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The celts Came to britain in the Iron Age in 1000 BC.

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The celts Came to britain in the Iron Age in 1000 BC.

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*They mixed with the indigenous inhabitants, creating a new culture: BRONZE AGE.

*They built the monument of Stonehenge: the most famous and sophisticated prehistoric stone circle in the world.

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The Romans came to Britain in 43 AD and they didn't leave until almost four hundred years later.

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The Romans came to Britain in 43 AD and they didn't leave until almost four hundred years later.

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They brought the skills of

reading and writing.

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The Roman legions couldn’t stop the Germanic groups invading from the south either. They found it more and more difficult to stop the raiders from crossing Hadrian's wall and the following year Rome itself fell to raiders.

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With the Romans vacated, the Celtic tribes started warring with each other again, and they had the (not so smart) idea to request help from some of the Germanic tribes from the North of present-day Germany and Denmark. These were the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who arrived to the island for help, but when the fighting ceased, the Germanic tribes did not, as expected by the Celts, return to their homeland. In fact, they felt strong enough to seize the whole of the country for themselves, which they ultimately did, pushing back all the Celtic tribes to Wales, and founding their respective kingdoms of Kent, Sussex, and Anglia. They brought Christianity to the Island.

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The Vikings: In the latter half of the 9th century

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The Vikings: In the latter half of the 9th century

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the Norse people from Scandinavia began to invade Europe. Towards the end of the 10th century, the Danes invaded the Northeast of England, and founded a new kingdom: Danelaw.

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This time, French became the official language, and remained that way until 1362, a short time after the beginning of the Hundred Years' War with France. English nevertheless remained the language of the populace, and the fusion of English with French and Latin evolved into the modern English we know today.

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The kingdoms that followed were in the habit of fighting for the throne in these centuries.

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The English royals that followed William I had the infamous habit to fight for the throne. William's son, William II was killed while hunting, although it is widely
believed that he was in fact murdered so that William's second son, Henry, could become king. Henry I's succession was also fraught with agitation, with his
daughter Matilda and her cousin Stephen (grandson of William I) starting a civil war for the throne. Although Stephen won, it was Matilda's son that succeeded to
the throne, becoming Henry II. After a brief rule of different kings, a peace-loving person arrived to power: Henry
VI, he inherited the throne at age one and was to have a big troubled reign. The regent lost most of England’s possessions in France to a 17-year-old girl (Joan
of Arc) and in 1455 the Wars of the Roses (a big civil war) broke out getting him out of power.
Edward V came after him only to reign for one year since he was locked in the Tower of London by his evil uncle, Richard III. In 1485, Henry Tudor, the halfbrother of Henry VI, defeated Richard III in a Battle and became Henry VII,
founder of the House of Tudor.

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Henry VIII is best known for his six wives. Most British school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: “Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived”.
Henry’s driving desire for a male heir was to lead him to divorce two wives and have two wives beheaded: it led to religious revolution and the creation of the Church of England, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the Reformation. The decisions that Henry made during his reign were to shape modern Britain.

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Mary I, a staunch Catholic, intended to restore Roman Catholicism to England, executing over 300 religious dissenters in her 5-year reign (which owned her the nickname of Bloody Mary). She died childless of ovarian cancer in 1558, and her half-sister Elizabeth ascended to the throne.

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Her reign was also marked by conflicts with France and Scotland, and later Spain and Ireland. She never married, and when Mary Stuart (her Scottish cousin) tried and failed to take over the throne of England, Elizabeth kept her imprisoned for 19 years before finally signing her act of execution. Elizabeth died in 1603, and ironically, Mary Stuart's son, James VI of Scotland, succeeded her as King James I of England—thus creating the United Kingdom.

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The Stuart era began when James I succeeded Elizabeth I, since the last Tudor queen had died childless in 1603. The Stuart dynasty reigned in England and Scotland from 1603 to 1714, a period which saw a fast development of the culture but also a fast instability, of plague, fire and war. It was an age of intense religious debate and radical politics. Queen Anne was the last of the Stuarts. She died in 1714.

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The Industrial Revolution marked a period of development in the latter half of the XVIII century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones. This process began in Britain and from there spread to other parts of the world.

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The government consisted of a constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Victoria. Only the nobility could rule. Other politicians come from the aristocracy. The system was criticized as favoring the upper classes, and during the late 18th century philosophers and writers began to question the social status of the nobility. Society in the Victorian era was exacerbated with moralism and discipline, with rigid prejudices and severe prohibitions. The Victorians could be classified as "puritans" highlighting at the time the values of savings, the desire for work, the extreme importance of morality, the duties of faith and Sunday rest as values of great importance.

