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Prehistory was a period of human history where written records did not exist. Before writing, humans drew on walls to tell stories. These people were in nomadic hunter-gatherer societies.

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After the discovery of agriculture, humans began farming and settling. Societies became fixed at one location. This resulted in a class society and innovation.

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Sumer invented the first writing system: Cuneiform. Written history started here. Now, people can communicate from further distances and record important things.

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The chalcolithic period or copper age was a period of history where more and more people started using copper tools instead of stone tools.

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The Babylonian Empire was founded by Hammurabi and was located in Mesopotamia with Babylon as its capital. It conquered its neighboring territories in Mesopotamia. The Babylonians were the first to create written laws.

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The Assyrians conquered a lot of Mesopotamia, but its rule was short-lived. They only controlled it for 80 years. They had great military tactics and advanced communication.

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The Indus Valley civilization began around 3000 BC. They were one of the largest early civilizations. The Indus people were very advanced and made road/water systems.

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Hammurabi's code contained 282 written laws. It was the first ever list of written laws. It governed family life, punished crimes, and regulated business practices.

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Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire. The Persians were monotheistic and practiced religious tolerance.

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The Persian war was a long war fought by the Persians and Greeks. In 546 BC- Persians conquered the Greek polis of Ionia. Greeks rebelled and were crushed by the enormous Persian army.

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Sparta was a strict, militaristic, and diarchic society. It had a caste system, with helots (slaves) were at the bottom. Boys were trained to become warriors and people were loyal to the state.

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Christianity was formed after the death of Jesus Christ. It is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion that is based on the life and teachings of Jesus. It has become the largest religion in the world.

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Emperor Charlemagne, The last emperor of the Frankish Kingdom

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The Frankish Empire controlled most of Western Europe and promoted Christianity.

Charlemagne, the most influential ruler, was named Roman emperor. The Roman Empire had already collapsed but Charlemagne was able to legitimize his rule by allying himself with the pope.

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Muhammed, born in Mecca on the Arabian peninsula; was a religious teacher who claimed received revelations from god (Allah) and was to go forth and teach them. The revelations eventually became the Islamic holy book, the Quran.

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Islam is a monotheistic Abrahamic religion founded by the prophet Muhammed. Muslims believe in the oneness of God and the 5 Pillars.

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Popes began fighting for power/control and the Catholic Church split. The side with the most Catholic followers decided which pope had the authority. Eventually, the Roman Church stayed in power, but its power weakened.

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The bubonic plague greatly effected England, France, Italy, and France. Population of 75 million people, about ⅔ died due to the plague. Plague spread by fleas on rats: people could not figure out the cause leading to more death.

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John Wycliffe was a english preacher that said the bible, not the pope was the source of religious truth. He translated the bible from latin to english. He greatly angered the catholic church.

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John Hus was a czech preacher, called for re-focus on biblical principles and not the popes commands. Condemned the churches sale of indulgences. He was then accused of heresy and burned at the stake.

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The Hundred Years War a series of battles between England and France. France won and took back control of English territory located in France. Joan of Arc, a peasant woman turned military general becomes a national heroine.

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Joan of Arc was a young french peasant woman, and became a great military general leading french forces to many decisive victories. She was captured by the english, tortured. Killed/killed by inquisition. She helped turn the tide of war in favor of the french becoming a martyr.

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The Olmec were a ancient mesoamerica civilization. They were the first civilization in mesoamerica. They are known for colossal stone heads (10ft tall, 20 tons).

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An artisan is a skilled worker. As culture flourished under the neolithic revolution, people started producing goods. People came to marketplaces to buy and sell goods and tools.

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Ancient Mesopotamian life began in 12,000 BCE. City-states in the region were incredibly religious. Temples were built in honor gods and religious/political

leaders.

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Earliest known civilization first settled between 4500 and 4000 bc. Sumerian society divided people into 3 strict classes, each with different social standing,nobles,commoners,slaves. Sumerians were polytheistic.

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Sumerians had a lot of technological advantages. They made sundials, wagon wheels, sails, plows, and metalwork, and used geometry for building and farming. They also made Chariot,plow, mass,production of mathematics, pottery and writing, homes

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Civilizations almost entirely dependent on the Nile River. The Nile River was almost 4000 miles long. The Nile provided transportation, irrigation , communication, etc, and was located near the fertile crescent. The nile was a lifeline of the egyptians.

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The Israelites were semitic-speaking people. They were monotheistic. Israel is the birth place of judaism. There sacred test was the torah.

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Chinese society was similiar social structure as that of other early civilizations.Peasants farmed the lords land and merchants were considered property of the local lord. Family was the centerpiece o the chinese.

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The Mayans were located in yucatan peninsula. They practiced agriculture, built stone buildings and pyramids temples. They had an 18 month 20 day calendar.

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26 Ağustos 1071