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d) dosage form error (5m)
- - It happens when the patient's dosage of the admission drugs differs from the dosage that the doctor prescribed.
- As an example, administration of morphine liquid instead of sustained-release tablets.
- However, there is also medications and dosage forms that have well known risk for errors
- As example, medications with wide dos range and multiple tablet sizes and also oral controlled-release forms
- However, there is also an acceptable condition if the dosage forms are different. It is when it related with a patient that has difficulty in swallowing tablets, so it is acceptable to dispense them with liquid formulation without the specific prescribtion from the doctors.

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FATIN MUNIRAH BINTI MOHAMAD ZUBIR 066411

Drugs to be taken with food usually taken within 30mins of a meal.

Function drugs taken with food to :
Maximize the drugs absorption for example the erythromycin (antibiotics)/ Lovastin. The presence of food in stomach can slow down the drugs transit through digestive system allowing more time for drug absorption. Particularly important for drugs poorly soluble in water.

Next, to avoid stomach irritation. Such as NSAIDS can irritate stomach lining by taking foods with drugs will help to protect the stomach and reducing risk of side effects such as indigestion or nausea.

Lastly, To avoid risk of hypoglycemia. For example when taking anti-diabetic medications can lower blood sugar levels. By taking a meal with the drugs can help to prevent a sudden drop in blood sugar levels reducing risk of hypoglycemia. Food will provide source of glucose which can counterbalance the blood-sugar lowering effects of the medication .

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ALYA NADHIRAH BINTI ZURAINI
066742

In many cases, drugs can be taken with food, while some medications require specific instructions regarding their consumption in relation to meals.
Some medications are recommended to be taken with food. This can help reduce potential gastrointestinal side effects, enhance absorption, or improve tolerability.
Taking drugs on an empty stomach: Certain medications, however, require an empty stomach for optimal absorption. This typically means taking them at least one hour before or two hours after a meal. This is because the presence of food in the stomach can interfere with the absorption of the drug or alter its effectiveness. Medications like certain antibiotics, thyroid hormones, and certain osteoporosis medications may fall into this category.

Interactions with specific foods; Grapefruit and its juice, for example, can interfere with the metabolism of several medications, leading to potentially harmful effects.

In summary, taking drugs with food or without food depends on the specific medication and its instructions. Following the guidance provided by healthcare professionals and carefully reading the medication information can help ensure safe and effective drug administration.

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6)PARENTERAL PRODUCTS NUTRIENTS INTERACTION 

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6)PARENTERAL PRODUCTS NUTRIENTS INTERACTION 

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Parenteral nutrition is liquid nutrition that is delivered directly to the bloodstream of patients unable to absorb adequate nutrients through the digestive system. It delivered through a large vein in the arm, neck or chest. Formation of non-dissolvable or unstable intermediates. Systemic exposure to these by products can result in life threatening events like occlusion of blood vessels. Next, visual detection. It is possible for precipitation from Ca & P but some precipitants may be too small to be visible by naked eyes.

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Dispensing or administration of a drug that has expired or for which the physical or chemical dosage form integrity has been conpromised. For drug storage, some drug need to be refrigerated and the stability varies between 24H, 30 days 2-8 degree celcius.

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Omission error is the failure to administer an ordered dose to a patient before the next scheduled dose. It is also a failure to prescribe a drug product that is indicated for the patient . This error can be described as a failure to administer an ordered dose excludes patient's refusal and clinical decision or other valid reason not to administer. With this kind of medical error will result in appropriate increased risk of disease-related adverse events due to receive too little treatment. For example, when the patient was diagnosed with pulmonary embolus. Medication dose prescribed but does not appear to have been given and resulting in the patient arrested and died.

065935

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An adverse drug reaction (ADR), also known as a side effect, refers to any unintended or harmful response to a medication or drug that occurs at normal therapeutic doses. When a person takes a medication, the expected outcome is to alleviate symptoms, treat a condition, or prevent a disease. However, in some cases, drugs can produce undesirable effects that range from mild discomfort to severe complications.It ranges from mild to severe. factors such as individual variations in drug metabolism, underlying health conditions, age and genetics can increase the chances of experiencing adverse drug effects

Nurul Anishah

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The agents may alter the function of transporters (intestinal Pglycoprotein), the transit time, or the dissolution of the object compound. The mechanism may involve functional alteration (inhibition) or physiologic alteration (pH) causes a reduction in bioavailability of the object agent. For example, cyclosporine & water soluble vitamin E may interact via this mechanism.

