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Source 2 - Psychosocial interventions targeting mental health in pregnant adolescents and adolescent parents: a systematic review (Laurenzi et. al, 2020)

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Source 2 - Psychosocial interventions targeting mental health in pregnant adolescents and adolescent parents: a systematic review (Laurenzi et. al, 2020)

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide global psychological interventions for young parents helping to understand and prevent mental disorders and risk behaviors exhibited in adolescents.

Key Findings:

Various factors impact mental health in pregnant adolescents

Psychological interventions can help these mental health issues and support them

Evidence:

"While mental health during and after pregnancy has gained recognition as an important public health concern, adolescents who are pregnant ... may experience stigma, higher rates of unplanned pregnancies, more physical health risks, and challenging social environments." (Laurenzi et. al, 2, 2020)

Connection: This source helped answer my individual research question by explaining ways to help support adolescent parents effectively and how different methods work. It described limitations and showed how this has been an ongoing issue globally. It explained the topic and through different studies, they explained how psychological interventions can help accommodate the needs of the adolescent parents.

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Source 7 - Risk factors for depressive symptoms in adolescent pregnancy in a late-teen subsample. (Koleva & Stuart, 2014)

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Source 7 - Risk factors for depressive symptoms in adolescent pregnancy in a late-teen subsample. (Koleva & Stuart, 2014)

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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze possible risk factors for symptoms of depression seen in pregnant adolescents.

Key Findings:

There is a lack of necessary interventions with pregnant adolescents

Evidence:

“As many as 68 % of pregnant adolescents attending school report depressive symptoms (Logsdon et al. 2004). Despite this high rate, it is well known that screening is not done universally and that pregnant adolescents face higher barriers for both depression screening and treatment (Logsdon et al. 2009; Koniak-Griffin et al. 1996), due to poor recognition by both patients and providers.” (Koleva & Stuart, 2, 2014)

Connection: This source helped me to answer my individual question and helped me to understand more solutions. It explained various factors that have a relationship with depression, and solutions to help pregnant adolescents. It explained the factors behind these rates and the issue thoroughly. If they can successfully implement universal depression screening for adolescents in all clinical settings, we can help to fix this issue.

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In order to best support pregnant adolescents its necessary to have multiple psychological interventions to best support the mental health of pregnant adolescents and those directly related to them. By having multiple interventions of various types, different disorders and mental health issues can be diagnosed and helped earlier, helping these pregnant adolescents in terms of mental health. The themes all circle back to the necessity of these interventions. The role different factors has on interventions shows how barriers may be blocking interventions but they still are needed. In terms of the impact of violence/abuse in relationships, past and present, on receiving mental health care and causing issues shows the necessity for multiple types and preventive interventions. The role of social support showed the necessity of social support in terms of how that can be an obstacle to receiving needed help. After examining the themes it is clear that the best way to support pregnant adolescents mental health is to have multiple interventions of different types throughout the pregnancy.

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Both sources explain how different mental disorders arise in pregnant adolescents or their direct family due to the pregnancy. They both examine how mental disorders and issues increase significantly due to the pregnancy and how it's very concerning. Social support in both are seen within the families and how that is significant on mental health needs. If both direct family and the pregnant teenagers could receive professional help, it would be extremely helpful for adolescents.

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Although we saw that IPV and previous histories of abuse is severely significant on pregnant adolescents and can be helped with more interventions, there are still some barriers from receiving these psychological interventions. Social supports role in this is arguably the largest, and it makes a huge difference in this matter.

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While the multiple factors did lead to the viable and helpful solution of psychological interventions, it's still being limited with accessing this help within relationships. Specifically abuse within relationships and in the past impacts pregnant adolescents willingness to receive this form of help.

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These sources helped me understand how significant the role social support plays with adolescents mental health and how it impacts the receiving professional help. They explain how with less support socially, more mental health disorder's rise due to the strain put on these pregnant adolescents. It also explains how social support can impact stigmas towards receiving professional help for mental needs that arise during pregnancy. If social support is increased, more psychological interventions can occur smoothly, supporting adolescents mental health.

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Both sources extensively analyze the role of social support on different mental health needs. They both explain how with increased social support, the pregnant adolescents mental health improved positively and the necessity of social support. It explains how if more people support pregnant adolescents getting needed help, it can help many have an increased mental health.

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In both sources they describe the necessity of interventions and how implementation can occur. Both emphasized the necessity of awareness at younger ages through reproductive health education. They both also went into detail on how different mental disorders were impacted positively by interventions, and how they can support the adolescents.

