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Saying he wanted black to have rights and the freedom of slavery

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Andrew Johnson:

Worked as a tailor's apprentice

Moved to tennessee and became a successful politician

Did not like large planters; claimed they were “bloated, corrupted aristocracy”

Strong defender of Union

Abraham Lincoln named him military general

Was lonely, stubborn, and intolerant of criticism

Not a very good candidate for presidency

Supported Lincoln’s emancipation, however, still held deeply rooted views on racism  - did NOT believe African Americans had any sort of role in Reconstruction

Johnson outlined his plan in May 1865 for reuniting the Nation

Offered a Pardon to all white southerners who made their pledge of allegiance

He excluded wealthy planters (value of land >$20,00o) and Confederate leaders from this pardon (goes along with his idea of not liking the aristocracy)

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Allowed Southern governments to become states if 10% of their male pop. made their loyalty oaths.

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Provided White people and immigrants with a total of 160 acres of land.

Also in the Civil Rights Act made it so black people were eligible as well.

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Change the 10% of male pop. taking loyalty oath to 50%

Really made sure the south wouldn't still continue to oppress black people - kinda worked until way later after reconstruction with the redeemers.

Sea Island Experiment:

Sent former slaves to an island where they would be integrated into a society where they were not slaves.

It eventually failed as the land was taken away from the former slaves and given to white men

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Provided help to the freed slaves after the abolishent

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13th Amendment:

abolished slavery

Black Codes 1865:

Passed by southern governments - attempted to manage the lives of former slaves

No black person can leave a parish without written approval

No black person can own/rent a house in said parish

No black person can congregate in these parishes (weekend first amendment) - cannot bear firearms

No black person can sell anything without special permission

No black person can be drunk and if found drunk they have to pay $5

Every citizen should be responsible for these codes - made it so the black codes were always on white people's minds.

Lincoln assassinated (April 14th, 1865)

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Vetoed by Andrew Johnson - Congress overrides this veto

made black people citizens of the United States

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Wanted to restrict the power of the president - stopping him from removing officeholders without senate approval - this act was unconstitutional.

Repealed 20 years later (1887)

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Established military rule over south until new, equal governments could be formed.

Separated the South into 5 military districts - black people could vote.

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No state should make any laws that inhibites the rights of anyone. (Later proved to be only towards black people - slaughterhouse case)

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marked the start of radical republicans

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1870: 15th amendment, 14th amendment ratified, Enforcement act 

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1870: 15th amendment, 14th amendment ratified, Enforcement act 

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14th amendment ratified

Enforcement Act outlawed Terrorist societies (its in the name)

15th amendment: Gave every citizen the right to vote, and prohibited any states from taking this away because of race/ethnicity

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Really shows how charismatic Grant was in terms of presidency and goes to show how republicans were dominating presidency.

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The failure of Jay Cooke and Company led to severe economic depression with mass unemployment

Shifted the focus of reconstruction from Civil Rights to economic repair

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Limited the 14th amendment ruling it protected federally not by states

Severely limited slaughters protections of their rights on a state level

Claimed 14th amendment only served for black people.

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Ruled that the federal government could not prosecute anyone for civil rights violation.

Weakened Reconstruction - made white supramacy violence extensive in south

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Democrats used black people as a scapegoat and made them mad

Started attacking black people during elections

Destroyed black participation in Elections - basically destroyed Reconstruction

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Demoralized Republicans, but motivated others

Violence on both sides (North and South)

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Black people openly shot into a political meeting

Significance: South was spiraling downward (clear violence on both sides)

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President Hayes elected by 1 electoral vote (really in 1876) showing how the Democratic superiority in the south almost won (republicans before this have won essentially by landslides)

Withdrawing Federal troops from south - bad idea - a lot more violence and Democratic control now.

Marked the end of Reconstruction - left black people very vulnerable.

Regained control of state governments

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Henry Adams, a former slave, proposed the option that the former slaves would immigrate to Africa where they would live as he thought "They would be on the land of their forefathers.

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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):

This landmark Supreme Court case upheld Louisiana's Separate Car Act, which mandated racial segregation in public facilities under the "separate but equal" doctrine.

Case Background:

Homer Plessy, of mixed racial heritage, challenged the law after being arrested for refusing to sit in a train car designated for Black passengers, arguing it violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments.

Plessy contended that the law denied him equal rights and perpetuated racial inferiority.

Majority Opinion (Justice Brown):

The Court ruled that the Separate Car Act was constitutional, asserting that segregation did not imply the inferiority of African Americans.

It argued that social equality could not be enforced by law and must occur naturally through societal developments.

Dissenting Opinion (Justice Harlan):

Justice Harlan strongly opposed the ruling, arguing the Constitution is "color-blind" and guarantees equality for all citizens.

He warned that the decision would entrench racial discrimination and likened it to the infamous Dred Scott ruling.

He emphasized that segregation laws were inherently based on racial superiority, undermining civil liberties and equality.

The decision solidified the legality of segregation until it was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.