that could affect our languages. In conclusion, the article is convincing that it is a fact that technological advancement has gradually changed the way people communicate- specifically the usage of language. As we try to observe our current society, this is happening today. Technological or electronic advancement has many positive and negative impacts on our community, communication, language, and us as individuals.

2.3 Reading Brief 2:

The Effective and Creative Usage of Multimodal in Language Teaching

Context:

This reading brief draws from the article created by Laney Kennedy. The article was published on August 17, 2020- on the Prodigy Education website. Laney Kennedy's article intends to highlight the significant usage and effects of multimodal in general and for language and communication teaching.

Summary of the Argument:

Claim 1: The application of different teaching practices is significant in teaching for the successful application of knowledge to students.

Reason:
Every student has a different way of learning and acquiring knowledge.

Evidence:
Some students might have the strength to learn visually, but some learners might see it as a struggle to comprehend knowledge.

Claim 2: Multimodal learning is much more effective and beneficial to all students.

Reason:
Through multimodality learning, students can hone their skills, abilities, and knowledge.

Evidence:
According to Cisco's research, students have developed in learning through the multimodal learning application. Language students – like students of the English language can develop better writing skills through multimodality learning.

Claim 3: If needed, take the opportunity to use different mediums- like digital networks to educate learners.

Reason:
It is significant to teach and give activities in a creative way where students and teachers will gain active participation in a healthy and stress-free classroom environment.

Evidence:
According to Statista, children or students nowadays are much exposed to their gadgets- like smartphones. Through a digital platform, teachers could have a closer learning interaction with their students.

Summary of the Article:

This reading brief draws from the article created by Laney Kennedy. The article was published on the 17th of August 2020 on the Prodigy Education website. Laney Kennedy’s article intends to highlight the significant usage and effects of multimodal in general and for language and communication teaching. The article by Laney Kennedy was entitled ‘What Is Multimodal Learning? 35 Strategies and Examples to Empower Your Teaching. Kennedy’s article was published under Prodigy Education headquartered in London, Ontario, Canada which focuses on the better learning of students in English and Math subjects. Kennedy's arguments explain that there are always unique ways people or students do effectively learn. No one can educate in one specific practice of teaching and learning. In learning, as human beings, we all have unique strengths and weaknesses. Some people may learn interactively, but some are not. Why? Because they have different strategies for learning. Furthermore, this shows that multimodality learning is needed to assist the learning ability of every student.

Laney Kennedy’s article argued that different teaching methods should be applied because every student has unique strengths in learning and acquiring knowledge. Other students’ strengths might be others' weaknesses as well. Another claim from Kennedy is multimodal learning is much more effective and beneficial for students because it can hone their skills, abilities, and knowledge while also allowing them to discover new understandings to become much better students. From the additional information from Cisco’s research, students and learners have improvements in learning development through the application of multimodality learning. The third and last claim of Kennedy is the advantage of taking the opportunity to use mediums that are beneficial for both students and teachers- like the digital platform usage that could add to the creativity of the learning environment. According to Statista, since most students are on display to technological devices, such as smartphones, teachers can use this as the opportunity to reach out to learners and provide them new learning environment. In conclusion, as we go through our lives, we must always consider consistently learning new things; and to support our continual and fruitful learning, various educational tools and a healthy environment is significant. Because we have different ways of learning and acquiring knowledge- also, our society is changing and introducing new understandings.

References:

David Crystal’s article:
Crystal, D. (2014). The Internet: Changing the Language.
https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/articles/the-internet-changing-the-language/

(n.a.). (n.d.). Change: 19 Key Essays on How the Internet Is Changing Our Lives.
https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/books/19-key-essays-on-how-internet-is-changing-our-lives/

2.3 Reading Brief 2:
Kennedy, L. (2020, August 17). What Is Multimodal Learning? 35 Strategies and Examples to Empower Your Teaching.
https://www.prodigygame.com/main-en/blog/multimodal-learning/?fbclid=IwAR3MNBsZ1np9DVGFpYSL4UNS1sCSXWgbATXJKMqvAmwr9ZrPCQID1s4yAL8

(n.a.). (n.d.). Prodigy Education.                              https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/prodigy-game