ARIENI MAISARA (066300)(DIET)

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2. Define adverse drug event ( SITI UMAYRAH BINTI MOHAMAD ADAM) 

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2. Define adverse drug event ( SITI UMAYRAH BINTI MOHAMAD ADAM) 

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Adverse drug reactions (ADRs), refer to undesirable or harmful effects caused by the use of medications or drugs. They are unintended responses to the administration of a drug and can occur at any dosage level, including therapeutic doses. ADRs can range from mild and tolerable effects to severe and life-threatening reactions.
Adverse drug event can be menifest through several ways. First, Side effects. These are predictable and commonly observed reactions associated with a drug. Next, Allergic reactions. Some individuals may develop an allergic response to a drug. Symptoms can include rash, itching, hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing. In severe cases, a life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis can occur.
Next, Drug-drug interactions. Certain drugs can interact with each other, altering their effects. These interactions can lead to increased or decreased drug activity, potentially causing adverse effects or reducing therapeutic efficacy. Next,  Drug-disease interactions: Some medications may have adverse effects when taken by individuals with specific medical conditions. For example, certain drugs may be contraindicated in patients with liver or kidney problems, cardiovascular disease, or a history of seizures. Lastly, Medication errors:. ADRs can also result from medication errors, such as incorrect dosages, administration routes, or drug mix-ups. These errors can lead to adverse effects that may be preventable with proper medication management.

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Siti Zubaidah Abdul Aziz 066582 Diet

Side effects refer to unintended or undesired effects that occur as a result of a particular action, intervention, treatment, or substance. In the context of medication or medical treatments, side effects are often associated with pharmaceutical drugs or therapeutic procedures and can occur alongside the desired effects. Side effects can vary in severity and can affect different individuals differently.

Side effects can manifest as physical, psychological, or behavioral changes that deviate from the intended or expected outcome of a treatment. They can range from mild and temporary discomfort to more serious and potentially harmful reactions. Some common examples of side effects include drowsiness, nausea, headaches, dizziness, digestive issues, allergic reactions, mood changes, and changes in blood pressure or heart rate.

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Adverse drug reaction is a response to a drug which is nonxious and unintended which occur at doses normally used. The example of adverse drug reactions are pruritus, which is itch of the skin without rash and urticaria which is swelling of the mucous membrane of oral,eye and genitalia. Adverse drug reaction is the type of medication misadventure and have 5 types which are augmented, bizzarre, chemical, delayed, end of treatment and failure reaction.

067108

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Adverse drug events(ADE) is an injury resulting from the use of a drug. Thus , it may or may not related to the administered drug . The ADE includes harm that is caused by the drug and harm from the use of drug. In the harm cause by the use of drug include dose reduction and discontinuation of drug therapy. Last but not least, the ADE may result from medication errors but most do not.

(ASMA NAJIBAH BINTI MOHD ASRI, 068259, ISM DIET)

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Explain the 'drugs not to be taken with foods' ( 5 marks)

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Explain the 'drugs not to be taken with foods' ( 5 marks)

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066508

1. Absorption: Some drugs require absorption in the gastrointestinal tract to exert their therapeutic effects. Taking them with food can interfere with the drug's absorption, resulting in reduced efficacy or delayed onset of action.

2. Food Interference: Certain foods, especially those high in fat, fiber, or certain minerals, can interact with drugs and affect their absorption or bioavailability. These food components can bind to the drug molecules, forming complexes that are difficult to absorb or process in the body.

3. Drug Stability: Some medications may be susceptible to degradation or altered effectiveness when exposed to certain food components or stomach acid. Taking these drugs on an empty stomach helps maintain their stability and ensures optimal therapeutic outcomes.

4. Drug Interaction: Food can interact with drugs and alter their pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. This can lead to increased or decreased drug levels in the bloodstream, potentially affecting efficacy or increasing the risk of side effects.

5. Specific Drug Instructions: Certain drugs, based on their chemical properties or specific instructions from manufacturers, healthcare providers, or pharmacists, are recommended to be taken on an empty stomach. These instructions are typically provided to ensure optimal drug absorption and efficacy.

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Inappropriate procedure or improper technique in the administration of a drug other than wrong route. Examples include a subcutaneous injection that is given too deep. Causes may be due to knowledge deficit

(068251 ISMDIET)

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When administered by an incorrect route, a medication can cause serious, sometimes long-term, effects, even death.Wrong dose, missing doses, and wrong medication are the most commonly reported administration errors.These errors occur when a pharmacist dispenses a medication that has been manufactured for administration via a different route. For example, the pharmacist dispensed ear drops instead of eye drops, or the patient was prescribed injections, but was given tablets.
066675 NURUL SYAZANA BINTI RAZMIN

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ADRs is a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease or for the modification of physiologic function. There is also a casual link between a drug and an adverse drug reaction.
Examples of ADRs are rashes, jaundice, anaemia, white blood cell count decrease, kidney damage, nerve injury and etc.

