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Artisans were one of the many results of the Neolithic revolution. Artisans were craftsmen who specialized in certain crafts, goods, and products. They were able to increase after the Neolithic revolution due to the increased time given after farming and the fact the people were now settling down in one set spot. This increase in artisans led to large developments in technology, art, and literature, and the way that people lived.

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Mesopotamia was one of the first civilizations around. It was located in the fertile crescent, an area between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia was able to start and thrive due to how good the land was for farming, leading to more food and, therefore more people. Mesopotamia was divided into city-states, they were polytheistic. Mesopotamia created artificial irrigation and developed the first written language.

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Ancient Egypt started up along the Nile, a lifeline for the Egyptians because of the good soil. The good farming conditions led to a surplus of food, which resulted in a surplus of people. Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt; however, foreign threats led them to unite. The Egyptians were polytheistic and their religion was closely tied to the government. The government was headed by pharaohs who were part of a dynasty and children of Re.

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Indus Valley Civilization (3,000 BC - 18000 BC)

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Indus Valley Civilization (3,000 BC - 18000 BC)

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The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the largest civilizations of that time. It was very advanced as well with sewage systems and water systems. The first sign of city planning was there and some homes were up to three stories tall. In the Indus Valley Civilization, all extended families lived together. Suttee was a practice where a widow would jump onto her husband's burning corpse. No one knows how the civilization came to an end.

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The Babylonian Empire was founded by Hammurabi in Mesopotamia. The capital of the empire was Babylon. The Babylonian Empire was created by conquering neighboring territories. The Code of Hammurabi was made during the Babylonian Empire "an eye for an eye". The Laws had punishments for speaking against family members and held public servants accountable. The laws differed based on social class.

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The Persian Empire conquered much of the Assyrian and Babylonian territory. Persians practiced religious and cultural tolerance, the people could serve in the government. The Persians created the Persian Royal Road to make communication across their territory easier and to maintain control. Rest stations were placed along the road so riders could refresh and move quickly. The Persians were monotheistic believing in a religion called Zoroastrianism, if you lived an evil life you went to a hell-like place and if you lived a good life you went to a heaven-like place.

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Athens was a Greek city-state that was very progressive with literature and the arts. Athens had one of the first constitutions and was the birthplace of democracy. Large meetings where people could meet to voice their thoughts to the leaders. Many famous Greek philosophers were from Athens, like Socrates and Plato. The men were allowed to choose their profession though the women were incredibly limited. Athens believed themselves to be superior to their neighbors. Athens is known as the cradle of Western civilization.

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Sparta was a very strict war-focused city-state that followed the caste system. At the age of seven boys were sent off to start military training and at 20 they became full military members. Women had much more rights compared to Athenian women. They were trained to fight to protect their home. Many progressive ideas from the world outside were not accepted. The Spartans had many slaves called the Helots whom they treated very poorly.

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Jesus was a Jewish Rabbi who claimed to be the prophesized messiah who would deliver the people and the Son of God. Jesus started the Christian faith splitting away from Judaism. Jesus preached about one God and love and hospitality. Jesus was brought to Roman authorities for being a political rebel and questioning the emperor's rule. He was given 39 lashings before being crucified. Christianity quickly grew in followers even though Christians were being persecuted at the time.

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The Arabian peninsula had no central government until Islam united the people. Originally the people were polytheistic until Muhammad came and preached that there was only one God. Muhammad claimed to have received visions from God and was instructed to preach. His teachings were all collected into the Quran, the Islamic holy book. Muhammed was persecuted in Mecca for his preaching so he fled. After Muhammed's death, there was a disagreement over who the next leader should be, so there was a split.

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The Crusades were a series of battles between Christians and Muslims over Jerusalem. Only the first of the nine were successful for the Christians. Pope Urban II called for the crusades. He got knights and peasants to fight by promising forgiveness of sins. When the Christians captured Jerusalem and killed 70,000 of the people living there. nearby Jewish cities were attacked as well. The crusades brought education and trade to Europe and ended the feudal system.

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Near half of the population (75 million) was killed by the plague. The plunge was worse in crowded cities where everyone was very close and easy to contaminate. The plague was spread by fleas that were on the back of rats that had stowed away from the east, this was not known until after the plague. the main reasons for the plague people thought were God's anger, the end of the world, or the Jewish people poisoning the water. The sudden decrease in people led to an increase in wages and prices because there were so few people to work.