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Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta. The battle was preceded by an attack on British-controlled Calcutta by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah

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Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II grants Diwani (revenue rights) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the East India Company.

Mughal emperors become nominal figureheads under British influence.

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Warren Hastings serves as the first Governor-General of Bengal, introducing British administrative control.

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Tipu Sultan (Mysore) defeated and killed in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War → British dominance in southern India.

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British capture Delhi; Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II comes under British protection.

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Industrial Revolution now in full swing in Britain → fuels the colonial economy in India (cotton, indigo, opium trade).

Growing resentment toward Company rule.

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1857–1858 – The Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny)

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1857–1858 – The Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny)

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Massive uprising against British East India Company rule.

Rebels proclaim Bahadur Shah II (Zafar), the last Mughal emperor, as symbolic leader.

1858: British suppress the rebellion.

Mughal Empire officially abolished.

British Crown takes direct control of India → start of the British Raj.

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1857–1858 – The Indian Rebellion (Sepoy Mutiny)

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Birth of modern Indian nationalism.

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India contributes massively; postwar disappointment fuels political radicalization.

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British troops kill hundreds of peaceful protesters in Amritsar; turning point in nationalist sentiment.

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Non-cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Salt March challenge British authority.

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India again contributes; wartime strain weakens Britain’s imperial hold.