067150 | SMDIET

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NATASYA HANIM BINTI MOHD NAWI (066329)

Wrong time error is defined as the administration of medication outside a predefined time interval from its scheduled administration time. Administering doses too early or too late will consequently the efficacy of the drug. On-time administration means it is given 30 minutes before until 30 minutes after the scheduled administration time.

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1.	Contrast ‘actual’ and ‘near misses’ of medication error [5 marks]                                                                        

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1.	Contrast ‘actual’ and ‘near misses’ of medication error [5 marks]                                                                        

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Nurul husna bt khoder SMDIET (065602)
Medication Error (“Actual”) is an n error occurred and reached the patient meanwhile Medication Error (“Near Misses”) is an Any medication error that does not reach patient. -Actual medication errors result in harm to the patient, while near misses do not cause harm as they are intercepted before reaching the patient. -Actual errors can lead to adverse outcomes, including worsened health conditions or even fatalities. Near misses, on the other hand, have no immediate negative consequences as they are prevented from causing harm. -Actual medication errors are detected after the patient has been harmed, whereas near misses are identified before any harm occurs, allowing for timely intervention. -Actual errors highlight failures in medication safety systems and processes and serve as learning opportunities to improve patient care. Near misses provide an opportunity to identify system vulnerabilities and implement preventative measures. -Actual medication errors require formal reporting and documentation to address the harm caused to the patient. Near misses are also reported and documented, but with an emphasis on identifying the potential for harm and implementing preventive measures.

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O66799 Anil Haizad

Omission error The failure to administer an ordered dose to a patient before the next scheduled dose or failure to prescribe a drug product that is indicated for the patient. The failure to administer an ordered dose excludes patient's refusal and clinical decision or other valid reason not to administer.

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Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) refer to harmful or unintended effects that occur in response to the administration of a medication or drug. These reactions can range from mild to severe and may occur shortly after taking the medication or after a prolonged period of use. Adverse drug reactions can manifest in various ways, such as side effects, allergic reaction, drug interaction and toxicity. Side effects are the most common type of adverse drug reactions and typically include mild symptoms like drowsiness, nausea, headache, or dizziness. While side effects are generally tolerable, they can still impact an individual's quality of life.

Next, allergic reactions among some people are may develop an allergic reaction to a drug, which can range from mild to severe. Symptoms may include skin rashes, itching, swelling, hives, difficulty breathing.

Besides, toxicity of certain drugs can have toxic effects on specific organs or systems in the body, such as the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow. These toxic reactions can lead to organ damage and dysfunction.

Last but not least, drug interactions are the some of drugs that may interact with each other, altering their effects or causing unwanted reactions. These interactions can occur between different medications, as well as between drugs and certain foods, beverages, or herbal supplements.

NUR FAQIHAH AMNI BINTI MAZZUKI (066273) (SMDIET)

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Deteriorated error is an error occur that cause the deterioration in the quality of drugs such as administration of a drug that has expired or for which the physical or chemical dosage-form integrity has been compromised. It may also due to the failure to store the drug according to the instructions.

066763 syakiratul hafizah alwi (diet)

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A side effect is an expected and known effect of a drug that is not the intended therapeutic outcome .
The term side effects tends to nominalise the concept of injury from drugs.
(065559) ISMDIET

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Compliance error is the failure of the patient to follow or adhere to a prescribed drug regimen. It can be detected when a patient requests refills for prescriptions at unreasonable interval whether too long after or too soon before a refill is due without a reasonable explaination. For example, patient taking antibiotics to treat an infection discontinues therapy before all the doses are taken.This type of error may be a direct result of insufficient patient counselling from a dispensing pharmacist, a prescribing physician or both.

CHE WAN NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI CHE WAN SUDIN (067152)

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-Adverse drug reactioms are undesired and harmful effects that occur when medication or pharmaceutical product is used within normal therapeutic doses.
- Adverse drug reactions can be categorized into different types based on their mechanism, severity, and time of occurrence
-Common types of ADRs include type A reactions (predictable and dose-dependent), type B reactions (idiosyncratic and unrelated to dose), type C reactions (chronic effects), type D reactions (delayed effects), and type E reactions (withdrawal effects
-Adverse drug reactions are a significant concern in healthcare. They can range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening.
_The incidence of ADRs varies depending on factors such as the drug's properties, patient characteristics, and duration of treatment. Monitoring and reporting ADRs help healthcare professionals evaluate drug safety and make informed decision

(066443)SMDIET

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065979

Adverse drug events (ADEs) is an event that known as an injury resulting from the use of drug. It can subdivided by these defintion which are firstly, ADE can be harm caused by the drug, or it can be harm from the use of the drug. ADE also can be resulted by the medication errors. ADE also can be seen in medication misadventures. Medication misadventure is an incident associated with medications and it refers to any injury that caused by a medicine.