Men dominated the scene both in public spaces and in privacy, women adjusted to private places, with a status of submission and care for their children and home.

Conditions such as laziness were linked to excesses and poverty to vice.

As for the novelty at the time, society had abandoned rurality: in 1851 and for the first time in history, the inhabitants of the cities surpassed the rural ones

The everyday image of the Victorian era is that of a bourgeois and proletarian society. The English bourgeoisie called itself the middle class, bordering on the upper class, which was the nobility and the great aristocrats with renowned families.

As for the common middle class and the lower middle class, they will try to emulate the upper class by being small shopkeepers and businessmen, doctors, lawyers, merchants.

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The 20th century saw two world wars catalyze enormous social change across the country, including dramatic enhancements in health and education. The First World War brought the front line to the civilian population. Zeppelin and aircraft raids targeted London and other towns on the east coast. The wartime
state extended its control over peoples’ lives in an unprecedented way, with conscription, increased taxation and censorship. Over 1.6 million women replaced men in the workplace. Country houses were used as hospitals and convalescent homes for wounded soldiers.
Britain entered World War Two because of Germany invading Poland and it had been extraordinarily costly for them. In 1945 the country was exhausted and devastated. Aerial bombardment had destroyed many British cities, and there were major shortages of goods and labour for the rebuilding of the country.

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In 1951, the health of King George VI entered into a serious decline, finally dying on February 6, 1952. Elizabeth (his eldest daughter), was now the new queen of England at the age of 25. The first three months of her reign, the period of full mourning for her father, were passed in comparative seclusion. But in the summer, after she had moved from Clarence House to Buckingham Palace, she undertook the routine duties of the sovereign and carried out her first state opening of Parliament on November 4, 1952. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953.

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In the 21st century, people in Britain enjoyed a higher standard of living than ever
before in history. Beginning in the latter part of the first decade of the 21st century, the public standing of the royal family rebounded, and even Charles’s 2005 marriage to Camilla Parker Bowles found much support among the British people.
In 2012 Elizabeth celebrated her “Diamond Jubilee,” marking 60 years on the throne. On September 9, 2015, she surpassed Victoria’s record reign of 63 years and 216 days.

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Brexit is the name given to the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union. It is a combination of Britain and exit.

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The UK voted to leave the EU in 2016 and officially left the trading bloc - its nearest and biggest trading partner - on 31 January 2020. Calling it the BREXIT.

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On 8 September 2022, Elizabeth II died of old age at Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, at the age of 96. Her death was publicly announced at 18:30.

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As King Charles III’s reign is undergoing, the role of the monarchy in modern
Britain is under renewed scrutiny. Supporters argue that the monarchy provides
a sense of national identity and stability, but critics insist it is an outdated
institution that perpetuates elitism and inequality within British society.

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At the moment the Queen died, the throne passed immediately and without ceremony to the heir, Charles, the former Prince of Wales.

He becomes a monarch at the age of 73. But there are a number of practical - and traditional - steps which he must go through to be crowned King.

Who is Charles?

Charles was born at Buckingham Palace on 14 November 1948. He was 4 years old when his mother was crowned as Queen Elizabeth II.

Instead of being tutored at the palace, his education was in school. He attended Hill House in West London, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire and Gordonstoun in Eastern Scotland.

In 1969, at the age of 20, he was invested by the Queen as Prince of Wales at Caerfarnon Castle. Before the investiture, the then prince learnt Welsh at University College of Wales in Aberystwyth.

Family life

He married Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981 at St. Paul's Cathedral in London. From that marriage they had two sons: Prince William, born on 21 June 1982; and Prince Harry, born on 15 September 1984.

Their marriage was dissolved on 28 August 1996, although The Princess of Wales continued to live at Kensington Palace and to carry out her public work. Lady Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris on 31 August 1997.

On 9 April 2005, he married the Queen Consort Camilla in a civil ceremony at the Guildhall, Windsor.

What will he be called?

He will be known as King Charles III.

That was the first decision of the new king's reign. He could have chosen from any of his four names - Charles Philip Arthur George.

He is not the only one who faces a change of title. Prince William and his wife Catherine are now titled Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and Cambridge, and the king has conferred on them the title of Prince and Princess of Wales.

