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The Kolyma river is an enormous river located in northeastern Siberia, Russia. There is a historic background to this special river as known for its golf mining activities. The Kolyma River for centuries was part of an indigenous culture known as Yukaghir which they lived along the Kolyma river. This river was great for many activities such as fishing, hunting, and more.

Photo By: https://images.app.goo.gl/WTHHwD8wmsFrxUJb8

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The Kolyma river is one of biggest rivers in the northern eastern Siberia in Russia, The basin covering up to 644,000 square kilometers. The landscape of this river is surrounded by most of it being tundra, icreasing of permafrost, and plant life surrounding this river. This river is high in provisioning services, cultural services, regulating services, and supporting services.

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The physical parameters of The Kolyma River as shown above goes through across. As The Kolyma main stem is thicker and larger than other streams that are connected within the main stream. It goes through Panteleika, ambolikha, Ltp, skotnikvo, and b and m annui. The length of this river makes it become the largest river in northern eastern Siberia at 1,323 miles. As surrounded by the Kolyma mountains.

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The land use of the Kolyma river consist of agriculture use and for the extraction of natural recourses. The natural recourses that are found in this landscape is gold, coal, and many more other minerals. The kolyma river is surrounded with a lot of greenery and that consist of quite a few timber. This landscape is very good the it comes to hunting for reindeer herding and fishing of course although its extreme climate can make it difficult for some.

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As stated the Kolyma river is known for its wide expansion of miners going to this river to mine for recourses such as gold, coal, and other mineral recourses. The is where many conflicts can come to play a role when trying to mine for these recurses bigger companies can throw pollutants in the water which overall can pollute the water and maintaining it not drinkable and healthy. The kolyma river is a home to indigenous people which depend on the river for such recourses such as fishing so it does become a conflict for those people who are living there creating contamination in the water.

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As the effect of Permafrost thawing in the Kolyma River is the biggest effect there is also a change in the ecosystem that is happening. The hydrological changes due to the permafrost thawing is changing the river flow which overall is affecting the species that are living in the river. There is also an impact in carbon cycling as thawed permafrost contains as it leaves organic nutrients it leads to a possible increase greenhouse gas which affects the overall ecosystem.

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The problems that climate change is redirecting to the kolyma river are the factors of "hydroclamatic variables" such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture, snow cover, runoff, groundwater storage, lake, ALT, and carbon cycle through the atmosphere–land surface interactions. Vegetation and its changing is all due climate change. Climate change in this study particularly is the reason of the permafrost thawing which has an effect on hydrology of the Kolyma River.

Picture by: (https://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/gldas/GLDASvegetation.php

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The water availability and access consists of the permafrost thawing that is making a water discharge in the Kolyma river.

The permafrost that is being melted makes an increase of run off of the surface. This is leading to more of discharge which means more water in season such as spring and summer. There can be some consequences which one of them can be an increase of flooding during the season of thawing of the ground and the rainfall which can cause flooding.

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In a study by V. E. Glotov, L.P. Glotova, and M.V. Ushakov taks about how the underground water of the kolyma river has created an hydropower plant. This was created and this changed how the water moves around in the river. There is a few negative feedbacks about this hydropower plant in the river as it can cause less water availability for communities around and this does as well create a large reservoir of water behind the dam which increases the chances of flooding. This is an overall I would say negative affect to the kolyma river.

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Food security in the kolyma river plays a crucial role. Fish is an important source of food for the people especially the indigenous people who are living around the kolyma river. Its ideally there survival food and its important the fish ecosystem stays alive. The run off of nutrients in the river can cause a negative effect on the fish and other species living in this river.

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The current management of the system managing correctly the ecosystem and environment of the Kolyma river as well as keeping track of the climate change and its effects with the vegetation which is creating permafrost thawing. This is leading to many negative effects.. As well they're monitoring the underground water movement and the hydropower plant (dam) making sure its not affecting more then what it is already. Human activities such as this one has played a very crucial role as it has caused a lot of negative effects on this river.

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Suzuki, K., Park, H., Makarieva, O., Kanamori, H., Hori, M., Matsuo, K., Matsumura, S., Nesterova, N., & Hiyama, T. (2021). Effect of Permafrost Thawing on Discharge of the Kolyma River, Northeastern Siberia. Remote Sensing, 13(21), 4389. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214389

Gordeev, V. V., Andreeva, E. N., Lisitzin, A. P., Kremer, H. H., Salomons, W., & Crossland, J. M. (2006). Russian Arctic Basins. LOICZ Reports & Studies, (29), 57-58.

https://loicz.org/public/loicz/products/r_and_s/rusabas.pdf

Glotov, V.E., Glotova, L.P. & Ushakov, M.V. Groundwater resources in the Kolyma River valley and their changes caused by the operation of the Kolyma hydropower plant. Water Resour 42, 869–875 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807815070052

Popova, N., Abramov, A. & Markova, L. (2020). Fishing as an important source of food in the Arctic and subarctic zones of Yakutia. Open Agriculture, 5(1), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0022

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What are three solutions that are being implemented or you think should be implemented in this watershed to address some or all of these challenges.

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What are three solutions that are being implemented or you think should be implemented in this watershed to address some or all of these challenges.

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First and foremost one of the biggest solution to implement is modifying/reconstructing the hydropower plant. This hydropower plant has changed the river flow of the river increasingly and its affecting communities around as well as the ecosystem and species that are living there. Its important when creating a big factor like this one we are considering other major key factors.

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This hydropower plant can also affect the reproducing of an important specie which is the fish. The kolyma river is river with a lot of fish and I believe if there is dam there then there should be at least a passage in the dam to help instead get the fish going through without them getting killed.

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The kolyma river is known for high chances of flooding especially with this hydropower plant. As this is placed there already I believe there should be flood risk management, this can help warning people around about a soon to be flood. As well there can be drainage systems and flood barriers.