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Established 2025, the Svalbard Arctic Glacier Protection Center is a pioneering international research and conservation facility located in the Svalbard archipelago, Norway. The center was created in response to the accelerating loss of Arctic Glacier due to climate change, and it playes a important role in protecting sensitive and rapidly warming of Glacier in the Arctic.

Arctic Sea Ice Melting Over the Years | 2000-2022 Time-lapse

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Alaska's rivers and streams are turning orange due to climate change. This phenomenon was first discovered in 2018. The orange color is caused by climate change melting permafrost (where the soil remains below 0 degrees Celsius for more than two years), releasing sulfide minerals from the permafrost into the streams. These irons react with oxygen to form iron oxide, which dissolves in the water and turns orange. This can cause many problems, including water quality degradation, ecosystem destruction, and threats to drinking water and fisheries.

https://youtu.be/tI2uWoeSJ-g?si=A5Zc7YMTfEZj4cY2

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The forest fires that started sporadically in western Canada in the spring of 2023 were an event that spread across the country and caused severe damage. A study found that these large forest fires released a huge amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Scientists from the World Resources Institute and the University of Maryland in the United States estimated that 3.28 billion tons of carbon dioxide were emitted due to the forest fires in Canada. This is about four times the carbon dioxide emitted by all airplanes in a year. In order to prevent such environmental problems, it seems that we should also make efforts to prevent forest fires.

https://youtu.be/KQZnvF7PtSY?si=eGV5WWaT1e6d9MeA

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In Mexico, there have been increasing cases of animal deaths due to the appearance of a "heat dome" where high pressure stagnates and hot air is trapped centered around the Gulf of Mexico. In May 2024, the Mexican Ministry of the Environment announced that 157 Yucatan black howler monkeys were found dead in southern Tabasco and other areas. It is presumed that the monkeys died from heat-related illnesses or malnutrition due to the severe heat wave with high temperatures reaching 45 degrees Celsius. In addition, tragic incidents have occurred in ecological parks as animals died one after another.

https://youtu.be/YmNV8cQHWes?si=XXVMoCCNbLQarE7o

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The Bullet Center in Seattle, Washington, was completed on Earth Day, April 22, 2013. It is designed to last 250 years and has 576 solar panels on its roof to generate a lot of energy. It also has triple-glazed windows, insulated walls, and a curtain wall system to maximize natural light and minimize glare. The building’s most notable feature is its composting toilet system. Human wastewater is transported to a discreet location, heated to over 200 degrees Fahrenheit, and converted into fertilizer through an anaerobic digestion system. It also has a 56,000-gallon tank to store rainwater for reuse. Finally, to reduce carbon emissions, it has dedicated bike parking.

https://youtu.be/Xg4CZbYYyfo?si=Z9CvdSbnxaPqo11s

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Guatemala is a country rich in tropical rainforests and biodiversity, and the Maya Biosphere Reserve is one of the most important ecosystems in Central America. However, the region is experiencing various environmental problems. Indiscriminate logging for timber sales continues, forests are being cleared for palm oil, cattle farming, corn cultivation, etc., habitats for endangered species are shrinking, and the effects of deforestation are causing greenhouse gas emissions to increase due to a decrease in carbon absorption capacity.

https://youtu.be/_l11qAK_cZg?si=QiMregRXZT56lCqK

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🇮🇳 India – Pollution in the Ganges River

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🇮🇳 India – Pollution in the Ganges River

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Summary:
The Ganges River, considered sacred by millions, is facing severe pollution due to untreated sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural runoff.

Details:
The Ganges River (Ganga) plays a central spiritual, cultural, and economic role in India. However, it has become one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Over 3.8 billion liters of untreated sewage are discharged into the river daily. Additionally, industrial effluents containing heavy metals and chemicals, along with pesticide-laden runoff from nearby farms, further degrade the river’s health.
This pollution threatens aquatic biodiversity and has serious consequences for public health, as the water is used for drinking, bathing, and religious rituals. The Indian government launched the “Namami Gange” project to clean the river, but progress has been slow and inconsistent.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pH0fhLBr-Mg

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🇨🇳 China – Air Pollution and Green Energy Initiatives

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🇨🇳 China – Air Pollution and Green Energy Initiatives

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Summary:
China has suffered from serious air pollution, especially in urban centers, but has recently made strong efforts to reduce emissions and invest in renewable energy.

