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The legal system was stacked against Black citizens, with former Confederate soldiers working as police and judges, making it difficult for African Americans to win court cases and ensuring they were subject to Black codes.

These codes worked in conjunction with labor camps for the incarcerated, where prisoners were treated as enslaved people. Black offenders typically received longer sentences than their white equals, and because of the grueling work, often did not live out their entire sentence.

Violence was on the rise, making danger a regular aspect of African American life. Black schools were vandalized and destroyed, and bands of violent white people attacked, tortured and lynched Black citizens in the night. Families were attacked and forced off their land all across the South.

The most ruthless organization of the Jim Crow era, the Ku Klux Klan, was born in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee, as a private club for Confederate veterans.

The KKK grew into a secret society terrorizing Black communities and seeping through white Southern culture, with members at the highest levels of government and in the lowest echelons of criminal back alleys.

At the start of the 1880s, big cities in the South were not wholly beholden to Jim Crow laws and Black Americans found more freedom in them.

This led to substantial Black populations moving to the cities and, as the decade progressed, white city dwellers demanded more laws to limit opportunities for African Americans.

Jim Crow laws soon spread around the country with even more force than previously. Public parks were forbidden for African Americans to enter, and theaters and restaurants were segregated.

Segregated waiting rooms in bus and train stations were required, as well as water fountains, restrooms, building entrances, elevators, cemeteries, even amusement-park cashier windows.

Laws forbade African Americans from living in white neighborhoods. Segregation was enforced for public pools, phone booths, hospitals, asylums, jails and residential homes for the elderly and handicapped.

Some states required separate textbooks for Black and white students. New Orleans mandated the segregation of prostitutes according to race. In Atlanta, African Americans in court were given a different Bible from white people to swear on. Marriage and cohabitation between white and Black people was strictly forbidden in most Southern states.

It was not uncommon to see signs posted at town and city limits warning African Americans that they were not welcome there.

As oppressive as the Jim Crow era was, it was also a time when many African Americans around the country stepped forward into leadership roles to vigorously oppose the laws.

Memphis teacher Ida B. Wells became a prominent activist against Jim Crow laws after refusing to leave a first-class train car designated for white people only. A conductor forcibly removed her and she successfully sued the railroad, though that decision was later reversed by a higher court.

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Jim Crow Laws: Definition, Examples & Timeline | HISTORY

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Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation. Enacted after the Civil War, the laws denied equal opportunity to Black citizens.

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(Please type in your numbers)

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(3 points)

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(2 points)

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(5 items: Mandarin, English, PS)

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(>50 words: connection to your learning/life)

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Useful links/Videios+ What did you learn? 3 points

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Useful links/Videios+ What did you learn? 3 points

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16 23 35

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18,20,21,32

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11、30、31、37

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1王伯崴

8陳政傑

12馮新予

33劉書妍

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24、26、27

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3,4,10

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17李宇涵 22張芷維 29曾鈞郁

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17李宇涵 22張芷維 29曾鈞郁

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increase（n)放大

judicial （a) 司法的

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1.civil(adj.)民事的

2.ushered(v.)引導

3.integration(n.)整合

4.segregation(n.)隔離

5.adherence(n.)堅持

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Separatist n. 分離主義者

enslaved v. 奴役

wilderness n. 荒野

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1.the NAACP noted that lynchings had become so prevalent

2.With Jim Crow dominating the landscape, education increasingly under attack and few opportunities for Black college graduates

3.The poverty of the Great Depression only deepened resentment, with a rise in lynchings,

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1.What reason that her return?

2.Why she want to established the school?

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1.The separatist way of fighting white society

2.The African American -only town establishment in 1887

3.The facilities in Mound Bayou(school, hospital...)

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1. Back to her birthplace when she was 17 years old.

2. After school's funding was withdrawn, Brown began fundraising to start her own school.

3. Brown became the first Black woman to create a Black school in North Carolina .

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I learn ….

1. Racial discrimination used to be more terrifying than it is now; for example, the KKK now has significantly fewer members and is widely condemned by the public.

2. In the past, there was an organization specifically formed to attack and violate the human rights of Black people.

3. White people would destroy Black schools, depriving them of their right to education.

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The part about Black Codes really stood out to me. These laws were created right after the Civil War to control and limit the freedom of newly free Black people. Even though slavery had ended, the Black Codes were like a new way to keep African Americans in a system of unfair labor and second-class status. It was surprising and frustrating to see how quickly new forms of racism replaced the old ones. This made me realize that just changing laws isn’t enough—real freedom and equality take a lot more effort and time to achieve.

