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16-18 h.

no protections

no protest allowed

no talking

Women and children hired

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small overcrowded accommodations ( basements ,attics )

no sanitation

no protection from temperature variation

alcoholism as a way to escape from stress

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Luddism

unions were born

demands : salary raise, right to vote and strike

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1st Ind. Revolution took place in the late 1700' in England.

NEW FORM OF ECONOMY: no longer based on agriculture, because industries made their way.

EMIGRATION: significative growth of the cities, that led to an emptying of the countryside

RAILWAY TRACKS: were born to connect in an easy-fast way all the newly born cities.

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Steam engine: converts the thermal energy of steam into mechanical work

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Period of transformations, with a lot of technological innovations that radically changed production and society.

This technological breakthrough triggered a "chain reaction": each innovation required new inventions to overcome technical limitations, driving continuous progress.

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water-powered spinning machine that revolutionized the textile industry

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A spinning machine that allowed a single worker to spin eight threads simultaneously, greatly improving yarn production.

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This is a loom shuttle, a tool used in traditional weaving. It carries a spool of thread and moves it through the warp threads, helping to weave fabric by crossing the threads together.

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The industrialization was a revolutionary phenomenon not only from an economic but also a social aspect.
There are two types of social classes:
middle-class:
-they enjoyed all the benefits of industrialization;
-they had a comfortable life;
-they lived in the richest neighborhoods of the city;
-they had a great privilege in the economy;
-they were the owners of the factories and received capital;
working class:
-they were the working class and were considered propertyless;
-they were wage workers;
-they hadn’t ownership of the means of production.

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During the 19th century, we can distinguish two type f emigration

1. EXTRACONTINENTAL: 14 mln of Italians decided to leave their country, to head towards America, inspired by the "American dream".

Divided in two periods: A) 1879-1896 "stage of depression", in which the majority of migrants were northern. B) 1896-1913 "stage of expansion, and more southern left their country.

2. INTRACONTINENTAL: Many people decided to move from rural countryside to the new cities, that have been built around industries.

WHY PEOPLE BECAME "MIGRANTS"

1. expulsive mechanism: people left because they no longer tolerated their home-situation.

2. attractive mechanism: migrants were pushed by the idea of the existence of a better country were they could start a new life.

The migration not only had an economic cost, but also stressed people psychologically. All these factors led to a MIGRATION-CHAIN: Many individuals took control of the emigration system, funding the journey of who decided to leave. Had the consequence of the increase of the transcontinental market.

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Capital inflow

Financial availability

Growth in demand for goods

Population increase

Exploitation of raw materials, such as iron minerals, in African colonies

The enclosure phenomenon: farmers expelled from the countryside and the workforce moving to cities

-Strategic geographical position of England

-Government economic initiatives

-Investments

-Technological innovations

-Globalization

-Early inequalities

-Expansion of capitalism

-Urbanization

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Between 1870 and 1914, starting from America and Germany:

-New energy sources

-New technologies

-New forms of industrial organization

Context:

Imperialism (colonies)

Scientific progress

Social tensions between new classes (proletariat and bourgeoisie)