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Polish priest and mathematician. He denies the medieval belief. inherited from the classical Greek astronomer Ptolemy (c.92-168). that the earth is the center of the universe, and develops the revolutionary theory that the Sun ( heliocentric theory) in his De Revoltionibus orbium ( On the revolutions of the celestial Spheres. completed 1530)

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English philosopher. his Novum Organum (1620) stresses the importance of the proper scientific method: theories must be supported by proof acquired by experimentation and observation.

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English physician and anatomist. He discovers the circulation of the blood and describes the purpose of the arteries, veins, and the heart in De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus. ( on the motion of the heart and blood in animals, 1628)

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French Philosopher and mathermatican. Develops analytic geometric and other mathematical techniques useful in theoretical science. He believes that mathematical proof is the model for rational scientific inquiry. His best known philosophia ( meditations on First Philosophy , 1641). emphasizes the importance of accepting only indubitable evidence.

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irish physicist and chemist. He investigates the properties of air and develops a theory describing the relationship between the pressure and volume of gasses (known as Boyle's Law). In The scepitcal Chemist (1661) he questions the accepted belief that the world is made up of just for elements ( Earth, Air ,Fire , Water and argues that they can be broken down into more fundamental, chemical elements.

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Dutch biologist. He designs a powerful microscope and uses it to describe bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, and blood corpuscles.

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English physicist and mathematician. One of the greatest theoretical scientist in history. He discovers the law of gravitation after studying Kepler's laws of planetary motion, and formulates three laws of motion, and formulates three laws of motion which form the basis of physical until the 20th century ( called Newtonian mechanics ). Also invents the reflecting telescope ( uses a curved mirror to focus light ), and develops the mathematical system known calculus. Best known work is Pilosophiae naturals principia mathematica ( the mathematical Principles of natural Philosophy, 1687)

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Dutch physicist and astromer. He proposes the wave theory of light, discovers the rings of Saturn, and builds the first reliable pendulum clock ( originally an idea of Galileo's).

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German mathematician and astronomer. Accepts the heliocentric theory after examining data gathered by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) and De Harmonice mundi (Harmonies of the world, 1619) explain that the orbits of the planets are elliptical and not circular as Copemicus has suggested .

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Italian mathematician and scientist . The first to use telescope for astronomy. He describes the surface of the moon and the rotation of the moons of Jupiter . Also establishes basic laws of motion from experimentation. He is arrested by the Inquisition and forced to recant the endorsement of the heliocentric theory made in his Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World System , 1632)

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Belgian physician and anatomist. In his De humani corpois fabrica libri septem ( seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body , 1543) he describes human anatomy more accurately than the classical greek scientist Galen (c.130-201). whose works have been the standard reference through out medieval Europe . His work brings a sentence of death from the Inquisition( Catholic Church Tribunal ) for immorally , but he is not executed.