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I wondering….

1.what is the member of this organization?

2.How many people have they killed?

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oppressive a. 壓抑的

step forward (into ) 站出來、挺身而出

vigorously adv. 精力旺盛的

dissent n. 有異議

forcibly adv. 強迫地、有力地

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It’s absolutely devastating that Isaiah has to choose this aggressive approach, since the society and himself can’t believe the fact that different colors can live together peacefully, he decided to isolate himself and his race completely. There gotta be a better way, but as up to that point of the history of mankind, maybe that’s the best solution he could think of.

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1. At the start of 1800s, big cities in the south were not wholly beholden to Jim Crow laws.

2.Lots of place were forbidden for African Americans to enter.

3. African Americans were segregated from public place such as theater, restaurant , even amusement-park cashier windows.

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1.Why Isaiah Montgomery use this way to battle for equal rights?

2.How Isaiah Montgomery fund for build this African American -only town?

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servitude(n.) 奴役

ratification (n.)核准

grueling work 艱苦的工作

live out their entire sentence 服完全部刑期

incarcerated 被監禁

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opponent (n.) 對手

missionary (n.) 傳教士

fundraising ( n.; adj.) 籌款，資金募集／募款的

birthplace (n.) 出生地

withdrawn (adj.) 退縮的

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1. Why did the former Confederate soldiers make it difficult for African Americans to win court cases? What did the Confederate soldiers have done before?

2. What kind of explanation did the courts use to give black offenders longer sentences than the white offenders?

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Although the article feels short when we read it, during the time she lived — an era of racial discrimination — being a Black woman and doing things like building schools for Black people and standing up against laws that violated their rights must have been extremely difficult and took a lot of effort. We truly admire her and also hope that in the future, we can be as brave as she was.

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1. What caused Jim Crow laws to appear?

2. Why could white people treat black people like animals or criminals ?Just because of their skin color?

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▪︎https://youtu.be/m5jl6OTFtjY?si=Zp2jeGXBx7KddzI-

（佛洛伊德之死）

1. It has been many years since the quarantine policy was lifted, but its impact continues to this day.

2. People with dark skin are more likely to be treated roughly and harshly when committing crimes.

3. Racial discrimination not only causes inconvenience in life, but in serious cases may also threaten people's lives.

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1.What is NAACP

2.What is Jim Crow

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1.flourished v 蓬勃發展

2.lynchings n 私刑

3.prevalent adj 流行的

4.infiltrate v (使）潛入

5.retaliation n 反擊

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After reading this article, I feel truly inspired. Ida B. Wells stood up against injustice and racism with great courage, even when her life was in danger. She used writing as a powerful tool to fight for equality and expose the truth. Her bravery shows that one person can make a big difference. As a high school student, I realize how important it is to speak up against unfairness and appreciate the rights we have today because of heroes like her.

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The Jim Crows laws expand is surprising for us, because the laws segregated Black people and White people in any respect,even Bible can't use same one,these segregated measure let we know that although Black people no longer be a slave,White people don't think they are as same as Black people ,so they create the laws to make a difference.

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1. "Jim Crow laws" were not interested in equality but in keeping the black population in an inferior position.

2. 1955 Rosa Parks, an African-American, refused to give up her bus seat to a white passenger she was arrested for

this act of civil disobedience.

3. The greatest civil rights march happened in 1963 in Washington 250,000 people.

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1. What impact did her writings have on public opinion at the time?

2. How did the legal system justify reversing her court victory?

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1. Writing and journalism were powerful tools used to challenge racial injustice during the Jim Crow era.

2. Speaking out against systemic racism often came with serious personal risks, including threats and violence.

3. Individual activism played a key role in laying the foundation for future civil rights movements.

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We can learnabout the Jim Crow laws and their roots in Black Codes reveals how racism was deeply built into legal and social systems in the U.S. for over a century and  the courage of people like Ida B. Wells inspires us to stand up against injustice and value equality and human rights. Understanding this history helps us recognize the importance of fairness, empathy, and continuing to fight discrimination today.

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We can learnabout the Jim Crow laws and their roots in Black Codes reveals how racism was deeply built into legal and social systems in the U.S. for over a century and  the courage of people like Ida B. Wells inspires us to stand up against injustice and value equality and human rights. Understanding this history helps us recognize the importance of fairness, empathy, and continuing to fight discrimination today.

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Black Codes

https://youtu.be/HvWVX84RBt4?feature=shared

1. The all-white governments created by Andrew Johnson passed these laws to regulate the conditions of the former slaves.

