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J. Swift is one of the greatest exponents of English literature, author of lively and satirical prose aimed at the political and religious events of English society. In 1726 he published Gulliver's Travels where he addressed the theme of ''sustainability''.

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Daniel Defoe or Defoe was a British writer and journalist. He is the father of the English novel and one of his most important works is Robinson Crusoe.

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Academy of Lagado = virtous scientific community

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Academy of Lagado = virtous scientific community

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J. Swift in Gulliver's Travels addresses the theme of ''sustainability'' by describing a group of scientists committed to working for the progress of humanity, who should be motivated by sustainable development but promote the opposite: their experiments only satisfy the needs of the present, their scientific investigation neglects human needs, they do not promote long-term actions and they focus on individual curiosity and not on a common goal. This is a great example of how the scientific community should not behave in order to be sustainable.

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Robinson is a sailor who for 28 years lives alone on a desert island, where he creates a sustainable world: he must find a way to defend himself from threats, find renewable energy sources and a safe refuge. He must ensure that his presence in the new environment does not have harmful consequences on it and that his new microcosm is completely self-sustaining and is not destroyed by the interventions he is promoting. What allows Crusoe to accomplish all of this is both his rationality and practicality, allowing him to find intelligent, efficient and effective solutions.

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Defoe's novel describes the reaction of an entire community in 17th century London to a devastating epidemic. The poor were the first to be disproportionately affected. The lack of medical knowledge made the situation uncontrollable. The rich abandoned the city, leaving the poor to face the epidemic alone. The novel depicts a community dominated by self-interest and injustice while offering lessons that are still relevant today.

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Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan, organized and commanded the Roundheads' "New Model Army", which prevailed over the Royalists. After the king's execution, the Commonwealth, a republic, was proclaimed in England. Until 1653 it was under the rule of the House of Commons. This body was called "Rump's Parliament" because only supporters of the Republic could sit in the House. King Charles was imprisoned but rejected the authority of the parlamentary court and wouldn't defend himself against charges of trason. Charles was beheaded becoming the only English monarch ever executed. This is the greatest example of justice. The puritan repubblic of Cromwell. Cromwell's Puritan republic was an oppressive regime and they wanted to create a godly society. Theaters were considered immoral and were closed, freedom of the press was denied, and all Sunday activities were banned except worship and prayer. Parliament introduced Slovenian punitive laws such as the "Adultery Law" which provided for the death sentence for adultery or incest and imprisonment for fornication. This is a historical example of non-sustainability.

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During the reign of Charles II there was the Great Plague which killed more than 100,000 of Londoners. Many fled to avoid falling ill, theaters and other forms of public entertainment were banned. The second catastrophe during the reign of Charles II was the Great Fire of London which destroyed two thirds of the City of London. The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed most of medieval London, forcing around 100,000 people into homelessness. To address the situation, the Rebuilding Act was enacted in 1667, banning the construction of new wooden houses, allowing only the use of brick or stone, in order to create a sustainable city without constant fires

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The Netflix series Peaky Blinders is set in the 1900s but represents the unscrupulous use of coal, a habit born in the 18th century. In the film we see the city of Birmingham always gray due to the burning of coal in the many factories present in the city. Using too much coal makes the city unsustainable, causing environmental damage.

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Two political parties dominated British politics: the radical, anti-Catholic Whigs and the pro-Stuart Tories. When Charles II died his brother James, Duke of York, became king as James II. Although he was Catholic, he was a popular king. When his wife gave him a male heir the nation was alarmed that the successor to the throne would be another Catholic. In November 1688, William of Orange, the Protestant husband of James's daughter Mary Queen of Scots, raised an army in Holland and landed in England. James II fled abroad. William and Mary were welcomed by the English and crowned king and queen of England in what has been called the Glorious (bloodless) Revolution. William and Mary were offered the throne on condition that they signed the Bill of Rights (1689) which limited the king's power and established a parliament of the well-known constitutional monarchy. During William's reign the Toleration Act (1689) granted Dissenters freedom of worship and the Act of Settlement (1701) established that only Protestants could be heirs to the throne.