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Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.08%) in contrast to that of cast iron (2.1% to 4%).

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Magnesium is added when cooling.
The carbon will then form tiny spherical nodules around the magnesium.
Strong and shock resistant.

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The white cast iron is annealed, cooled again after not completely melting white cast iron.
Structure where some of the carbon to be separated from the cementile.
Gives better malleability than white cast iron.

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- Made of approximatety 18% vanadium and roughly 1% chromium.
- When heat treated, they have strength, toughness, and resistance to wear and fatigue.
- Can be cold formed into intricate shape, can be folded and flattened without signs of breaking or failure.

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It is tough, malleable, ductile, corrosion resistant and has a high melting point. The silicate slags entrained in the material produces a fibrous structure, which allows it to last for extended periods of time.

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- Known as stainless steel or corrosion resistant steel
- Most corrosion-resistant alloy steels
- Often used in aircraft construction known as 18-8 steel as it is 18% chromium and 8% nickel
- The strength of the 18-8 steel can be increased by cold working. Can be rolled, drawn, bent or formed into any shape.

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- Has high hardness, strength and corrosion-resistant properties
- Particularly adaptable for heat-treated forging that requires greater toughness and strength that can be obtained in plain carbon steel.

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- Increases hardness, tensile strength, and elastic limit of steel without decreasing the ductility
-Used for aircraft parts like bolts, terminal, keys, clevises and pins.

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The molten iron is cooled rapidly.
this results in pearlite structure and larger percentage of cementite as graphite is not formed during the rapid cooling.
Makes it harder but more brittle.

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Combinations of iron and carbon with some other element or elements added in varied proportions giving specific properties that is unobtainable to the same degree in plain carbon steel.

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Cast iron is refined from pig iron in a cupola, the material has between 2%-6% of carbon. It is rigid and strong under compression but not tension. It is obtained by re-melting pig iron with coke and limestone.

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Allowing the molten iron to cool slowly.
Gives a pearlite structure and graphite flakes.
Soft and weak in tension. Graphite flakes gives the iron self-lubricating and vibration damping properties.

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Process

Heat is needed to melt the charge coming from the electrical arcs. The slag is formed on the surface on top of the charge which is run off by tilting the furnace

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Process

Molten pig iton is put in the steel case container with lime added. Then oxygen is blown at the surface of the molten charge with the impurities being oxidised during the blow.

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Process

The heat is obtained by burning a mixture of gas or oil and air over the metal. In order to form a basic slag, Lime is added.

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Process

Molten pig iron was poured into the Bessemer Converter and air was then blown in through tuyeres at the bottom . This is to allow energy from the air to combine impurities to form slag at the top.

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Used to make rivets, bolts, pipes chains and anchors.
Now used only for specialist applications due to high production cost and comparatively low strength.

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Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically a few tenths of a percent of carbon .this is to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron.
However it does not contain free carbon (graphite).

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Produced by smelting iron ore in blast furnace.
- Contains about 4% carbon and small amounts manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and other impurities.
-Very brittle, not useful as a material. Is an intermediate product to make into subsequent useful iron product such as cast iron or steel

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Early wrought iron was made in the fire from ore and charcoal.

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Metals that contains mostly iron. When alloyed with other elements, it is one of the most important metals