# data[].attributes.headline
Mid-14th century - Renaissance begins in Italy

# data[].attributes.subject
Mid-14th century - Renaissance begins in Italy

# data[].attributes.body
Humanism & Christian Humanism

Medici

Patrons

Northern Renaissance

# data[].attributes.body
By Johannes Gutenberg (German)

# data[].attributes.body
Portugal is first to explore Africa and Americas

"1st Wave Imperialism"

Mercantilism

# data[].attributes.headline
1492 - Columbus lands in Americas & Reconquista ends

# data[].attributes.subject
1492 - Columbus lands in Americas & Reconquista ends

# data[].attributes.body
Reconquista began in 700 CE

Columbus lands in Hispaniola

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther - Lutheranism & 95 Theses

John Calvin - Calvinism

Ulrich Zwingli - Swiss Reformed Church

# data[].attributes.headline
1534 - King Henry VIII creates Anglican Church 

# data[].attributes.subject
1534 - King Henry VIII creates Anglican Church 

# data[].attributes.body
in England

Anglican = Protestant

# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentric vs. Geocentric Theory

# data[].attributes.body
Council of Trent

Also called Catholic Reformation

Baroque Art

# data[].attributes.body
Holy Roman Empire

Lutheranism officially recognized as religion

German princes

# data[].attributes.body
in England

Anglican

Virgin Queen - no heir

# data[].attributes.headline
1572 - French Wars of Religion & 80 Years War begins

# data[].attributes.subject
1572 - French Wars of Religion & 80 Years War begins

# data[].attributes.body
Hugenots (French Wars of Religion)

80 Years War - Spain vs Netherlands (also called War for Dutch Independence)

# data[].attributes.body
Spice Islands

East Indies

Dutch Golden Age

# data[].attributes.body
Holy Roman Empire conflict

Alliances shifting

Catholicism vs. Protestantism

Last war of religion in Europe

# data[].attributes.body
Louis XIV comes to power (France) - sun king

# data[].attributes.body
Parliamentarians vs. Royalists

New Model Army

Charles I (failed absolutism)

Catholic vs. Anglican tensions

# data[].attributes.body
Ends 30 Years War

Emphasizes sovereignty

# data[].attributes.body
Uprising against French monarchy by French nobles

Louis XIV was 5 years old

Resulted in reaffirming of absolutism

# data[].attributes.body
Republic in name

Becomes military dictatorship

Oliver Cromwell

# data[].attributes.body
Russia

Westernization

Attempted Industrialization

# data[].attributes.body
in England

William of Orange

William & Mary

England = Constitutional Monarchy

# data[].attributes.body
John Locke's "Two Treatises on Government" published

# data[].attributes.headline
1748 - Montesquieu's "Spirit of the Laws" published

# data[].attributes.subject
1748 - Montesquieu's "Spirit of the Laws" published

# data[].attributes.body
Separation of powes

# data[].attributes.headline
1762 - Rousseau's "Social Contract" is published; Catherine the Great is in power

# data[].attributes.subject
1762 - Rousseau's "Social Contract" is published; Catherine the Great is in power

# data[].attributes.body
Social Contract Theory

Enlightened Absolutism

Russia

# data[].attributes.body
French and Indian War

Britain = dominant over France

# data[].attributes.body
See next timeline for more

# data[].attributes.headline
1795 - Partition of Poland (third and final)

# data[].attributes.subject
1795 - Partition of Poland (third and final)

# data[].attributes.body
Austria, Russia, and Prussia

Marie Theresa, Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great

# data[].attributes.body
Estates General

Tennis Court Oath

National Assembly

Fiscal Mismanagement

King Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Storming of the Bastille

