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Learning theories explain how information is processed during learning, considering cognitive, emotional, and environmental factors. Behaviorists stress conditioning and educational rewards. Cognitive theorists delve into human memory complexity. Constructivists assert learning builds on existing knowledge for personalized understanding. Transformative learning theory emphasizes changing preconceptions, while educational neuroscience and multiple intelligences theories explore the brain's role in learning.

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In educational psychology, three key approaches behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, along with transformative learning theory stand out:

1. Behaviorism: Proposed by John Watson, it concentrates on measurable behaviors using methods like classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory.

2. Cognitivism: Derived from Gestalt psychology, it focuses on actively organizing information in memory and stresses prior knowledge's role in learning. It shapes educational design, delving into cognitive load and information processing theory.

3. Constructivism: Rooted in Piaget and Bruner's work, it underscores students' active knowledge construction, promoting problem-solving in educational settings through methods like active learning and discovery learning.

4. Transformative Learning Theory: Aiming to elucidate how individuals reassess meaning, it emphasizes cognitive shifts in worldview structure, often intertwined with emotions.

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American universities such as Harvard and Johns Hopkins have introduced neuroeducation programs to analyze biological changes in the brain during learning. Neuroimaging techniques are used to understand how the environment, emotions, and social situations affect the retention of new information.

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Howard Gardner proposes the existence of multiple intelligences, suggesting that different types of intelligence exist in human beings. This theory has influenced continuing training for teachers.

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It refers to the use of visual and auditory materials, such as video and information technology, to improve teaching. The theory highlights the importance of stimulating both the visual and auditory channels to improve knowledge retention.

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Additional learning theories have been formulated to address specific objectives and applications.For example,

Andragogy: Art and science of helping adults learn. Connectivism: Recent theory focused on learning through network connections.

Learning Style Theory: Proposes that people have different learning styles (feeling, observing, thinking, doing).

Informal and Postmodern Theories: They focus on cognitive restructuring and the use of prior knowledge for a broader understanding of concepts.