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Source 8 - Do Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing Affect Younger Siblings? (East)

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Source 8 - Do Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing Affect Younger Siblings? (East)

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the behavioral consequences of an adolescents pregnancy on her younger siblings.

Key Findings:

Younger siblings views on premarital pregnancy/intercourse were impacted by having a pregnant adolescent sister

Younger siblings exhibited more behavioral issues due to this

Evidence:

“the unmeasured family background factors that contributed to the older sister's pregnancy may be shaping the younger sister's outcomes. Further, younger siblings' predispositions toward early fertility could be compounded by or interact with the unique and independent effects resulting from a sister's pregnancy or childbearing in shaping younger siblings' outcomes." (East, 5, 1996)

Connection: This source helped me to answer my individual question by going into depth on how direct family members are impacted by adolescent pregnancies. It helped me understand the different aspects mothers and younger siblings may have to go through and how much the pregnancy affects the family. It broadened my knowledge on the overall impact had on families.

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These sources aided my understanding of how abuse in relationships, regardless of it being current or in the past plays a huge barrier of receiving mental health care for pregnant adolescents. The abuse may change their view on it or may scare them from reaching out to get their needed help. To best support the adolescents it's seen how interventions of multiple forms are necessary. Through the help of professionals, many pregnant adolescents can be best supported and helped in terms of mental needs.

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In both of these sources they emphasize heavily on the need for more psychological interventions in pregnant adolescents, and how different mental disorders are impacted by various factors. These mental disorders heavily impact the quality of life of them. By increasing intervention frequencies, they can better support adolescents mental needs.

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These sources helped me understand how psychological interventions truly help mental health needs. If the adolescents needs in terms of mental health were ignored and bottled up, more and more mental health needs would arise, causing a lot of strain on the pregnant adolescent. Through medical professionals helping these adolescents, they take a step in the right direction towards supporting pregnant adolescents mental health needs.

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Both sources went into depth on how abuse shaped their views and accessibility on receiving professional help because of mental issues/disorders prevalent during their pregnancy. They explained how coping mechanisms for this could be harmful, and how the necessity of more frequent interventions and multiple types of interventions were needed.

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How can we best accommodate the mental needs of those directly impacted by unplanned adolescent pregnancies?

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How can we best accommodate the mental needs of those directly impacted by unplanned adolescent pregnancies?

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(Scientific)

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Source 4 - Psychosocial factors associated with depression severity in pregnant adolescents (Tzilos et. al, 2012)

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Source 4 - Psychosocial factors associated with depression severity in pregnant adolescents (Tzilos et. al, 2012)

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Purpose: The purpose was to analyze pregnant adolescents, of multiple races, with a history of physical or sexual abuse and their relationship with substance use on depression severity.

Key Findings:

There were significantly high levels of depression in adolescents who had a history of sexual or physical abuse and substance abuse

Evidence:

"This study identified that a history of alcohol use was a significant predictor of higher depressive scores. Moreover, a history of physical or sexual abuse was also a significant factor related to the severity of depressive symptoms in pregnant adolescents, independent of history of alcohol use, history of drug use, and history of depression.” (Tzilos, 3, 2012)

Connection: This source helped me to answer my individual question with multiple solutions. It explained various factors that have a relationship with depression, and solutions to help pregnant adolescents. If they can successfully integrate these methods into checkups or hospital visits, many pregnant teenage mothers can be treated earlier.

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Source 3 - Comparing pregnancy and pregnancy outcome rates between adolescents with and without pre-existing mental disorders. (Nakyung et. al, 2024)

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Source 3 - Comparing pregnancy and pregnancy outcome rates between adolescents with and without pre-existing mental disorders. (Nakyung et. al, 2024)

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Purpose:  The purpose was to examine relationships between specific mental disorders with pregnant adolescent females before, during, and after pregnancy.

Key Findings:

Psychological and other interventions can help pregnant adolescents significantly

Evidence:

“The coexistence of mental disorders and pregnancy among adolescents underscores the need for public health interventions that extend beyond the healthcare system. These include promoting mental health awareness, improving access to mental health services, enhancing sexual and reproductive health education, and providing comprehensive and effective support for pregnant adolescents with mental disorders.” (Nakyung, 8, 2024)

Connection: This source helped me answer my group and my individual research question due to its multiple solutions which go into depth on various mental needs of pregnant teens. It described multiple limitations behind the study and explained the needs in depth.

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Source 1 - Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents (Hodgkinson et. al) 

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Source 1 - Addressing the Mental Health Needs of Pregnant and Parenting Adolescents (Hodgkinson et. al) 

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Purpose: The purpose of it was to analyze the severity and prevalence of mental health disorders in pregnant teenagers, and barriers they face.

