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NUR IRDHINA ADIBA BINTI MUHAMAD AZAR (2023820166)

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NUR IRDHINA ADIBA BINTI MUHAMAD AZAR (2023820166)

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In this constructive assessment, we have had the opportunity to further see and study the different variations amongst the native English speakers in the inner circle of Global Englishes thanks to our combined effort. Observing the speech patterns of other native English speakers made us realize that there was more to learn about them than just how to pronounce words. We also needed to learn how to interact with them more effectively by being aware of their distinctions and individuality. Furthermore, learning a language is an incredible experience, and the best way to continue learning it is to put what we learn into practice with others. Bahasa Melayu is our native tongue, and if we don't protect it, it would eventually die out and be obsolete. Nonetheless, acquiring more languages will benefit you now and, in the future, even with the English language and its nuances.

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EIC453 INDIVIDUAL REFLECTION IRDHINA ADIBA

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NUR IRDHINA ADIBA BINTI MUHAMAD AZAR (2023820166)

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NUR IRDHINA ADIBA BINTI MUHAMAD AZAR (2023820166)

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DAYANG ARNI ANNEYRA BINTI ROSLI (2023674588)

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DAYANG ARNI ANNEYRA BINTI ROSLI (2023674588)

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i) Give yourself as many chances as you need to get it right. Don't keep score. Don't let guilt hold you hostage. just keep learning, and keep going.

ɡɪv jərˈsɛlf æz ˈmɛni ˈʧænsəz æz ju nid tu ɡɛt ɪt raɪt. doʊnt kip skɔr. doʊnt lɛt ɡɪlt hoʊld ju ˈhɑstɪʤ. ʤʌst kip ˈlɜrnɪŋ, ænd kip ˈɡoʊɪŋ.

ii) If the road is feeling long and you're feeling out of breath, don't think about the mountain, just take the next step.

ɪf ðə roʊd ɪz ˈfilɪŋ lɔŋ ænd jʊr ˈfilɪŋ aʊt ʌv brɛθ, doʊnt θɪŋk əˈbaʊt ðə ˈmaʊntən, ʤʌst teɪk ðə nɛkst stɛp.

iii) I went to the store and bought an apple pie for my mum because she loves it. But she wanted a pineapple pie instead.

aɪ wɛnt tu ðə stɔr ænd bɑt ən ˈæpəl paɪ fɔr maɪ mʌm bɪˈkɔz ʃi lʌvz ɪt. bʌt ʃi ˈwɔntɪd ə ˈpaɪˌnæpəl paɪ ɪnˈstɛd.

iv) I am far from the place that i want to reach, but I will keep working, knowing that i will get there, eventually.

aɪ æm fɑr frʌm ðə pleɪs ðæt aɪ wɑnt tu riʧ, bʌt aɪ wɪl kip ˈwɜrkɪŋ, ˈnoʊɪŋ ðæt aɪ wɪl ɡɛt ðɛr, ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli.

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Scottish English: This is the standard form of English spoken in Scotland, influenced by Scots, Gaelic, and other languages. It varies from region to region but generally shares many features with other forms of British English.

Scots: Scots is a distinct Germanic language spoken in Scotland, with roots dating back to Old English. It has its own vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation distinct from Scottish English. Scots is spoken in various forms across different regions, and it's recognized as a minority language.

Gaelic: Scottish Gaelic is a Celtic language spoken by a minority of people, particularly in the Highlands and the Western Isles. It has a distinct grammar and vocabulary from English and Scots, with its origins in the Goidelic branch of the Celtic languages.

Dialects and Accents: There is a wide range of dialects and accents within Scottish English, influenced by regional variations, historical factors, and social class. For example, the Glasgow accent is distinct from the Edinburgh accent, and there are further variations within these cities themselves.

Lexical Differences: Scots and Scottish English often have different vocabulary from standard English, with words and phrases influenced by historical, cultural, and linguistic factors. For example, "wee" meaning small, "bairn" for child, and "braw" for good are common in Scots.

Code-switching: It's not uncommon for Scots to switch between Scots, Scottish English, and even Gaelic depending on the context, audience, and personal preference. Code-switching can occur within a single conversation or even a single sentence.

Social Factors: Language variation in Scotland is also influenced by social factors such as age, education, and socioeconomic status. For example, younger generations may use more standard English due to its prevalence in education and media, while older generations may be more fluent in Scots or Gaelic.

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Video recorded by our respondent from Scotland, UK.

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Name : Darren
Age : 18
Country : Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
Occupation : Student

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Video recorded by the respondent from Somerset, UK.