Women's March on Versailles

# data[].attributes.headline
1789 - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen published

# data[].attributes.subject
1789 - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen published

# data[].attributes.body
Written by National Assembly

# data[].attributes.body
Maximilien Robespierre

Committee on Public Safety

Jacobins

Guillotine

# data[].attributes.headline
1793 - King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette executed 

# data[].attributes.subject
1793 - King Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette executed 

# data[].attributes.body
Execution of Robsepierre

End of Reign of Terror

# data[].attributes.headline
1795-1799 - France ruled by the Directory

# data[].attributes.subject
1795-1799 - France ruled by the Directory

# data[].attributes.body
5 person committee

Disbanded by Napoleon

# data[].attributes.headline
1799-1804 - France ruled by the Consulate 

# data[].attributes.subject
1799-1804 - France ruled by the Consulate 

# data[].attributes.body
3 members, 1 is Napoleon

# data[].attributes.headline
1804 - Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France

# data[].attributes.subject
1804 - Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France

# data[].attributes.body
Leads to rise of Nationalism

Anti-French Coalition

# data[].attributes.headline
1815 - Napoleon loses at Battle of Waterloo

# data[].attributes.subject
1815 - Napoleon loses at Battle of Waterloo

# data[].attributes.body
Already exiled once, came back, lost again, exiled again

# data[].attributes.body
Ends Napoleonic Wars

Conservative settlement - redraws boundaries & reasserts monarchies

# data[].attributes.body
Alliance system before WWI

Conservative dominated

# data[].attributes.body
Adam Smith

"Wealth of Nations"

Laissez faire

Free market economics

Private Ownership

# data[].attributes.body
Benjamin Constant

Adam Smith

Economic freedom

Private property

Increased individualism

# data[].attributes.body
Edmund Burke

Traditionalist

Status quo

Enforce Monarchy

Anti-change

# data[].attributes.headline
1848 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish "The Communist Manifesto"

# data[].attributes.subject
1848 - Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish "The Communist Manifesto"

# data[].attributes.body
1848 Revolutions in Germany, Italy, France, and Austria

# data[].attributes.body
Publicly owned means of production

No government exists

Workers Utopia

Bourgeoisie

Proletariat

# data[].attributes.body
Originally espoused by Karl Marx (stage between Communism and Capitalism)

Government owns means of production

Correct social ills of capitalism

First social welfare state = Germany under Otto von Bismarck

# data[].attributes.body
Jeremy Bentham

Maximizes pleasure, minimizes pain

Does the best for the most people; can ignore/suppress minorities

# data[].attributes.body
Desire for a state that reflects nation

Pride/Loyalty/Devotion to a country based on shared characteristics (e.g. language, ethnicity, religion, history, +)

# data[].attributes.body
Czar Nicholas I of Russia

Ottoman Empire

Alliance: Sardinia (Italy), Britain, and France

Orthodox Christians in OE

# data[].attributes.body
Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Realpolitik

Camilo de Cavour

# data[].attributes.body
Otto von Bismarck

State Socialism

Franco-Prussian War

Realpolitik

Junkers

# data[].attributes.headline
1859 - Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" published

# data[].attributes.subject
1859 - Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" published

# data[].attributes.body
Theory of Evolution

Survival of the Fittest

Galapagos Islands

# data[].attributes.body
Herbert Spencer

Survival of the Fittest but for humans

Justified imperialism

Leads to eugenics, phrenology, pseudosciences

# data[].attributes.body
Leads to Scramble for Africa

# data[].attributes.body
Ottoman Empire

Greece

Enlightenment values

# data[].attributes.body
"New Wave" or "Second Wave" vs. "First Wave"

Technologies (steam engine, quinine, railroad, telegraph, etc.)

Rivalries

Scramble for Africa

# data[].attributes.body
Theodor Herzl

Jewish homeland

Palestine

History of anti-semitism in Europe

# data[].attributes.body
Mary Wollstonecraft

Focus: Suffrage (right to vote) and education

Few gains made until 20th century

19th century reinforces Domestic vs. Public Spheres (Culture of Domesticity)

# data[].attributes.body
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

M.A.I.N. causes of WWI

Black Hand (Serbian nationalism)

Trench Warfare

Advancements in Weaponry (machine guns, tanks, submarines, poison gases)

Triple Alliance (Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary)

Triple Entente (UK, France, USSR)

# data[].attributes.body
Sinking of Lusitania

Zimmerman Telegram

Freedom of the seas

# data[].attributes.body
"War to end all wars"

Triple Alliance loses

# data[].attributes.body
Balkans

Tito (1953)

