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Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (1844 First ever Mail Cruise) 

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Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (1844 First ever Mail Cruise) 

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The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company first introduced passenger services in the year of 1844, with a leisure cruise that departed from Southampton to the Mediterranean Sea. These voyages were the first of their kind and the forerunner of modern cruise holidays. The company underwent a rapid expansion in the 19th century. Some economic changes that the first ever mail and passenger cruise ship did was that it was able to improve financial systems as banks and finial insitutions benefited from secure and better communication for the transactions, contracts and financial instruments as this created there to be trust and efficiency for international finances. Another way they made a change to economic factors is that they has an expansion of Global Markets so that mail is delivered and companies were able to have better opportunities with the help of global trade networks as it would grow overtime. Some social changes that the first mail and passenger cruise did is that it they helped improve personal communications. This helped families and individuals as they could remain with connections with others that are across at other continents which will reduce people from feeling and being isolated. Governments were additionally able to communicate effectively and efficiently. Cultural exchange is able to spread ideas by mail cruises with cultural practices too between different regions. For the technological advances that were made from the first ever mail and passenger cruise ship is that steamships were created so this means that there were steam-powered ships made. This replaced the standard traditional cruise ships which were able to provide consistent travel times no matter what the weather conditions were like. The efficiency and speed grew higher as steamships reduced the travel times as they are a lot faster which would help with delivering mail a lot sooner. The cruise was mainly aimed for those that have a higher and middle class status.

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First time cruises were used for leisure purposes (Prinzessin Victoria Luise) 

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First time cruises were used for leisure purposes (Prinzessin Victoria Luise) 

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The Prinzessin Victoria Luise was designed for luxury leisure. It was built in Germany and was launched in 1900s. The design of the cruise was specifically built for Prinzessin Victoria Luise and has a sleek design to it and resembled a private yacht rather than what a standard steamship would look like. It has some luxurious amenities which included some elegant lounges, a grand dining room, a library, staterooms, catering areas for wealthy travellers that are wanting comfort when at sea etc. It was able to accommodate around 120 passengers. Some technological advancements that the cruise had was navigation tools for the time and designed for stability and to have comfort for everyone while on the seas. An economic impact that this cruise did was that it encouraged an investement for people to create more purpose-built ships. It also boosted coastal economies where the ships would go on routes too as it benefited economically from the tourists spending on goods, excursions and some services. A social impact that this ship did was that it created a shift in travel cultures. It transformed sea travel from being a practical necessity to being a recreational activity. It also created cruise experiences to become more popular to people as luxury became a lifestyle as it would create trends in hospitality and tourism. Some technological advancements that the ship made for the future was that it made onboard amenities that had a technogical concept to it. The cruise ship would have elegant dining halls for people to get together in, recreational spaces etc.

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First time cruises were used for leisure purposes (Prinzessin Victoria Luise) 

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Serious cruise accidents that changed safety policies (Titanic 1912) 

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Serious cruise accidents that changed safety policies (Titanic 1912) 

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The Titanic was built in Belfast, Northern Ireland and was the largest, most luxurious passenger cruise ship off its time when it was made. On the night of 1912, 14th April the ship crashed into an iceberg in the North Atlantic Sea. It sunk in the sea in the early hours of April 15th. There were over 1,500 deaths and approximatley 2,224 passengers and crew that were on board the Titanic. Some social changes that the Titanic did was that it created class awareness and social inequality. The disaster caused a difference between the social classes as there was a low survival rate for those in the lower classes. The hider class passengers had the advantage to access the lifeboats that there was to offer for them in order for them to survive. This then led to a public outrage and a big awareness of the social inequalities. Another social change that was made was that there was a "women and children first" policy. This then caused those women that had husbands to loose them because of this policy which would then lead to discussions about women's financial independence. An economic change was that the Titanic made an impact on the White Star Line as the loss of the Titanic created a severe financial issue to the White Star Line as it damaged its reputation. It also contributed to the merger with the Cunard Line that was in the 1930s. Another economic change that was made was that the Titanic became a cultural phenomenon, a museum, films, books etc. This created a cultural interest as it generated an entire industry around the ships history and legacy. For some technogical advancements was that the ships designs and safety was and has improved over time due to the Titanic sinking. Watertight bunks was made so that they became higher and a lot more secure as back in 1912, the compartments were not tall enough to help prevent floods from happening. Lifeboat capacity improved too as regulations were made so that they can ensure that all ships can carry enough lifeboats for every passenger to access as well as crew members. Another technological advancement that was created was that there was an establishment of the international ice berg patrol. In 1914, the IIP monitors iceberg movements in the North Atlantic Sea and this the will provide warnings to the ships so they know when they need to prepare for an iceberg ahead before anything leads to disaster. The changes in customer types and demand and tour operator intergration was that the Titanic became a symbol of historical and cultural significance. Customers became interested in history, maritime heritage and educational experiences etc due to the Titanic themed tours and museums. Tour operator integration created package tours that travel companies offered for Titanic-themed holiday packages that people can book on with. This would get the passengers to get involved with shipyards, memorial sites etc.