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1. Dosage from error is dispensing or administration to the patient of a drug product in a different dosage form than that ordered by the prescriber.
2. The example is administration of morphine liquid instead of sustained-release tablets.
3. Other example is dispensing of standard cyclosporine instead of cyclosporine modified.
4. Medication and dosage forms with well-known risk for error is medication with wide dose range and multiple tablet or capsule sizes.
5. Other medication and dosage forms with well-known risk for error is oral controlled-release form.

NURFARAHANIM BINTI HAMIDON (068667)

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Nur Amira Binti Amirrodin (066393)

Dosage form error involves dispensing or administration to the patient of a drug product in a different dosage form than that ordered by the prescriber.

For example, administration of morphine liquid instead of sustained release tablets and dispensing of standard cyclosporine instead of cyclosporine modified.

An adverse event from inappropriate use of a dosage form is most commonly caused by the delivery of too much or too little drug to the site of action, delivery to the wrong site, or toxicity from the dosage form itself. Most reported errors are likely to result in only mild to modest adverse events, though serious events may occur in some patients.

Next, medications with wide dose range and multiple tablet/capsule sizes and oral controlled-release forms are the medications and dosage forms with well known risk for errors.

Changes in dosage forms may be permissible to accommodate specific patient needs, depending on the state law and health care facility guidelines.

For example, dispensing a liquid formulation to a patient who has difficulty in swallowing tablets without a specific prescription may be an acceptable dosage form change.

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DIET 066444

Unauthorised drug error is dispensing or administration to the patient of medication
not authorised by a legitimate prescribe by the doctors or other licensed prescriber.

It can happen by several causes. For examples :

Medication for one patient was given mistakenly to an another patient.

Nurse give a medication without a physician order.

Patients at home who sometimes share prescription with family members.

Refilling a prescription that has no refills remaining without authorisation from the physician.

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2.Define adverse drug reaction (5marks) 

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2.Define adverse drug reaction (5marks) 

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Adverse drug reactions (ADRs):
1. Are unintended and undesired effects of medications.
2. Can range from mild to severe.
3. Can be predictable or unpredictable.
4. Need to be detected and reported to regulatory authorities.
5. Can be minimized through patient assessment, careful drug selection, and monitoring.

(066718)

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Contrast ‘actual’ and ‘near misses’ of medication error (5marks)

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Contrast ‘actual’ and ‘near misses’ of medication error (5marks)

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9. Explain the type C pre systemic interaction

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9. Explain the type C pre systemic interaction

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Nur syazana binti che saidi Nutri

1) In some cases complexation, binding or other deactivating processes occur in the GIT, impairing the object agent from being absorbed
2) The agents are bound or complexed together resulting in a reduction in oral bioavailability.
3) This interaction differs from ex vivo biopharmaceutical inactivation in that it takes place inside GIT, rather than in the delivery device.
4) Specific enzymes or transporters may not be involved.
5) For example, coadministration of tetracycline or ciprofloxacin + dairy products

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Nurul Aqilah Binti Mawardi Nutri
Error that can happen during administration technique. Inappopriate procedure or improper technique in administration of a drug other than wrong drug. For example, a subcutaneous injection that given too deep and instling the eye drops in the wrong eyes. It can cause level of efficacy of drug decrease and drug may not be absorbed at all by the body. Drug need to be administer properly to reach high level of efficacy. This error can happen due to knowledge deficit, performance deficit and failure to follow procedures or protocol.

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9. Explain the type C pre systemic interaction [5 marks]

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9. Explain the type C pre systemic interaction [5 marks]

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Nurin Tihani - 068668 (DIET)

- In some cases of complexation, binding or other deactivating processes occur in the GIT, the agent is impaired from being absorbed.
- The agents are bound and complexed together resulting in a reduction in oral bioavailability.
- This interaction differs from ex vivo biopharmaceutical inactivation that takes place in the GIT.
- Specific enzymes or transportes may not be involved.
- For example, coadministration of tetracycline or ciprofloxacin + dairy products.

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Type A pre-systemic interaction, refers to an interaction between two or more drugs that occurs before the drugs enter the systemic circulation. These interactions typically occur in the gastrointestinal tract or liver and can affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or elimination of the drugs involved. An example of a type A pre-systemic interaction:

Simvastatin and Grapefruit Juice

Simvastatin is a medication commonly prescribed to lower cholesterol levels. Grapefruit juice is known to interact with simvastatin, leading to a type A pre-systemic interaction.