There is also a new title for Charles' wife, Camilla, who becomes the Queen Consort - consort is the term used for the spouse of the monarch.

Formal ceremonies

Charles was officially proclaimed King on the Saturday following the Queen's death. This event took place at St James's Palace in London, in front of a ceremonial body known as the Accession Council.

This was made up of members of the Privy Council - a group of senior MPs, past and present, and peers - as well as some senior civil servants, Commonwealth high commissioners, and the Lord Mayor of London.

The Accession Council has two parts and King Charles was only present for the second.

Around 200 privy counsellors attended the ceremony - the same number who attended the last Accession Council in 1952.

In the first part of the meeting, the death of Queen Elizabeth was announced by the Lord President of the Privy Council (currently Penny Mordaunt MP), and the proclamation was read aloud.

It included a series of prayers and pledges, commending the previous monarch and pledging support for the new one.

The proclamation was then signed by a number of senior figures including the prime minister, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and the Lord Chancellor. It was read aloud from a balcony above Friary Court in St James's Palace and for the first time since 1952, the national anthem was played with the words "God Save the King".

The King's first declaration

King Charles attended the second meeting of the Accession Council, along with the Privy Council.

This was not a "swearing in" at the start of a British monarch's reign, in the style of some other heads of state, such as the president of the US.

Instead the King made a declaration to uphold the constitutional government and - in line with a tradition dating from the early 18th Century - he made an oath to preserve the Church of Scotland.

After this the Accession Council concluded. The proclamation announcing Charles as the King was later read out in Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast.

The Coronation

The symbolic high point of the accession will be the Coronation, when Charles is formally crowned. Because of the preparation needed, the Coronation is not likely to happen very soon after Charles's accession - Queen Elizabeth succeeded to the throne in February 1952, but was not crowned until June 1953.

For the past 900 years the coronation has been held in Westminster Abbey - William the Conqueror was the first monarch to be crowned there, and Charles will be the 40th.

It is an Anglican religious service, carried out by the Archbishop of Canterbury. At the climax of the ceremony, he will place St Edward's Crown on Charles's head - a solid gold crown, dating from 1661.

This is the centrepiece of the Crown Jewels at the Tower of London, and is only worn by the monarch at the moment of coronation itself (not least because it weighs a hefty 2.23kg - almost 5lbs).

Unlike royal weddings, the coronation is a state occasion - the government pays for it, and ultimately decides the guest list.

There will be music, readings and the ritual of anointing the new monarch, using oils of orange, roses, cinnamon, musk and ambergris.

The new King will take the Coronation oath in front of the watching world. During this elaborate ceremony he will receive the orb and sceptre as symbols of his new role and the Archbishop of Canterbury will place the solid gold crown on his head.

Head of the Commonwealth

Charles has become head of the Commonwealth, an association of 56 independent countries and 2.5 billion people. For 14 of these countries, as well as the UK, the King is head of state.

These countries, known as the Commonwealth realms, are: Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, St Christopher and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu.

©All photographs are copyright

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At the moment the Queen died, the throne passed immediately to the former Prince of Wales.

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In ancient Britain, women likely held positions of power within their communities, as suggested by the existence of female rulers and priestesses.

During the medieval period, women's roles were primarily associated with the household and family. They were expected to be wives, mothers, and caregivers.

Noblewomen had more opportunities for education and often managed estates and properties in the absence of their husband

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The Georgian and Victorian periods were characterized by stricter gender roles, emphasizing domesticity and the ideal of the "angel in the house."

Middle and upper-class women were expected to focus on their roles as wives and mothers, with limited opportunities for education or professional pursuits.

The suffrage movement gained momentum during this period, with women campaigning for the right to vote and challenging gender norms.

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In recent decades, women have made substantial progress in various fields, including politics, business, academia, and the arts. However, gender inequalities and challenges persist, such as the gender pay gap and underrepresentation in certain sectors.

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Queen Elizabeth I's reign is notable for providing some female empowerment. Elizabeth's reign marked a shift in attitudes towards women in power, although she was an exception rather than the norm.

Women's legal rights were limited, and their roles were largely defined by their marital status and social class.

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Women's suffrage was achieved in 1918 for women over 30 and in 1928 for women over 21. This marked a significant milestone in women's rights in the United Kingdom.

During both World Wars, women took on various roles traditionally held by men, working in factories, offices, and serving in auxiliary military roles.

The second half of the 20th century witnessed significant progress in women's rights, with the introduction of laws promoting gender equality, access to education, and reproductive rights.