Details:
In past decades, China experienced heavy smog and particulate pollution due to coal-based energy, rapid industrialization, and vehicle emissions. Major cities like Beijing were frequently blanketed by hazardous air.
To combat this, the Chinese government implemented strict air quality regulations and closed down many high-emission factories. China is now a global leader in green energy investment—expanding wind, solar, and hydroelectric power infrastructure. In 2023, over 30% of China's electricity came from renewable sources.
Despite progress, challenges remain, including continued coal usage and increasing electricity demands.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R24ihv5JUeU

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🇮🇩 Indonesia – Deforestation and the Palm Oil Industry

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🇮🇩 Indonesia – Deforestation and the Palm Oil Industry

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Summary:
Indonesia is facing rapid deforestation due to palm oil cultivation, endangering wildlife and contributing significantly to global carbon emissions.

Details:
Indonesia contains some of the richest tropical rainforests in the world, but vast areas are being cleared to make room for palm oil plantations. This land-use change destroys habitats of endangered species like orangutans and tigers, while also releasing huge amounts of CO₂ into the atmosphere from burning peatlands.
The palm oil industry is a major economic driver, but environmental concerns are leading to international pressure and efforts to adopt sustainable certification schemes. However, illegal logging and weak law enforcement continue to hinder long-term environmental protection.

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Indonesia's Palm Oil Industry is Destroying More Than Forests | TIME

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🇯🇵 Japan – Fukushima Nuclear Disaster and Environmental Recovery

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🇯🇵 Japan – Fukushima Nuclear Disaster and Environmental Recovery

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Summary:
The 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster caused widespread environmental contamination, and cleanup and recovery efforts are still ongoing.

Details:
Following a massive earthquake and tsunami, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant experienced a meltdown, releasing radioactive materials into the air and ocean. Radiation affected surrounding ecosystems and communities, leading to mass evacuations and long-term damage.
In recent years, Japan has undertaken decontamination efforts and attempted to rebuild public trust. A controversial move includes plans to release treated radioactive water into the Pacific Ocean, sparking debate among scientists and neighboring countries.
The incident continues to shape Japan’s energy policy and disaster preparedness strategies.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cr48amIchVk

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Summary:
South Korea is recognized for its advanced recycling system and policies that promote waste reduction and sustainable consumption.

Details:
South Korea has implemented a volume-based waste disposal system and strict separation rules for recyclables. Food waste, plastics, and electronics are processed through specialized facilities, and the country boasts one of the highest recycling rates globally.
The “Extended Producer Responsibility” (EPR) program holds companies accountable for post-consumer waste, encouraging eco-friendly packaging. Public education campaigns and digital tools help citizens comply with regulations.
This comprehensive system not only reduces landfill waste but also contributes to greenhouse gas reductions and sustainable urban living.

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/qw89unigEZY

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Korea's Efforts: Korea operates the Sejong and Jang Bo-go Science Station for scientific research in Antarctica. The Sejong Science Base conducts several polar studies such as climate change, marine bases, ozone layers, high climate, and useful biological resources, while the Jang Bogo Science Base predicts sea level rise through glacial and ice shelf studies and conducts continental-based studies such as meteorites. They work with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to provide weather observation data and also play a role in monitoring the operation and ecosystem of the Special Antarctic Reserve (SPA). In addition, the process of the collapse of the Antarctic ice shelf was identified for the first time in the world, and achievements such as designating a special Antarctic reserve on InExpressible Island and confirming changes in Adelie penguins' feeding sites for the first time.

https://youtu.be/6LQvUNh5fXA?feature=shared

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A Decline in Ocean Glacier, and the Threat to Polar Bears and Other Ecosystems

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A Decline in Ocean Glacier, and the Threat to Polar Bears and Other Ecosystems