Mechanism:

Grapefruit juice contains compounds called furanocoumarins that inhibit an enzyme called CYP3A4, which is responsible for the metabolism of simvastatin in the liver. When someone consumes grapefruit juice while taking simvastatin, the furanocoumarins inhibit CYP3A4, resulting in decreased metabolism of simvastatin. As a result, the blood levels of simvastatin can increase significantly.

Consequences:

The increased blood levels of simvastatin can lead to an increased risk of adverse effects associated with the drug, such as muscle pain, liver toxicity, and a rare but serious condition called rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis involves the breakdown of muscle tissue, which can lead to kidney damage or failure.

-To prevent this interaction, healthcare professionals typically advise patients taking simvastatin to avoid consuming grapefruit juice.

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Adverse drug events is the injury resulting from drug usage that may or may not related with the administered drug.
This includes harm that caused by the drug from its adverse drug reaction or overdoses of the drug, and harm from the usage of the drug such as dose reduction or discontinuation.
Some of ADEs cases may be the result of medication error but most of the time they don’t.

~066316 Izyan SMDIET

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6. Explain parenteral product nutrient interactions [5 marks]

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6. Explain parenteral product nutrient interactions [5 marks]

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Hanis Umairah-066638 (DIET)

Parenteral product is liquid nutrition that is delivered directly to the bloodstream of patients unable to absorb adequate nutrients through the digestive system.

It has 2 types of parenteral nutrition such as total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN).

It also will produce the formation of non-dissolvable or unstable intermediates like crystals, and precipitates in the solutions.

Besides that, systemic exposure to these by-products can result in life threatening events, for example occlusion of blood vessels.

Visual detection is possible for precipitation from Ca & P but some of precipitation may be too small to be visible by naked eyes.

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Nur azleen natasha binti azhar (065997)

Side effects is an expected and known effect of a drug that is not the intended therapeutic outcome.
Side effect tend to normalise the concept of injury from drug.
Side effect should be avoided in favour of adverse drug reaction.

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9. Explain the type C pre systemic interaction

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9. Explain the type C pre systemic interaction

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Siti Aisyah Binti Othman 066528

- In various circumstances, the GIT experiences complexation, binding, or other deactivation events that prevent the object agent from being absorbed.
- The agents are complexed or bonded together, which lowers their oral bioavailability.
- The interaction occurs inside the GIT rather than the delivery mechanism, it differs from ex vivo biopharmaceutical inactivation.
- Particular transporters or enzymes might not be necessary.
- One example is taking ciprofloxacin or tetracycline along with dairy products.

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12. With an example, describe the type A pre systemic interaction [5 marks]

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12. With an example, describe the type A pre systemic interaction [5 marks]

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Nur Hannani Afza | 059873

Type A interaction is a pre-systemic metabolism that involves the inhibition or induction of enzymes that present in the gastrointestinal tract or liver (CYP3A4). For instance, grapefruit juice that enhance the oral absorption of many drugs that are substrates to CYP3A4 enzymes such as carbamazepine, cyclosporine, felodipine and triazolam.

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Dineshkumar A/L Chandran 066315

1. Adverse drug event is “an injury resulting from the use of a drug.
2. It is not always related to the administered drugs.
3. Under this definition, the term adverse drug events includes harm caused by the drug where adverse drug reactions and overdoses and harm from the use of the drug including dose reduction and discontinuation of drug therapy.
4. Adverse drug event may result from medication errors but most do not.

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8c) Explain the medication error: Deteriorated Error

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8c) Explain the medication error: Deteriorated Error

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Nur Aidina Zulaiqha Binti Azmi (066785)(DIET)

Deteriorated drug error can be defined as dispensing or administering a drug that has expired or for which the physical or chemical dosage-form integrity has been compromised. To avoid the drug from deteriorating, the drug must be stored properly. Some medications need to be refrigerated such as unopened bottles, insulins, injections, antibiotic liquids, and some creams. Once they are used or reconstituted, the stability varies and can be affected by temperature. The stability varies between 24 hours to 30 days at 2-8°C.

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Nur Aina Binti Huzairi 068328

Side effects are unintended and often undesirable effects that can occur as a result of using a medication, undergoing a medical treatment, or engaging in certain activities. Side effects can vary in severity and can affect different individuals differently. They may be mild and temporary or more severe and long-lasting. Side effects can manifest as physical symptoms, emotional changes, or adverse reactions to a substance or intervention.

In the context of medication, side effects can occur due to the pharmacological effects of the drug on the body. For example, a common side effect of some pain medications is drowsiness. Side effects can also result from interactions between different medications or from an individual's unique physiological response to a particular drug.