2. Black Codes are an attempt to use the power of the government to get the plantation system going again.

3. In early 1866, Congress passes the civil rights law which says that all laws must apply equally to all citizens, but actually black people had no right to vote, to serve on juries, to testify in court. They could not own guns the way white people could and they had to go to work for white people, they had to sign year-long labor contracts with a white employer

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vandalize (v.)任意破壞

lynch (v.)以私刑處死

ruthless (adj.)無情的

thwart (v.)反對

seep (v.) 滲出

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1.spread around 傳播開來

2.substantial 相當大的

3.amusement-park 遊樂園

4.asylums 庇護所

5. be uncommon to 對…來說不尋常

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After watching this article, I think we should cherish today’s peace and treat everyone equally. In 1865, racism led to Black people being tortured and underpaid for no reason. It was unfair and unreasonable, so we must learn from history and ensure equal rights for all in today’s world.

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1.The laws and racial segregation were not limited to the South, the North also practiced discrimination in voting, housing, and schools.

2.In 1867, Thurman from Ohio didn’t want Black people to vote. He ran for governor with that idea but lost. Later, he became a U.S. senator and tried to stop laws that helped Black people after the Civil War.

3.After World War II, many neighborhoods used legal covenants to keep out Black families, and banks often denied mortgages to them in redlined areas.

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1.Were there any white allies in the North who helped fight these racist systems?

2.Are any of these rules still affecting people today?

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Looking at this from today’s point of view, it’s hard to believe that such unfair and racist things were once considered normal. It’s painful to think that people were judged and limited just because of their skin color, and they had to fight so hard for basic rights. Learning about this makes me feel both sad and shocked. At the same time, it reminds me how important it is to stand up for fairness and not stay silent when we see injustice.

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https://youtu.be/GRXn8x33AbE?si=nlj165jrTiMCSRLC

1. This film portrays the significance of the “Green Book” during the era of racial segregation.

2. Sometimes, we can express our dissatisfaction with authority in more peaceful ways

3. Don Shirley’s conflict between identity and artistry prompts a reevaluation of the meaning of racial segregation.

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Green Book Featurette - What is the Green Book (2018) | Movieclips Coming Soon

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https://youtu.be/nXIYQxMN9-4?feature=shared

1. This video shows that the Ku Klux Klan still exists in the past decade. Although their numbers have decreased, they continue to gather and hold prayer rituals.

2. They recruit new members by targeting war veterans who suffer from PTSD and are struggling to find jobs, offering them a sense of belonging while instilling harmful ideologies.

3. The recruited members shown in the video are aware that the organization discriminates against, suppresses, and even attacks Black people. They firmly believe that Black people are more violent than white people and will rape or murder their children.

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How the KKK Preys on American Veterans: VICE Reports (Part 1)

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1. In 1934 ,the government created the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) try to stabilize the housing market during the Great Depression and it expand homeownership in the U.S.

2. Redlining was an unfair system where banks and insurance companies marked neighborhoods with many minority residents as “high-risk.” Because of this, people living there couldn’t easily get loans or insurance.

3.The racial covenants concentrating communities of color in less desirable area and denying their chance to home ownership and the accumulation of wealth.Although  the U.S. Supreme Court announced racial covenants unenforceable in 1948, but it still has an impact on society

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Redlining and Racial Covenants: Jim Crow of the North

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1.She is a teacher from Memphis

2.There was a first-class train car designated for white people only in America before.

3.In 1889,she became co-owner of the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight.

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https://youtu.be/LwACL5Qa908?si=zl5zM4mVEtV2nlPl

1.The history of Tulsa race massacre

2.“Hate Election "

3.White American

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https://study.com//academy/lesson/jim-crow-laws-significance-facts-timeline.html

1.To assert white superiority, most Jim Crow laws revolve around voting restrictions.

2.They made literacy and land ownership a requirement to vote, both of which were deprived of slaves.

3.Acts of civil disobedience, like the Rosa Parks and the Montgomery bus protest, finally ended Jim Crow laws. This resulted in the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which made segregation and discrimination illegal.

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1. Isaiah Montgomery, a former enslaved person, founded Mound Bayou, Mississippi in 1887 as a Black-only town due to the racial segregation enforced by Jim Crow laws.

2. Mound Bayou became a self-sufficient community, built from cleared wilderness, and included vital institutions like schools, a hospital, a bank, and a library funded by Andrew .

3. The town of Mound Bayou still exists today and remains almost entirely African American in population.

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1. What challenges did Isaiah Montgomery and the settlers face while building Mound Bayou from wilderness?

2. How has Mound Bayou managed to remain mostly Black and self-sustaining throughout its histo