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According to a BBC article, the Arctic, like Antarctica, has melted many glaciers due to rising temperatures. Due to global warming, the area of sea ice in the Arctic in the summer decreased from an average of 7 million㎢ in the 1980s to 4.5 million㎢ in the 2010s. Also, Alexandra Jan, a professor at the University of Colorado's Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, predicted that the Arctic will face a glacier-free summer with less than 1 million square kilometers. The research team analyzed existing literature on sea ice prediction and sea ice range data derived from computer climate models to predict the future of the Arctic, predicting that the day will come 10 years earlier than the time of sea ice suggested by previous researchers. As the glacial area decreases, the habitat of Arctic animals that rely on glaciers, such as seals and polar bears, will disappear, and increased water temperatures could cause non-native fish, or invasive species, to move into the Arctic Ocean and damage local ecosystems. It is also expected to cause a lot of damage to people living in coastal areas due to the reduction of glaciers that were buffering the effects of coastal waves.

https://youtu.be/A_yd1J8lZwQ?feature=shared

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Sea Ice and Changes in Animal Habitats, Antarctic

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Sea Ice and Changes in Animal Habitats, Antarctic

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The decrease in glaciers linked to marine ecosystems has a significant impact on marine biodiversity. BBC News reports show sea ice around the world is falling to record lows. According to the BBC's analysis of data from the National Snowflake Data Center (NSIDC), the total area of sea ice in the Arctic and Antarctic was 15.76 million square kilometers, the lowest since satellite records began in the 1970s. Antarctica's sea ice area has been consistently low, and although natural variability still exists, the decline is becoming apparent, it said. Continuous reduction in sea ice area has resulted in reproductive failure in 14 of 66 habitats of emperor penguins inhabiting Antarctica. In addition, sea ice has caused the distribution of Antarctic krill growing below the glacier to travel up to 440 kilometers south, affecting several creatures such as whales and penguins that feed on them.

https://youtu.be/Xb_4ub_aPpo?feature=shared

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International Organizations and Conventions of the Arctic and Antarctica

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International Organizations and Conventions of the Arctic and Antarctica

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1. the Arctic: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), there is expected to be at least one year before 2050 when Arctic sea ice disappears almost completely in the summer. Some studies are raising the possibility that the timing will be moved forward. The decline in polar sea ice affects not only wild animals such as polar bears and penguins, but also the climate of the entire planet. Studies have shown that since the 1980s, polar sea ice has disappeared, resulting in a loss of about 14% of global cooling effects, further accelerating global warming.

2. the Antarctica: The Antarctic Treaty System, signed in 1959, focuses on prohibiting military activities, ensuring freedom of scientific research, and emphasizing cooperation to protect the environment. Subsequently, the Environmental Protection Protocol (Madrid Protocol, 1991) was signed to prioritize the conservation of the ecosystem in Antarctica and to ban the development of mineral resources altogether. In addition, it can be seen that the Antarctic Marine Resources Conservation Committee (CCAMLR) was established in 1982 to strive for sustainable use and preservation of Antarctic marine life. The above activities have shown results such as discussing the establishment of the Marine Protected Area (MAP) and regulating krill catches. In addition to international treaties, it is taking the lead in protecting Antarctica through efforts by various countries and research by scientists.

https://youtu.be/6EiZVzZmKrc?feature=shared

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According to NASA's GRACE mission, which tracks changes in the weight and height of Antarctic glaciers, Antarctica melted about 150 tons of ice per year between 2002 and 2020, resulting in an annual increase in global sea levels of 0.4 mm. The picture below is data from GRACE and GRECE-FO, showing changes in Antarctic glacial loss since 2002. Orange and red represent areas where glaciers have been lost, blue represents areas where glaciers have increased, and white represents areas where there has been little change in glaciers since 2002. It can be seen that in some southeast polar regions, glaciers increased due to the increase in snowfall, but in the case of the southwest polar ice sheet, there was a significant loss.

https://youtu.be/52p4luTvYw0?feature=shared

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Kiel-Hassee, a district in the city of Kiel, Germany, is known for its commitment to sustainable urban development and environmental responsibility.

The area has embraced eco-friendly initiatives, particularly in residential planning and green space integration.

One notable example is the implementation of ecological housing estates, which prioritize energy efficiency, the use of environmentally sustainable materials, and the promotion of communal living. These developments are designed to minimize environmental impact while enhancing the quality of life for residents.