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There were a time where cruise ships stopped and this was when both World War I and World War II began. The existing ships that were used for transferring the troops, military weapons and other types of equipment etc then had the production of cruises to be completely stopped too due to the wars. There ended up being quite a few cruise ships that ended up being destroyed due to the fact that each war was occurring and Fred Olsen lost 23 ships during the WW1. After the wars, it created advancements in cruise ship building leading to be more modern and creating more luxury cruise liners in the 1950s.

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In the 1950s, the Golden Age of Cruises was when ocean liners reached their peak time when new technology advancements were evolving, peak in luxury, cultural significance and more. They're became social gatherings, drinking, and fancy guests on cruises such as Queen Elizabeth, Elizabeth Taylor, Judy Garland, Albert Einstein and many other people. There was a lot of cruise liners that became established throughout this time period of the 1950s. After WW2, the RMS Queen Mary and RMS Queen Elizabeth transformed back into luxury cruise ships. As well as the United States and SS France also became popular cruise lines in the Golden Age of Cruising. By the late 1970s, cruise holidays became less popular due to their being air travel taking over for transportation instead of cruises. However, more affordable cruise ships started being built making cruise holidays become more accessible for a wider range of people.

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Costa Concordia was an Italian ship that tragically sank in the year 2012, January 13th. It was one of the worst Maritime incident in modern time history and caused 32 deaths which ended up changing cruise ship safety, emergency preparation and navigations. Some economic changes that this incident created was that the $570 million ship got completely written off. The survivors received $14,500 per passenger and the families of deceased victims additionally received some much higher payouts due to the ship sinking near the island Giglio, Italy. The shipwreck then also initially hurt the tourism industry but later on, the wreck-site tourism brought some economic benefits for instance, there was many visitors that came for the wreck then ended up returning for holidays in the future and to explore the wreck where it happened which lead to a boost for the islands economy and intriguing new tourists to the location. Some social changes that were made was that there became a public distrust for the cruises safety that they have for their passengers. This made many passengers to question if cruises were safe to travel with as well as leading to there being a change in public perception. The captain Francesco Suchettio was sentenced to 16 years in prison after the shipwreck due to manslaughter and abandoning the ship with passengers on board which created a legal consequence and a lot of accountability. The disaster helped create advancements for technology such as there being real-time tracking and route monitoring systems. The disaster created tour operators to have pre-tour safety protocols, which ensures passengers receive proper guidance before the excursions.

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TUI which is the global leader in travel and tourism, created cruise ships that were launched from 2009 to 2018 for the series called Mein Schiff. There were designed to cater to a luxury and all-inclusive cruise experience for all their passengers that book on with these cruise ships. For Virgin, the cruise brand was founded by Richard Branson which was a cruise industry created by him in the late 2010s. Both of the companies were shaping their cruise offerings for passengers with a touch of luxury, modern designs, and sustainability, but for Virgin they aimed to carve out a unique niche in the adults-only and luxury-focused cruise market.

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COVID-19 impacted the cruise industry a lot as it caused a stop with cruises being cancelled due to the health and safety reasons. In the early 2020, the virus spread drastically all around the world which caused the cruise industry to face cancellations, closures, and many financial losses. When the pandemic was declared, there was global health emergency which created lockdowns/quarantine, travel bans etc. The global industry lost approximately $50 billion in 2020 alone. Some ways that the COVID-19 did for the cruise industry long term is that the health measures have now become a priority for both cruise lines and passengers, air filtrations systems and sanitations stations are made on cruises, hygiene standards have become advanced, passengers are looking for private excursions, new digital tools have been made and many more long term measures have been created due to COVID-19.

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AI and automation has been introduced to cruise ships so that cruises can use artificial intelligence for more personalised experiences for their passengers. They can provide AI-powered virtual assistants such as the MSC's ZOE which can provide some information and recommendations to people on the cruises and crew members etc. In 2014, The Royal Caribbean has a Bionic Bar which have self service kiosks for passengers to use on the ship when ordering beverages which can boost efficiency on the ship so that robot bartenders can bring them to those in the bar. This can reduce passengers from waiting for a long period of time and can give an enhanced guest experience to bring positive reviews.

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There are now many modern cruise ships that are now able to feature wearable devices such as Princess Cruises which is OceanMedallion, WOW Bands which is on the Royal Caribbean cruise ship which can give passengers the access to their rooms by using this to unlock their rooms on board, make purchases with the WOW bands, locate family members or friends that are on board the same ship as you so that you can find where they are easily so nobody can get lost. These new technologies can really help with convenience as well as also being able to reduce waiting times so that guests can receive the best experience possible when on board these new ship updates.

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For entertainment purposes, cruise ships can use VR headsets in actives such as escape rooms which is included on the Royal Caribbean ship in particular the Odyssey of the Seas, augmented reality scavenger hunts etc which gives a fake but also real-life like reality though a headset that can move along with you when doing these activities/games. They blend in with the real world ship environments. These can give guests a great experience while on board these ships that have these additions.

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Fab timeline provided about the development of cruise industry including social/economic changes, technological developments and changes in customer demand. Well done Lucy!