# data[].attributes.body
"If telling students and faculty what they must not say is bad, telling them what they must say is often worse."

The article warns against institutional policies that coerce students and faculty towards ideological conformity. Through speech codes or ideological assertions, like diverse or controversial statements, colleges can destroy intellectual debate by requiring certain viewpoints and dismissing others.

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Limitations on speech - (restrictions on academic discourse)

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Limitations on speech - (restrictions on academic discourse)

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" But I’m not at all sure the college classroom should be a place of comfort. It should be a place, rather, where students regularly face the challenge of difficult questions, as their professors help prepare them for the life of the mind."

The article argues how ambiguous and subjective campus speech rules can stifle conversation. While these rules, universities contend, will protect one from harm, they necessarily limit exposure to challenging ideas, which is part of postsecondary or higher education.

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The Freedom to Speak or Write as a Citizen - (expressing opinions beyond campus)

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The Freedom to Speak or Write as a Citizen - (expressing opinions beyond campus)

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"This year marks the 60th anniversary of the ‘free speech’ movement that began among students at the University of California, Berkeley, and spread swiftly across the country. The anniversary is a reminder... that students, too, are entitled to academic freedom—not just the freedom to protest, but the freedom to grow into distinct thinking individuals."

The article observes that academic freedom extends beyond the confines of the classroom. Students and instructors must be allowed to engage in public discourse free from institutional interference, repeating the contention that universities must protect divergent views rather than suppress them.

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Freedom of Teaching - (professors' right to teach without interference)

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Freedom of Teaching - (professors' right to teach without interference)

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"If the purpose of the university classroom is simply to impart information, digital agents will soon perform the task better than experienced teachers, and colleges will find themselves unnecessary."

Teaching cannot be reduced to job training or simple memorization. Instead, teachers must be capable of guiding students into thoughtful arguments and informed thinking so that they may challenge received opinions and create their own intellectual selves.

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Freedom of Expression - (open debate without suppression)

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Freedom of Expression - (open debate without suppression)

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"A student who takes an ugly position should be tolerated. A student who tries to prevent someone else’s ugly position from being heard should be suspended."

Academic freedom thrives when teachers and students can speak their minds, no matter how contentious. The article argues that censoring ideas, rather than debating and refuting them, puts water on the very purpose of higher education, which is for and individuals to have intellectual growth through argument.