In addition, Kiel-Hassee benefits from its proximity to natural areas such as the Vieburger Gehölz, a large urban forest that provides residents with access to nature and recreational opportunities.

The preservation and accessibility of such green spaces are central to the area’s environmental strategy, encouraging biodiversity and promoting well-being.

Public transportation is also a key focus, with the Kiel-Hassee CITTI-PARK station playing a central role in reducing car dependency and lowering emissions.

The station’s redevelopment in 2007 improved connectivity and encouraged the use of trains and buses over private vehicles.

Overall, Kiel-Hassee reflects the broader environmental values of the city of Kiel and the state of Schleswig-Holstein, aiming for a balance between urban living and ecological responsibility.

KIEL, Germany 🇩🇪 in 4K | 2025 | Walking Tour in Central Hassee

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The United Kingdom's "Net Zero by 2050" policy is a national strategy aimed at eliminating the country’s net greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2050.

This means that the UK plans to reduce emissions as much as possible and offset any remaining emissions through methods such as carbon capture, tree planting, and other carbon removal technologies.

As part of this ambitious goal, the UK government has implemented a range of measures across multiple sectors. In transportation, it plans to ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2035, encouraging a shift toward electric vehicles.

In the energy sector, the UK is phasing out coal-fired power and heavily investing in renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Additionally, buildings are being upgraded to be more energy-efficient, and low-carbon heating systems are being promoted.

The policy also supports innovation in green technologies and provides incentives for businesses to reduce their carbon footprint.

Through this initiative, the UK aims not only to combat climate change but also to create green jobs and support sustainable economic growth.

Net Zero by 2050 positions the UK as a global leader in climate action.

How the U.K. plans to hit net-zero emissions by 2050 | Power & Politics

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France, Energy Transition Law for Green Growth

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France, Energy Transition Law for Green Growth

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The French Energy Transition Law for Green Growth, passed in 2015, is a key environmental policy aimed at transforming France into a low-carbon, energy-efficient economy.

The law sets ambitious targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 and 75% by 2050, compared to 1990 levels.

It also aims to decrease overall energy consumption by 50% by 2050 and increase the share of renewable energy to 40% of electricity production by 2030.

A major component of the law is reducing the country’s reliance on nuclear energy, lowering its share in electricity production from 75% to 50%.

To support this shift, the government is investing in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and biomass. The law also includes measures to improve building energy efficiency, encouraging renovations and energy-saving technologies.

In addition, the policy promotes sustainable transportation by providing incentives for electric vehicle use and expanding public transit.

The Energy Transition Law reflects France’s commitment to climate action and sustainable development, aligning with both EU goals and the Paris Agreement.

Jérémie Jaeger: France's energy transition law

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France, Energy Transition Law for Green Growth

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Amsterdam is famous for its bicycle-friendly policies, making it one of the most bike-friendly cities in the world.

The city has invested heavily in building extensive cycling infrastructure, including dedicated bike lanes, traffic signals for cyclists, and secure parking facilities.

Cycling is promoted as the primary mode of transportation for short and medium distances, reducing car traffic and lowering emissions.

The local government encourages residents to use bikes by offering bike-sharing programs and limiting car access in the city center.

Schools and workplaces also support cycling through awareness campaigns and facilities like bike racks and showers.

This focus on cycling helps improve air quality, reduces noise pollution, and enhances public health. Overall, Amsterdam’s bike-centered approach is a key part of its sustainable urban development.

How Amsterdam Became a Bicycle Paradise

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Switzerland’s Energy Strategy 2050 is a long-term plan to transition the country to a sustainable and low-carbon energy system.

The main goal is to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 by reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

The strategy emphasizes expanding renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.

It also promotes improving energy efficiency in buildings and industry.

Investments in modernizing the electricity grid and encouraging energy-saving technologies are key components.

The plan supports the growth of electric vehicles and cleaner transportation options.

Overall, the Energy Strategy 2050 aims to ensure a reliable, affordable, and environmentally friendly energy supply for Switzerland’s future.