In medical treatments, side effects can arise from the procedures or therapies themselves. For instance, certain cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, can cause hair loss, nausea, and fatigue as side effects.

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1. Contrast ‘actual’ and ‘near misses’ of medication error [5 marks]

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1. Contrast ‘actual’ and ‘near misses’ of medication error [5 marks]

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Actual medication error:

- It can be defined as an error that occurred and reached the patient.

-This error can give harm to the patient, including adverse reactions, worsening medical conditions, hospitalization or even can lead to death.

-These errors are typically reported and documented as part of the healthcare system's incident reporting and quality improvement processes.

- It requires intervention and corrective measures to mitigate harm to the patient, such as providing appropriate treatment, monitoring, or supportive care.

Near misses medication error:

- It can be defined as any medication error that does not reach patient.

- Near misses do not result in harm to patient because the error is detected before it reaches them

- Its often detected through routine checkup, safety protocols, or alert systems designed to identify potential errors before its give harm to the patient.

- Near misses provide valuable opportunities for healthcare professionals to analyze and understand potential vulnerabilities in the medication process and take corrective actions to prevent future errors.

NIK SYAZA SYAFIQAH BINTI NIK AZIMAN
SMIDIET (067154)

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Type 1 interactions is ex vivo deactivations of drugs that consists biopharmaceutical inactivation and biochemical or physical reactions. For minimising type 1 interactions for parental products, do not mix drugs directly with parenteral formulas. For enteral feeding, flush tubing with water before and after drug administration.

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8.h) Explain the medication errors : Prescribing Error

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8.h) Explain the medication errors : Prescribing Error

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Incorrect drug product selection (based on indicatons, contraindications, known allergies, existing drug therapy and other factors), dose, dosage form, quantity, route of administration, concentration, rate of administration, or instructions for use of a drug product ordered or authorized by physician (or other legitimate prescriber), illegible prescriptions or medication orders that lead to errors.

Ainur Husna Binti Mohd Wahid (066336)

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8.k) Explain the medication errors  : wrong time error

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8.k) Explain the medication errors  : wrong time error

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Ainatul Saffiyah (066532)
wrong time error is an administration of medication outside a predefined time interval  from its schedule administration time. timing of administration is critical to the effectiveness of medications.  if administering doses too early or too late, it may effect the drug serum level and consequently the efficacy of the drug. sometimes, wrong time errors are unavoidable because the patient is away from the care area for a test and the medication is not available at that time.

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8e) Explain the medication error - Dose error.

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8e) Explain the medication error - Dose error.

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NUR EQMA BINTI ISMAIL (067153-DIET)

Dose error can be defined as dispensing or administration to the patient of a dose that is greater or less than the amount ordered by the prescriber. this type of error can be due to delay or absence of dose documentation and inaccurate measurement. Inaccurate measurement usually occurs with oral liquid. However, doses that cannot be accurately measured or not specified such as in topical application of a drug are not classified as dose error. The example of dose error is the patient is administering with multiple doses which is one or more units in addition to those that were ordered.

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Naeila Farafisya Binti Mohamad Nizam (066381)

Apart from using the wrong route, administrative technique errors involve using inappropriate or incorrect techniques. A medication error is a mistake that occurs when giving medication to a patient. It involves errors or deviations from recommended methods or processes for the delivery of drugs, which may cause injury to patients or put them at risk of harm. For example, giving the medicine at the wrong time, either too early or too late, which can affect the effectiveness and safety of the medicine. Scenarios like this can occur because healthcare providers may not be adequately trained or inadequate communication between healthcare providers can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of medication orders or instructions. Therefore, it can cause errors in timing or delays in the administration of medication that can affect the effectiveness of treatment and potentially worsen the patient's condition.

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INTAN JASMIRA BT MD YAZID (066433)

-Adverse drug event is “an injury resulting from the use of a drug”.

-It is not always (may or may not) related to the administered drug.

- Harm caused by the drug (adverse drug reactions and overdoses).

- Harm from the use of the drug (including dose reduction and discontinuation of drug therapy).

-ADEs may result from medication errors but most do not.

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(Nur'Aisyah - 068040)
Drugs to be taken with food are defined as medications taken within 30 mins of a meal. This means we shouldn’t take the medicine on an empty stomach. Taking some medications with food can help improve their absorption and effectiveness. For example, some antibiotics such as cefuroxime and erythromycin, have better solubility in the presence of food. Food can increase the solubility of these antibiotics, allowing them to dissolve and be absorbed more efficiently. Lovastatin, a medication used to lower cholesterol levels, is also recommended to be taken with food to increase its absorption.

