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04.02.1913 - 24.10.2005

Birthplace: Tuskegee, Alabama

Experienced racial discrimination and activism for racial equality early in her life

Attended segregated schools throughout her education

Earned her high school degree in 1933

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Segragatinon in schools became unconstitutional in 1954

-> they are the first nine afroamerikan students atending an only white school

To prevent bullying the National guard prevented the nine student from entering the school.

24 hours later they were also denied entry by the national guards and a angrymob

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Important Date: 01.12.1955

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT

-> refused to surrender her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus in Montgomery

-> sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott that eventually ended racial segregation on public transportation

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After a plea from the local mayor the president sent the national guaand the 101st Airborne to regulary protect the nine students in school

Ernest green bekame the first afrikanamerikan to graduate from central high

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Martin Luther King Jr. – A Voice of the Civil Rights Movement

1. Important Facts About His Life

• Born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, USA.

• Assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis.

• Was a pastor and civil rights leader.

• Studied theology and fought for equality.

2. Important Events in His Activism

• Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): Protested segregation on buses.

• March on Washington (1963): Gave the famous “I Have a Dream” speech.

• Selma Marches (1965): Fought for voting rights for Black Americans.

3. Why Was He Active?

• Wanted equal rights for all people.

• Fought against racism and discrimination.

• Believed in nonviolent protest, inspired by Mahatma Gandhi.

4. Goals and Protest Methods

• Fought peacefully for justice.

• Organized marches and protests.

• Helped push for new laws on equality.

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Biography:

Born: May 19, 1925 in Nebraska, U.S.

Died: February 21, 1965 (age: 39) in NYC, U.S.

Arrested (age: 20) because of robbery

Cause of death: Assassination by gunshots

Organisations: - Nation of Islam (Muslim) • Organisation of Afro-American Unity

Movement: Black nationalism • Pan-Africanism • Islamism

Children: 6

Parents: Earl Little (Father) • Louise Langdon (Mother)

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Reasons for activism

Wanted to fight against unfair treatment of black people

inspired by other civil rights activists, wanted to make a change

Also because of her own experiences with racism in her childhood

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Protest strategies:

Nonviolent Resistance

Boycotts ( Montgomery Bus Boycott)

Community Organizing ( worked with groups like NAACP to plan protests)

Public speaking (shared her story)

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Aim of activism

how to achieve freedom and equality in a nation

argued for black power, (armed) black self-defense, black economic autonomy

Strategies

•denounced white people

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important events:

Nov. 1 1930 she joins the Young Negros Cooperativ League

1938 she joins the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

-->works as a field secretary + later as Director of Branches

Dec. 4 1955 Co-founded the organising in Friendship

--> was created to raise money to fight against Jim Crow laws in the South

1957 helped to establish the Southern Christian Leadsrship Conference (SCLC)

1960 she organised a conference at Shaw University

--> led to creation of SNCC (influential youth led civil rights group)

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Aim of activism

• to achieve freedom and equality in a nation

• argued for black power, (armed) black self-defense, black economic autonomy

Strategies

•denounced white people

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Biography:

born on December 13th 1903 (Norfolk, Virginia)

died on December 13th 1986 (New York City)

American community organizer + political activist

1918: attended school, became involved in student government+ activism

1927: graduated, then moved to NY

joined NAACP( National Association for the advancement of Colored People)

part in the formation of SCLC(southern christian leadership conference, known for nonviolent protests)

Underlying reasons:

Family: valued education+ activism

Grandmother has been enslaved and told her stories

Believed the civil rights movement shouldn't be driven by top-down leadership

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protest strategies:

direct action

--> supported sit-ins

--> was involved in many large-scale programs

Education and Leadership development

--> focused on training young activists in organizing techniques, public speaking, ...

Political empowerment

--> saw voting as a tool for black empowerment

Coalition building

-->worked with multiple civil right organisations

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All of the Little Rock Nine got a higher degree in university or college

Ernest Green made a career in business and government

He served as assistant of labor under president Jimmy Carter

Elizabeth Eckford had various careers inclyding working as a journalist

Jefferson Thomas became accounting specialist for the apartment of defense

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Important Events of His Activism:

Joining the Nation of Islam (1948-1952)

Break with the Nation of Islam (1964)

Hajj to Mecca (1964)

Speech at the Sorbonne, Paris (1964)

Assassination (1965)

Why was he active?

Racial Injustice

Oppression of Black Americans

Lack of Effective Change

His Goals and Protest Methods

goals: Black self-determination and empowerment • Resistance against white supremacy • Internationalizing the struggle by connecting it to global anti-colonial movements

Protest Methods: Charismatic public speeches advocating for Black pride and self-defense • Building Black-led organizations to promote economic and social independence

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Terrence Roberts: mental health professional and professor

Calrlotta Walls LaNier: real estate business

Minnijean Brown Trickey: activist and social worker + department of interior

Gloria Ray Karlmark: IT and working for IBM

Thelma Mothershed Wair: teacher

Melba Pattillo Beals: journalist for NBC