# data[].attributes.body
War Guilt Clause

Germany pays reparations

Destroys Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire

Demilitarization of Germany

Germany relinquishes control of colonies

League of Nations created

# data[].attributes.body
Irish republicanism

Sinn Fein

True beginning of decolonization

# data[].attributes.headline
1919-46 - Mandate System created in Middle East 

# data[].attributes.subject
1919-46 - Mandate System created in Middle East 

# data[].attributes.body
British Mandate of Palestine

Ottoman Empire is gone - Turkey replaces it

League of Nations

# data[].attributes.body
Economic Depression in Europe (1920s-30s)

Rise of Fascism

# data[].attributes.body
Artistic movement

Shell Shock (PTSD)

Dadaism

Surrealism

Ernest Hemingway

Virginia Woolf

Otto Dix

Art moves from realistic to more surreal to capture tortured emotions

Disillusionment

# data[].attributes.headline
1922 - Benito Mussolini comes to power in Italy 

# data[].attributes.subject
1922 - Benito Mussolini comes to power in Italy 

# data[].attributes.body
Fascism begins to spread across Europe

Fascism: socialism + totalitarianism + scapegoat + nationalism

# data[].attributes.headline
1923 - Beer Hall Putsch in Germany ==> Hitler arrested ==> begins to write "Mein Kampf" 

# data[].attributes.subject
1923 - Beer Hall Putsch in Germany ==> Hitler arrested ==> begins to write "Mein Kampf" 

# data[].attributes.body
Anti-semitism

Nazi Party

Putsch = coup

# data[].attributes.headline
1929 - US Stock Market crashes; Great Depression begins 

# data[].attributes.subject
1929 - US Stock Market crashes; Great Depression begins 

# data[].attributes.headline
1933 - Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany 

# data[].attributes.subject
1933 - Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany 

# data[].attributes.body
FDR becomes US President

Fascists manipulate democracy

# data[].attributes.body
in Germany

Anti-semitic laws

# data[].attributes.body
Francisco Franco (Fascist) becomes leader of Spain until his death in 1978

# data[].attributes.headline
1938 - Anschluss (German annexation of Austria) 

# data[].attributes.subject
1938 - Anschluss (German annexation of Austria) 

# data[].attributes.body
Also Kristallnacht (Jewish pogrom in Germany)

Also Sudetenland annexed

Also Czechoslovakia annexed

# data[].attributes.body
Neville Chamberlain (UK PM)

Appease Hitler, Mussolini, and Franco to avoid war

# data[].attributes.body
Also called non-aggression pact

Between Germany and USSR

Violated in 1941 (by Operation Barbarossa)

# data[].attributes.headline
September 1, 1939 - Germany invades Poland; WWII begins

# data[].attributes.subject
September 1, 1939 - Germany invades Poland; WWII begins

# data[].attributes.body
UK and France promised to declare war if Polish sovereignty was violated

# data[].attributes.headline
1941 - Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US joins WWII

# data[].attributes.subject
1941 - Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; US joins WWII

# data[].attributes.body
December 7, 1941 - Pearl Harbor

December 9, 1941 - US declares war

# data[].attributes.headline
1941 - Operation Barbarossa (Nazi invasion of USSR) 

# data[].attributes.subject
1941 - Operation Barbarossa (Nazi invasion of USSR) 

# data[].attributes.body
USSR joins Allies

# data[].attributes.body
Final Solution implemented officially

Holocaust officially begins

Heinrich Himmler - Architect of Final Solution

# data[].attributes.body
Einsatzgruppen

Concentration Camps

Anti-semitism

State-sponsored violence/murder

Genocide

# data[].attributes.body
Decide on how to liberate Paris/France from Nazi control

Big three: Joseph Stalin (USSR), Franklin Delano Roosevelt (US), Winston Churchill (UK)

# data[].attributes.headline
1945 - Yalta Conference & Potsdam Conference

# data[].attributes.subject
1945 - Yalta Conference & Potsdam Conference

# data[].attributes.body
Plan for post-war Germany and Europe

By Potsdam, FDR is dead; replaced by Harry Truman

# data[].attributes.body
World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) created

Prevent another Great Depression

# data[].attributes.body
UN created

Prevent future wars

Foster international cooperation

# data[].attributes.headline
May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe (VE) Day; September 2, 1945 - Victory in Japan (VJ) Day

# data[].attributes.subject
May 8, 1945 - Victory in Europe (VE) Day; September 2, 1945 - Victory in Japan (VJ) Day

# data[].attributes.body
VE Day - Nazis surrender

VJ Day - Japan surrenders