On the other hand, medications are taken within 30 minutes of a meal to avoid stomach irritation. For example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Prednisolone, Valproate, Metformin can cause stomach irritation when taken on an empty stomach.

Lastly, taking anti-diabetic medications with food can help avoid the risk of hypoglycemia or low blood sugar levels. The anti-diabetic medications need to be taken with food not only to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia but also to minimize potential gastrointestinal adverse effect.

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Nur Hafsah Binti Mohamed Zohari 068188

Adverse drug events is an injury resulting from the use of a drug. It is not always related to the administered drugs. Under this definition, the term adverse drug events include harm caused by the drug and harm from the use of the drug. Adverse drug events may result from medication errors, but most do not.

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Aliaa syazana(066937)

-Monitoring error is occur when there is a failure to review a prescribe regimen for appropriateness and detection.
-It can also happen when there is a failure to use approppriate clinical or laboratory data for adequate assessment of patient response to prescribed theraphy.
-Monitoring errors can be classified depending on when in the process it is occured.This could be during prescribing,storing,dispensing,preparation or administration of the medications.
-For example,the wrong medication being prescribed to a patient because it sounds the same as another product for a different indication.

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(Asna Nurrina - 068321)

An adverse drug event is an injury that results from the use of a drug.

It may or may not be related to the administered drugs.

The term adverse drug event includes harm caused by the drug which from adverse drug reactions and overdose.

Harm from the use of the drug such as dose reduction and discontinuation of drug therapy is also include in adverse drug event.

Adverse drug events may result from medication errors but most do not.

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NURUL AMIRAH BINTI A. LATIF 066620 NUTRI

Dispensing a dose that is greater or less than the amount ordered by the prescriber to the patient. For example, administration of multiple doses to the patient which is one or more dosage units in addition to those that were ordered. The causes of this error are delay or absence of dose documentation and inaccurate measurement usually oral liquid. This error is not implemented to drugs that is cannot accurately measured and drug that is not specific such as drug with topical administration

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Route of administration error is the wrong route of administration of the correct drugs.  Administering medication by the wrong route can cause serious, sometimes long-term, effects, and even death.  The most common reasons for medication errors include failure to communicate drug orders, illegible handwriting, confusion over similarly named drugs, confusion over similar packaging between products, or errors involving dosing units or weight. Documentation error is the most dominant type of medication administration error, followed by technique and wrong time errors. To prevent medication administration errors, it is important to review dosage forms and routes of administration with all staff involved in administering medications, and to never give oral medications intravenously.

Nutri
Nur Zuhairah 066480
Syahirah Nadiah 065585

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5. Describe ‘drugs taken with food’ [5 marks]

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5. Describe ‘drugs taken with food’ [5 marks]

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Nurfarah Dayana 068311

'Drugs taken with food' is medications that need to be taken within 30 minutes of meal.
For example, Drug such as lovastatin is taken after meal to maximise the drug absorption. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are prescribed with food to avoid stomach irritation effect. Furthermore, anti- diabetics drugs are taken with food to avoid risk of hypoglycemia. Therefore, these types of drugs need to be taken with food the reduce the adverse side effects

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8(h) Explain prescribing error :

Prescribing error is incorrect drug product selection (based on indications, contraindications, known allergies, existing drug therapy, and other factors), dose, dosage form, quantity, route of administration, or instruction for use of a drug product ordered or authorised by physician. Illegible prescription or medications orders that lead to errors.

(SUBAASRI-066600)

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8. (k) Explain the medication errors below :  Wrong time error

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8. (k) Explain the medication errors below :  Wrong time error

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Nur Afiqah ( 068291 )
Wrong time error is an administration of medication outside a predefined time interval from its scheduled administration . The interval should be established by each individual healthcare facility. Next, timing of administration is critical to the effectiveness of medications. Moreover, if the administering doses are too early or too late it effect the drug serum level and consequently the efficacy of the drug. Lastly, wrong time errors are occasionally unavoidable because the patient is away from the care area for a test and the medication is not available at that time.

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2. Define adverse drug reaction (5 marks) 

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2. Define adverse drug reaction (5 marks) 

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(Saw Chin Yee 066310)
Adverse drug reaction is defined as harmful, unintended reaction to medicines that occur at doses normally used for treatment. It can be categorized into 3 categories which are side effects, adverse reaction and toxicity. Side effects is minor unwanted effects of drug. Adverse reaction is serious effects of drugs at therapeutic doses and toxicity means the adverse drugs event that occurs at high dose.

