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See the structure of DNA. Image by Madeleine Price Ball (Madprime) in the Wikimedia Commons

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This online quiz is called Protein Synthesis Labeling. It was created by member mbrawley and has 11 questions.

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DNA replication is when DNA makes an exact copy of itself for a new cell. You may need a new cell because your cells are dividing, you're growing, to replace old or worn out cells, bone regrowth, concussions or bruises, or cuts/blisters and wounds.

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Double helix structure (looks like twisted ladder).

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Needs 1 primer then builds continuously.

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Builds in discontinuous segments called Okazaki fragments. Also called the "scumbag strand".

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Deoxyribose sugar and phosphates makeup the outsides.

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The "rungs" of the ladder are made of nitrogen bases bonded together with hydrogen bonds.

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Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and are made up of a single phosphate, sugar, and nitrogen base.

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In the DNA structure there are 2 different bonds at work. Hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds. Hydrogen bonds connect 2 nitrogen bases together. Covalent bonds attach sugar and phosphates together.

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There are only 4 nitrogen bases and they only match up with one other base. A pairs up with T, and G pairs up with C.

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Purine bases are the bigger bases that have 2 c-n rings. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purine bases.

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Pyrimidine Bases are smaller bases with only 1 c-n ring. Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) are pyrimidine bases.

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Are given credit for figuring out the structure of DNA. Watson and Crick, along with another scientist named Wilkins, were given a Nobel Prize in 1962 for their achievement.

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Spent countless hours being exposed to radiation to capture x-ray pictures of DNA. Eventually she produced Photo 51, a clear picture showing the structure of DNA. Before publishing her work, she does the math behind the positioning of everything in the structure, but it's too late because Watson and Crick had published their work just before she had.

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Unwinds and unzips the DNA by breaking through the hydrogen bonds.

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Creates an RNA primer so DNA Polymerase knows where to start.

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-matches correct nucleotides together
-proofreads
-rids of RNA primer
-on both strands

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Acts as glue and "glues" Okazaki fragments together.

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-Form only on the Lagging strand
-Segments that DNA polymerase has worked on
-Need to be connected

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The carbons on the deoxyribose sugar are numbered. The DNA strands are anti-parallel, meaning the 5' and 3' are pointing in opposite directions. DNA only forms in the 5' -> 3' direction, which causes the lagging strand to occur.

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-Single stranded binding protein
-Holds both sides of DNA apart
-At replication fork

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Helicase unzips the DNA and RNA polymerase pairs RNA nucleotides correctly. Only forms on one side in the 5' -> 3' direction.

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-Happens first
-When mRNA (single stranded) is made from DNA strand

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-mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
-Ribosome reads mRNA and assembles the amino acid chain

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-shaped like a "clover"
-has anti-codons that pair up with the mRNA's codons
-carries specific amino acid at the top the correspond with an mRNA codon

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-20 amino acids in total
-amino acid chains make up proteins
-multiple specific codons code for 1 amino acid

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-group of 3 bases
-Codon: mRNA, U replaces T
-Anti-codon: tRNA, T also replaced, opposite codon

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-Ribosome scans for the start codon before it can begin to make the amino acid chain
-Only 1 start codon: AUG
-AUG codes for the amino acid Methionine.

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-Ribosome reads mRNA strand until it reaches 1 of 3 different stop codons
-UAA, UAG, UGA

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-Form between amino acids
-Very strong bonds

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Proteins make up just about everything about us. From our hair to our muscles. Without proteins we wouldn't be who we are.

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A permanent DNA change caused by mutagens.

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-None
-Beneficial
-Genetic disorder (bad)
-Cancer (also bad)

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-Can affect an entire chromosome
-Cells could have and extra or missing chromosome

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1) Gene mutation (small)
2) Chromosome mutation (big)

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-point mutation: 1 base changed (ex: sickle cell)
-frame shift: 1 base added or subtracted

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They have no effect because the amino acid didn't change.

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Ex:
-Mutations in bacteria that allow them to become antibiotic resistant
-Humans being able to digest dairy

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Extra chromosome: Downs syndrome
Missing: Turner's syndrome (missing sex chromosome)

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-Happens because 1 single base changed
-Causes mainly lungs and other digestive organs to fill with thick mucus

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-When red blood cells are misshapen
-Often described as extremely painful like all of your arteries and veins are being scratched out