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Santiago Ramón y Cajal is the most influential neuroscientist of this era, making him the perfect docent for this exhibit. His work was in the late 1800s to early 1900s. Cajal’s neuron research, detailed microscopic drawings, and Neuron Doctrine made modern neuroscience possible. His work directly connects 19th-century discoveries to today’s breakthroughs, making him an ideal guide for this museum.

Sources:

De Carlos, J. A., & Borrell, J. (2007). "A Historical Reflection of the Contributions of Cajal and Golgi to Neuroscience." Brain Research Reviews, 55(1), 8-16.

Bialik Breakdown. (n.d.). Notable Neuroscientists: Ramón y Cajal. Retrieved from https://www.bialikbreakdown.com/articles/notable-neuroscientists-ramon-y-cajal

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Artifact: Principles of Neural Science by Eric Kandel

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Unraveling the Molecular Basis of Memory

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Unraveling the Molecular Basis of Memory

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Eric Kandel, is a neuroscientist whose research on sea slugs (Aplysia) helped explain how memories form at a molecular level in the 1990s-present in the US. Kandel’s work built upon Cajal’s neuron doctrine, showing that memory is stored through synaptic changes. His findings were important because they influenced Alzheimer’s research, brain plasticity studies, and treatments for memory disorders.

Sources:

Kandel, E. R. (2001). In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind.

Kandel, E. R. (2009). "The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialog Between Genes and Synapses." Science, 294(5544), 1030-1038.Provide these for all of your information. This includes where you found your artifact and where you found more information about the entry subject. You may have multiple sources in each entry.

Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Retrieved from https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/826396.Principles_of_Neural_Science

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Santiago Ramón Y Cajal was a Spanish neuroscientist whose work proved that neurons were individualized cells. This was in the late 1800s in Spain, and was important because his Neuron Doctrine became the foundation of modern neuroscience. His studies also influenced research on synaptic transmission, brain structure, and neuroplasticity.

Sources:

Ramón y Cajal, S. (1891). "Sobre la estructura de los centros nerviosos de las aves." Revista Trimestral de Histología Normal y Patológica, 1(1), 1-10.

Shepherd, G. M. (1991). Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine.

Ackland Art Museum. (n.d.). The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramón y Cajal. Retrieved from https://ackland.org/exhibition/beautiful-brain-drawings-santiago-ramon-y-cajal/

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Artifact: Gustav Fritsch (left) and Eduard Hitzig

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Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig were two German scientists that discovered the motor cortex by electrically stimulating dog brains, showing that different brain areas controlled specific muscle movements. This was in 1870 in Germany. This artifact is important as it provided the first experimental evidence for localized brain function, making the way for brain mapping and neurosurgery.

Sources:

Fritsch, G., & Hitzig, E. (1870). "Über die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns." Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, 37, 300-332.

Penfield, W., & Boldrey, E. (1937). "Somatic Motor and Sensory Representation in the Cerebral Cortex of Man." Brain, 60, 389-443.

Finger, S. (2004). Franz Joseph Gall and phrenology: A study of mind and brain and how a poorly understood theory paved the way for cerebral localization. The Neuroscientist, 10(3), 266-273. doi: 10.1177/1073858403257037

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The Brain’s Language Comprehension Center

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The Brain’s Language Comprehension Center

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Carl Wernicke identified the region that was in charge of language comprehension. He was a German neurologist who found this in 1874 in Germany. This was complimentary to Broca's area, and proved that different parts of brain were in charge of different parts of language processing. His research helped contribute to speech therapy.

Sources:

Wernicke, C. (1874). The Symptom Complex of Aphasia: A Psychological Study on an Anatomical Basis.

Geschwind, N. (1970). "The Organization of Language and the Brain." Science, 170(3961), 940-944.

Neuroscientifically Challenged. (n.d.). Know Your Brain: Wernicke’s Area. Retrieved from https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/know-your-brain-wernickes-area

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This artifact is Broca's area discovered by Paul Broca, a French physician. He discovered this area was in charge of speech production in 1861 in France. While treating his patient, Broca identified the left area lead to a loss of speech. This is relevant to the history of neuroscience because it confirmed localization and function of the left frontal lobe. It laid the groundwork to connect to neurolinguistics.

Sources:

Broca, P. (1861). "Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé suivies d'une observation d’aphémie." Bulletins de la Société Anatomique de Paris, 6, 330-357.

Dronkers, N. F. (2007). "The Role of Broca’s Area in Speech Production." Brain and Language, 102(2), 145-149.

The Neuroradiologist. (2023, July 11). The Broca Area. Retrieved from https://theneuroradiologist.org/2023/07/11/the-broca-area/

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Artifact: Franz Joseph Gall and Phrenology

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Franz Joseph Gall was a German physician who developed phrenology, which is the idea that certain areas of the brain control personality. This was in the early 19th century in Germany and France. This idea has been debunked and this artifact is provided to show some misguides in neuroscience in the past. However, his work sparked brain localization, which had influence in developing that different parts of the brain had different functions. I believe this is important because while phrenology was proven inaccurate it was the base for figuring out brain localization which has been proven to be accurate.

Sources:

Gall, F. J. (1825). Sur les fonctions du cerveau et sur celles de chacune de ses parties.

Zola-Morgan, S. (1995). "Localization of Brain Function: The Legacy of Phrenology." Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18, 359-383.

University of Houston. (n.d.). Franz Joseph Gall and Phrenology. Retrieved from https://grants.hhp.uh.edu/clayne/HistoryofMC/HistoryMC/Gall.htm