Key Findings:

Rates of substance abuse, depression, and self harm/suicidal behavior were at extremely concerning rates

Evidence:

"Among adolescent mothers, rates of depression are estimated to be between 16% and 44%. ... studies of suicidality in adolescent mothers found rates ranging from 11% to 30%... Estimates of drug use among pregnant adolescents range from 11% to 52%" (Hodgkinson, 2, 2014)

Connection: This source helped me to answer my individual question by explaining various barriers that may restrict adolescent parents from getting professional help impacting them life long. It gave ways for medical professionals to support the adolescent parents without coming off as judgmental. If they can implement these methods in successful manners, it can help many teenage mothers and fathers mentally which can improve their quality of life.

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Source 5 - Associations between intimate partner violence profiles and mental health among low-income, urban pregnant adolescents. (Thomas et. al, 2019)

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Source 5 - Associations between intimate partner violence profiles and mental health among low-income, urban pregnant adolescents. (Thomas et. al, 2019)

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Purpose: This study aimed to assess the impacts of victimization, perpetration, and bilateral violence seen in low-income pregnant adolescents, to determine whether the IPV profiles of them are differentially connected with different mental disorders.

Key Findings:

Pregnant adolescents in abusive and violent relationships had higher risks of developing mental health issues

Evidence:

"Nearly 1 in 5 participants were involved in bilateral violence with their partner, placing the entire family at risk for adverse outcomes. IPV among pregnant adolescents was associated with increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes for all violence profiles, regardless of victimization or perpetration status.” (Thomas et. al, 5, 2019)

Connection: This source helped me answer my individual research question by explaining how mental disorders can occur in pregnant adolescents due to violence post and pre partum. It explained various factors that have a relationship with mental disorders, and possible solutions to help them.

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Source 6 - Immediate and Longer-Term Connections Between Support and Stress in Pregnant/Parenting and Non-Pregnant/Non-Parenting Adolescents. (Devereux et. al)

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Source 6 - Immediate and Longer-Term Connections Between Support and Stress in Pregnant/Parenting and Non-Pregnant/Non-Parenting Adolescents. (Devereux et. al)

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Purpose:  The purpose of the study was to analyze social support in pregnant adolescents with their transition into parenthood. The study specifies the association between pregnancy and stress levels, and how they correlate over time.

Key Findings:

Increased social support leads to less stress and other mental health issues in pregnant adolescents

Evidence:

“A number of factors have been found to help offset the potential difficulties associated with adolescent pregnancy and parenthood...The presence of social support, in particular, has been found to help pregnant and parenting adolescents adjust to the potential stress of pregnancy and parenthood (Langfield and Pasley 1997). Studies have shown that social support can also promote maternal well-being (Logsdon and Koniak-Griffin 2005) and improve mother–infant interactions (Clemmens 2001).” (Devereux et. al, 3, 2009)

Connection: This source helped me to answer my individual question by explaining how support is significant in regards to stress levels. If society can be more supportive, the mental health and specifically stress levels of adolescent mothers will become more positive.

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The Impact Abuse/Violence has on  Interventions with Pregnant Adolescents 

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The Impact Abuse/Violence has on  Interventions with Pregnant Adolescents 

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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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Context + Introduction + Focus (Problem Statement)

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In the United States we have a concerning rate of adolescent pregnancies, examined throughout all geographic, socioeconomic and ethnic groups. (Hodgkinson et. al, 2, 2014) These adolescents struggle through many different challenges such as social stigma, educative problems, and mental health issues arising from the pregnancy, and ""As many as two-thirds of adolescent pregnancies may be unintended [12, 20, 21], introducing new responsibilities and demands for adolescents who may not be ready to become parents, or may undergo additional stressors when experiencing an unintended pregnancy" (Laurenzi et. al, 3, 2020) These adolescents are burdened with having to raise a child or going through pregnancy while still growing up themselves. Although there are methods being placed to prevent these teen pregnancies, more than anything these adolescents need support. (Laurenzi et. al, 4, 2020) These pregnancies change the lives of those involved forever, and highly impacts not only the pregnant adolescents but the boyfriend/father along with younger family members as well. (East, 5, 1996) My individual research question, how we can best accommodate the mental needs of those directly impacted by unplanned adolescent pregnancies, seeks to prove the necessity of interventions throughout the different stages of pregnancy and how they overcome various barriers.

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The Role of Different Factors on Interventions

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The Role of Different Factors on Interventions