MS'18: Swiss Energy strategy 2050, Pascal Previdoli, BFE

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● Environmental Issue: Deforestation and Desertification

Ethiopia is a predominantly agricultural country where rapid population growth, expansion of farmland, and the widespread use of firewood have led to severe deforestation. This deforestation contributes to soil erosion, reduced agricultural productivity, and desertification, further worsening the impacts of drought and climate change. In highland areas, the loss of forests also threatens the availability of freshwater resources.

● Effort: Green Legacy Initiative

Since 2019, the Ethiopian government has launched the Green Legacy Initiative, a nationwide campaign to combat environmental degradation by planting billions of trees. By 2022, the country had successfully planted over 7 billion trees. The initiative aims to restore degraded land, prevent soil erosion, and promote biodiversity. It also raises environmental awareness through school programs and community-level participation in reforestation efforts.

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Ethiopia's Revolutionary Desert To Forest Journey: 4K Stunning Video

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● Environmental Issue: Air Pollution and Water Scarcity

As one of Africa’s most industrialized nations, South Africa faces significant air and water pollution due to mining and manufacturing activities. In urban areas, particulate matter (PM2.5) levels often exceed WHO safety standards. Furthermore, climate change has intensified droughts, with the city of Cape Town experiencing a major water crisis in 2020, known as "Day Zero."

● Effort: Renewable Energy and Water Conservation

South Africa has implemented the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) to expand solar and wind energy generation and reduce carbon emissions. Additionally, the Water Wise Program promotes water-saving practices in households, schools, and public institutions. The government is also investing in smart water meters and rainwater harvesting systems to manage limited water resources more efficiently.

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South Africa’s Catastrophic Water Problem

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● Environmental Issue: Plastic Waste and Ecosystem Damage

Kenya has experienced a dramatic increase in plastic pollution, especially in urban areas. Discarded plastic bags clog rivers and drainage systems, causing floods and harming wildlife that ingest them. The ecological damage is evident in national parks and coastal regions, where plastic waste disrupts habitats and biodiversity.

● Effort: Ban on Plastic Bags and Awareness Campaigns

In August 2017, Kenya enforced one of the world’s strictest bans on plastic bags. The law prohibits the production, import, sale, and use of plastic bags, with penalties of up to $3,800 in fines or four years in prison. Since then, Kenya has also banned single-use plastics in all public beaches and national parks. The government has supported public clean-up activities and the promotion of eco-friendly packaging alternatives.

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Plastic Waste Threatens Kenya's Lamu Mangrove Forest + More | Eco Africa

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● Environmental Issue: Oil Spills and Environmental Degradation

As Africa’s largest oil producer, Nigeria faces frequent oil spill incidents, particularly in the Niger Delta region. These spills have severely contaminated soil, water, and wetlands, resulting in ecological collapse, reduced agricultural output, and public health risks. Local communities often suffer from lack of clean drinking water and respiratory illnesses due to toxic exposure.

● Effort: Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project (HYPREP)

In response to these challenges, the Nigerian government launched the HYPREP program in 2016, based on recommendations from the UN Environment Programme (UNEP). This initiative focuses on cleaning up contaminated land and rivers, providing safe drinking water, and delivering healthcare services to affected communities. The government is also enforcing stricter regulations on oil companies and encouraging community-led restoration effortsto promote environmental justice.

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Environmental degradation in oil rich Niger Delta

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● Environmental Issue: Water Scarcity and Climate Change

Morocco’s arid climate makes it highly vulnerable to water shortages, which are becoming more frequent due to climate change and decreasing rainfall. This scarcity is especially damaging to the agricultural sector, which is a vital part of the country’s economy. Groundwater depletion and lower crop yields pose risks to food security and rural livelihoods.

● Effort: Renewable Energy and Desalination Projects

Morocco is a leading advocate of sustainable energy in Africa. It operates the Noor Solar Complex, one of the largest solar power plants in the world, with a production capacity of 1.6 GW. The plant helps reduce millions of tons of carbon emissions annually. Morocco is also expanding desalination facilities along the Mediterranean coast to provide water for agriculture and urban use. Efforts include investments in water reuse technologies and public education programs on water conservation.

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Scientists say Morocco will face severe water shortages by 2025