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2. Define adverse drug reactions (5 Marks)

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2. Define adverse drug reactions (5 Marks)

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Fatihah zulkifli (066663)

An adverse drug reaction is a response to a drug which noxious and unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the modification of physiologic function. It is casual link between a drug and an adverse drug reaction. The examples of adverse effect is rashes, jaundice, anaemia, white blood cell count decrease, kidney damage, nerve injury and so on. In addition, adverse drug reactions include in medication misadventures. Medication misadventure is a very broad term, referring to any iatrogenic hazard or incident associated with medications. Moreover, adverse drug reactions can be classified into 6 group which are type A (Augmented), type B (Bizarre), type C (Chemical/Chronic), type D (Delayed), type E (End of treatment) and type F (Failure). Example for type A (Augmented) is predicted from the known pharmacology of the drug. These reactions are dose-dependent such as bleeding with anticoagulants.

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Nureen amani (066684)

A side effect is an expected and known effect of a drug that is not the intended therapeutic outcome and not necessarily harmful. The term side effect tends to norminalise the concept of injury from drugs. Firstly, side effects can occur naturally by additional or secondary effects that go beyond the primary or intended purpose of a substance, medication, or treatment. Then, unintended side effects may occur as a consequence of the body's reaction to the substance or the way it interacts with the body's systems. Undesirable side effects are generally considered negative or unwanted because they may cause discomfort, complications, or adverse reactions. The variability side effects can vary from person to person. Some individuals may experience minimal or no side effects, while others may have a higher susceptibility to adverse reactions. Lastly, disclosed information side effects are to inform individuals about the potential risks associated with a particular substance or treatment. This allows individuals to make informed decisions and weigh the benefits against the potential drawbacks.

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Explain the type c pre systemic interaction.

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Explain the type c pre systemic interaction.

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Nivetha A/P Ramachandran(066743)

-In some cases complexation binding or     other deactivating processes occur in the GIT,impairing the object agent from being absorbed.
-The agents are bound or complexed together resulting in a reduction in oral bioavailability.
-This interaction differs from ex vivo biopharmaceutical inactivation in that it takes place inside GIT rather than in the delivery device.
-Specific enzymes or transporters may not be involved
-For an example,coadministration of tetracycline or ciproflaxacin and dairy products.

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7. Explain the ‘drugs not to be taken with food’                           (5m)

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7. Explain the ‘drugs not to be taken with food’                           (5m)

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- It defines as drugs need to be taken at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal.

- The reasons are:
~ To maximize drug absorption at the site  of action.
~ To avoid physical interaction for example complexation which can interfere with absorption process
~  The absorption of the medicine can be slowed by food in the stomach which affects its ability to dissolve or disintegrate itself through gastrointestinal acids.

- Examples of drugs that require an empty stomach for optimal absorption include Antibiotics like Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and also Anti-HT such as Captopril

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12. With an example,describe the type A pre systemic interaction (5 marks)

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12. With an example,describe the type A pre systemic interaction (5 marks)

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Syahira nutri 066730

Type A interaction (pre-systemic metabolism) involves the inhibition or induction of the enzymes present in the GI or liver (CYP3A4)

For example:

Firstly is grapefruit juice that enhance the oral absorption of many drugs that are substrates to CYP3A4 enzymes (carbamazepine,cyclosporine, felodipine, triazolam)

Next are Orlistat and fat-soluble vitamins.Orlistat decreases the absorption of dietary fat via inhibition of lipase in GIT.The unabsorbed fat such as vehicle to trap fat-soluble vitamin in the intestinal lumen & reduces the bioavailability of these vitamins.

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2. Define adverse drug reactions [5marks]

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2. Define adverse drug reactions [5marks]

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NUR ILYANA BINTI AYUB NUTRITION 066548

An adverse drug reaction (ADR) is a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended and occurs at doses which are normally used in the patient for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the modification of physiologic function. In simple words, ADR is unwanted and undesirable effects that are possibly developed related to a drug.  ADR falls under medication misadventures. For example, rashes, jaundice, anaemia, kidney damage and nerve injury. An allergy is an ADR mediated by an immune response such as rash and hives.

ADR can be classified into 6 groups which are types A, B, C, D, E, and F.  For example, type A (augmented) is where the reactions are dose-dependent. This is the most common ADR. For example, bleeding with anticoagulants. Lastly, type F (failure) is the unexpected failure of therapy and is often caused by drug interactions such as inadequate dosage of an oral contraceptive, particularly when used with specific enzyme inducers.

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Noor Ain Cik Burhan 065777

Unauthorized error is dispensing or administration to the patient of medication not authorised by a legitimate prescriber.
Causes by medication for one patient was given mistakenly to an another patient,nurse give a medication without a physician order, patients at home who sometimes share prescription and refilling a prescription that has no refills remaining without authorisation from the physician