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Name : Sam
Age : 32
Country : Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom
Occupation : Web Developer

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i) Linguistic Variations in Bath Somerset, UK

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i) Linguistic Variations in Bath Somerset, UK

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In Bath, the accent spoken by them is the West Country English accent. The West Country accent is mostly spoken by people in the South West of England. Unlike most other British accents, it is a rhotic accent. This means that no matter where an /r/ sound falls in a word, it will always be pronounced.

For example, "farmer" is pronounced with all the r's instead of "fahmuh."

Now let's look at the language analyses :

(A) Phonemic Variation
Phonemic is part of phonology that deals with the study of phonemes which is the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish the meaning of words in a language. Phonemic analysis involves in categorising the distinct sound within a language's
sound system.

i) Vowels Distinction
In England English, the contrast between the sounds /p/ and /b/ distinguishes words like "pat" and "bat”. "They also pronounce aʊ/, as in “house” sounds more like /ae/ as
in “bay”. The /g/ sound is often dropped from the end of words so that “going” sounds more like “goin”. /æ/, as in “cat” sounds more like [æ~a] as in “cart”.

ii) Diphthongs
Trudgill, in his book "Dialects of England" from 1990, observed that in standard English, many diphthongs, which are combinations of two vowel sounds, were simplified into single vowel sounds. For example, the word "made" was often pronounced more like "mehd," with the vowel sound stretched out. This pronunciation is still common among older people in rural areas like Exmoor but less so among younger speakers.

B) Lexical Variation
Lexical variation refers to differences or variations in the choice and usage of words within a language. These differences can arise due to regional dialects, social factors, historical influences, or individual preferences. Lexical variation can involve differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, or meaning of words across different contexts, regions, or social groups. As some of us might know, what we usually address something in our country could be addressed differently in other places and country. For this particular example, I'd love to give some insight about how American English and British English speaker address things differently.

For example, British English calls it "Chips" and American English calls it "French Fries". Then we have "curtains" in British English & "Drapes" in American English.

C) Prosodic
Prosodic is the way a speaker's voice rises or falls. It is the study of how language sounds, and sound can provide a lot of important information beyond what is literally being said. When forming the stress patterns within words and phrases, prosodic is the main part of it all. Some of Prosodic's elements are intonation, stress, pauses and rhythm.

i) Intonation
Intonation refers to the way our voices rise and falls. It is also a study of how we're changing from high to lower pitch or lower to higher pitch when conveying a speech or sentences. Some of the examples are :

From Sam's video recording we can see that there are alot of intonation/pitch change going on. In the first sentence "Give yourself as many chances as you need to get it right.", Sam started from a low pitch tone to a higher one when pronouncing the word "right" and changed to the low pitch afterwards.

While for the next sentence, Sam started with a lower pitch and switched to a higher toned throughout this sentence "road is feeling long". This is to emphasize the message that's being conveyed in the sentence.

ii) Stress
Prosodic stress refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables or words within a sentence or phrase to convey meaning, nuance, or emphasis in spoken language. It involves changes in pitch, loudness, duration, and rhythm to highlight particular parts of speech. Prosodic stress helps to distinguish between words that may have the same sequence of sounds but differ in meaning based on where the stress is placed.

In Sam's video recording, the stress can be seen when he was emphasizing the word "mom" in the third sentence that says "I went to the store and bought an apple pie for my mum because she loves it." He stressed on that word to show that the apple bought is for his "mom".

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DAYANG ARNI ANNEYRA BINTI ROSLI (2023674588)

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DAYANG ARNI ANNEYRA BINTI ROSLI (2023674588)

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Greetings and Assalamualaikum to all of my readers! I'm a student at UiTM Shah Alam, Selangor. Currently doing a Bachelor of Applied Language Studies (Hons) in English for Intercultural Communication [LG234]. My name is Dayang Arni Anneyra Binti Rosli.

In my role as Irdhina's assessment partner, I will be collecting and organizing data regarding the English language in Scotland and the United Kingdom.

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NUR IRDHINA ADIBA BINTI MUHAMAD AZAR (2023820166)

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NUR IRDHINA ADIBA BINTI MUHAMAD AZAR (2023820166)

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Salam and hello! I'm Nur Irdhina Adiba Azar. I'm currently studying under Bachelor's Degree of Applied Language for English Intercultural Communication LG243. You can call me dhi or dhina!

For this subject of EIC453, we are assigned to compare types of English from 2 different region or country in this world that uses English as their first language.

