# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Neuroscopic endoscopic surgery is occuring in the image above. 

# data[].attributes.body
The artifact presented is an endoscope that is used for various procedures including neurosurgery, where a scope is inserted into an opening such as the nostrils and presents a light and magnifies tissues or areas of interest.

This neural procedure has been relevant since the 1960's even though the endoscope has been around since the 1800's.

The endoscope was developed in Germany by a scientist that was first used for the bladder and urethra to be observed. It is now relevant worldwide to asses tumors, damaged tissue, and spinal damage.

The main relevance is that this minimally invasive surgery only requires a small opening, with minimal tissue damage and ensures quicker recovery than other open brain surgeries. This has been incredible for the development of neurosurgery since we are able to access parts of the brain with enhanced visibility.

Sources:

https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/neurosurgery/services/treatments/endoscopic-neurosurgery.aspx

# data[].attributes.headline
Galt Skull Trephine used for Trepanation

# data[].attributes.subject
Galt Skull Trephine used for Trepanation

# data[].attributes.body
This artifact is a trephine that is used in neurosurgery to access the skulls and bone tissue. This began to be relevant when trephination was relevant and it allows surgeons to cut out circular pieces of skull bone. It dates back to almost 10,000 years ago.

This artifact originated from trephination, and monitors and relieves the pressure in the skull. It used to be used to relieve evil spirits from mentally ill patients, and now is mainly used to relieve fluid buildup.

This is used now in the procedures of burr holes, accessing brain tumors, and managing hematomas. Trepanation has been relevant since 5000 BC and is not utilized anymore in the same form, rather has been altered into a different procedure for other purposes than mental alterations.

Without this artifact, we would not be able to access the parts of the brain to perform the surgery and this would result in continued issues such as epilepsy, aneurysms, and pressure/fluid buildup.

Sources:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3876527/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20French%20physician,mentally%20ill%20people%20(4).

# data[].attributes.body
This is an image of a cranial laminectomy,displaying the arthritic spine bone whose bone/tissue aspect will be removed to relieve spinal cord/nerve pressure. This is generally inherited genetically, and is displayed in older people.

Spinal laminectomies originated in the United States, and the first one was performed by scientist Alban Smith is 1829. This is a common procedure in modern day medicine as the healing effects last up to 10 years. The procedure is used for almost 80% of patients with this struggle.

The spinal laminectomy is used for extreme cases where injections and physical therapy has shown no relief to fully rid the bone and pressure.

This is relevant to neuroscience as it prevents numbness and extreme nerve damage to the body, as well as improves spinal cord pain. It relates to other areas of neuroscience and science in general, since we are able to analyze the neural connection and numbness factors of the body, as well as analyze arthritic effects and developments for future treatments.

Sources:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/laminectomy/about/pac-20394533

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
This image presents the area of the head and brain that a craniotomy is performed in and the brain scans analyzed to asses the brain issues associated.

# data[].attributes.body
The scans presented in the artifact display the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes of the brain where the tumor resection occured. This utilizes scissors, forceps and separators to expose brain tissue.

The first exposure of craniotomy was actually the trepanation process that included tapping the skull 10,000 years ago.

Now, after a craniotomy, the flap of skin and skull that was removed, is reclosed and heals up to the rest of the skill within a couple of months. There are various methods to this such as a Minimally Invasive Supra-Orbital “Eyebrow” Craniotomy, which is opening near the eyebrow to access tumors near the pituitary gland or optic nerves.

Now, we are able to perform craniotomies with or without anesthesia in relevance to various bodily functions that can be assessed as surgeons are controlling the brain activity. Without this procedure, we could not help those with chronic headaches, tumors, aneurysms, and blood clot complications within the brain. This also allows doctors to directly target the functions of the patients that need to be resurrected or deleted.

Sources:

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/treatment-tests-and-therapies/craniotomy

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Procedure-Description-A-Planned-incision-along-previous-craniotomy-incision-green_fig1_310759403

https://journals.lww.com/co-anesthesiology/abstract/2023/10000/anesthesia_for_same_day_neurosurgery_with_updates.7.aspx

# data[].attributes.body
The artifact linked explains the procedure starting with electrodes placed into the brain followed by a neurostimulator placed in the collarbone area, and sends impulses to the brain.

This procedure originated in France in 1987 to treat tremors, which is adjacent to many of uses involving movement such as Parkinson's and Dystonia. This can also help with neurological disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome. The treatment is used in modern medicine and disrupts irregular brain activity for increasing reasons that are being studied.

This artifact is relevant to modern neuroscience because it utilizes modern machinery and equipment that is able to send electrical signals throughout your body and affects nervous outlets that we were never able to do before. It does not involve direct surgery of the brain, which enhances the longevity of the effects. There are current enhancements to allow the insertions to be rechargeable for more efficient use and personalized success.

Sources:

https://stanfordhealthcare.org/stanford-health-care-now/videos/deep-brain-stimulation-dbs-for-parkinsons-disease-essential-tremor-epilepsy.html

https://www.tgh.org/institutes-and-services/treatments/deep-brain-stimulation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Epilepsy

# data[].attributes.body
This video explains how gene therapy allows the targeting and treatment of neurodegenerative neurological disorders. Gene therapy corrects mutated genes that affect the disorder and reroute pathways and mechanisms in the brain.

At Ohio State, research has been progressing where scientists injected a benign virus with modified genes into chosen parts of the brain. This is observed through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to see how the genes affect the brain tissue they are injected into. The observed results showed reversed deficiencies as the needed genes are injected into the brain areas where the control is for necessary function.

Gene therapy is utilized currently in many allies for scientific medical research, and neurological uses will be a breakthrough to control the source of many outputs of disorders.

https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/8/4/foc.2000.8.4.1.xml

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Innovative Gene Therapy ‘Reprograms’ Cells to Reverse Neurological Deficiencies

# data[].attributes.body
Dr. Peter Black form the United States is a world-class surgeon who is specialized in many of the focused topics from brain, spinal and pituitary surgery. He would be the best person to explain and teach these various methods and equipment utilized for neurosurgery, as he understands the foundational reasoning and context of all these disorders and the procedures to tackle them.

He would properly explain the procedure and the keennnes of every movement as he has been extremely successful in this career.

The relevance of his work also makes him an incredible fit as he is specialized in skull base surgery, and brain and spinal tumor surgery. The experience he has of over 20 years with a degree from McGill University Faculty of Medicine, and Chair of the Department of Neurosurgery at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital. To add to the credibility and progression of his expertise, he is the chief of neurosurgical oncology at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, which means he could really explain the extraction and study of tumors and potential gene therapy for various brain related issues.

Source:

https://www.cns.org/meetings/past-honored-guests-detail/peter-m-black