As for my part, I have worked on the lists of sentences given to respondent, transcript and compiling the analyses of these two accent from the respondents. Do enjoy our work!

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Map of somerset (image from shutterstock)

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History of English in Bath, Somerset U.K

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History of English in Bath, Somerset U.K

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Bath is a city in the county of Somerset in England in between West of London and Southeast of Bristol. The actively spoken language that are used in Bath is English and they talk using the West Country accent in day to day life.

English arrived in Bath, England, as it did across much of the country, through historical events such as Roman Invasion, Anglo-Saxon migration, Viking incursions, and Norman rule. Over time, Bath, being a prominent city, would have experienced the gradual adoption and influence of the English language, alongside other linguistic influences such as Latin and French.

The dialects of the West Country offer a window into English from earlier times. Due to their relative isolation, Devon, Cornwall, and Somerset, in particular, have retained older forms of speech. West Country English has words and sounds that go back even further than Anglo-Saxon times. Cornish, a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall and parts of Devon until the 1700s, also played a part in shaping the dialect.

Anglo-Saxon Invasion

Bath has a rich linguistic history, especially during the Anglo-Saxon period. As with much of England, Bath was inhabited by Celtic peoples before the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th century. The Anglo-Saxons brought their language, Old English, which gradually replaced the Celtic languages spoken in the area.

During the Anglo-Saxon period, Bath was likely a small settlement known as "Baðum," which means "at the baths" in Old English, referring to the natural hot springs for which the city is famous. The language spoken in Bath would have been a variant of Old English, influenced by the dialects of the surrounding regions. The Anglo-Saxon influence on the language of Bath is evident in the place names and topographical features of the area. Many of the names of towns, villages, and geographical landmarks in and around Bath have Anglo-Saxon origins, reflecting the language spoken by the early settlers.

Overall, the history of the English language in Bath during the Anglo-Saxon period reflects the broader linguistic and cultural shifts occurring throughout England during that time, as Old English gradually became the dominant language of the region.

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The history of the English language in Aberdeen, Scotland, is intertwined with the broader linguistic and cultural developments of the region. Aberdeen, located in the northeast of Scotland, has a rich linguistic heritage shaped by its interactions with various languages and dialects over the centuries. There were several languages spoken in Aberdeen other than English such as Scots, Gaelic, Old English, Latin and Doric. While English is now the predominant language in Aberdeen, the historical presence of these languages, particularly Scots and Gaelic, has contributed to the linguistic diversity and cultural richness of the region.

Most people living in Aberdeen and the surrounding areas spoke Scots, a Germanic language closely related to English, prior to the arrival of English. Anglo-Saxon settlers who came to Scotland in the early Middle Ages spoke Old English, which is where Scots had its start. Scots became different from both Old English and later varieties of English through the development of unique phonological, lexical, and grammatical characteristics over time. Furthermore, there were areas of Scotland where the Celtic language Gaelic was spoken, especially in the Highlands and Islands. Although Aberdeen itself did not have a large Gaelic population, its impact on Scotland's overall linguistic landscape cannot be understated.

Aberdeen's adoption of Modern English dates to the late Middle Ages and early Modern era, when Scotland and England were becoming more integrated politically and culturally. A pivotal point in the shared history of the two countries was reached in 1603, with the Union of the Crowns, when James VI of Scotland succeeded to the English throne as James I. The English-speaking south and the predominately Scots-speaking north saw a rise in contact and interchange during this time. The establishment of universities in Aberdeen, such as the University of Aberdeen in 1495, played a crucial role in the standardization and dissemination of English. As centres of learning and scholarship, these institutions promoted the use of English as the language of instruction and academic discourse. The spread of literacy and education further facilitated the adoption of English as a written and spoken medium.

The industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries significantly altered Aberdeen's social structure and economy. The city's linguistic diversity is a result of the migration of people from other parts of Scotland and beyond drawn by the expansion of businesses including fishing, shipbuilding, and textiles. Scots remained a lively and widely spoken vernacular, but English progressively became the language of business, government, and social mobility. English is widely used in formal settings, education, the media, and business in Aberdeen today. Nonetheless, Scots continue to have a significant impact on the regional dialect and sense of self. Many Aberdonians still cherish the unusual Doric dialect of Scots spoken in the northeast of Scotland, which represents the area's distinct linguistic past.

In conclusion, linguistic, historical, and social elements have interacted in a complicated way to shape Aberdeen's English language history. The legacy of Scots and other linguistic influences persists, adding to the complex tapestry of Aberdeen's cultural identity even if English has become the primary language of communication.