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1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는?

2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.

3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

5. 자기평가 : 1) 영어 쓰기를 준비하는 데 어떻게 노력을 기울였나요?

(영어쓰기를 하면서 어려웠던 점과 극복 방법 중심으로)

6. 자기평가 : 2) 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요?

1(거의 없음) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5(아주 많음)

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후의 소감이나 느낌은?

8. 기타: 영어 선생님께 하고 싶은 말(수업 또는 수행평가 관련)

9. 페들렛에 게시된 친구들의 제출물을 살펴보고, 칭찬하고 싶은 친구와 그 이유를 써주세요.

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3학년 1학기 수행평가 자기평가

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본인이 찾은 읽기 자료 주소를 남겨주세요.
<주의> 글 제목은 "본인 학번+이름"으로 써주세요

문법 검색 사이트
Grammarly: Free Online Writing Assistant
무료 영어 문법 검사기/맞춤법 검사기 - 워드바이스 AI (wordvice.ai)
영어 문법 검사기 | 엔그램 (engram.us)
LanguageTool - Online Grammar, Style & Spell Checker

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수행평가를 위한 안내자료 및 개인수행자료 탑재용 패들렛 주소

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2023학년도 3학년 1학기 영어독해와작문 프로젝트

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2023학년도 3학년 1학기 영어독해와작문 프로젝트

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수행평가1.
1)  Google an article about the problem and the solution that you want to write about by using the internet.
* 텍스트 찾기 (2점)
2) Read the article and summarize it.
* 텍스트 속 단어 정리하기 (4점)
* 텍스트 우리말로 요약하기 (4점)

수행평가2.
1) Write about the problem and the solution.
* 문제와 해결방안을 10문장으로 쓰기 (10점)

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https://www.rspcapetinsurance.org.au/pet-care/dog-care/why-is-my-dog-barking

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If your dog has a barking problem, this can be a nuisance for both your own family and your neighbours. You love them and give them everything they need, right? So why can't they just be quiet?

Generally, if a dog is barking there's a reason why. And it's important to identify the underlying causes, so that you can then take appropriate action to fix the issue quickly.

Why do dogs bark?

Barking is a very normal behaviour for dogs - after all, they can't speak to us, so this is how they communicate. Dogs may bark when calling out to other dogs, expressing emotion, being territorial or when trying to grab their owner's attention. Any noise, no matter how slight, can stimulate a barking response - for example rustling leaves, a banging window, lightning or thunder, or a ring of the doorbell.

Dogs also bark because of behavioural issues. For example, a dog may bark out of fear, boredom, or when they're anxious to be left alone.

Again, barking is a normal behaviour and is simply our dogs trying to communicate with us. However, when dogs bark excessively (as in, for many hours of the day or repeatedly in certain situations), this usually indicates an underlying issue. To diagnose the issue, you may need to find out from your neighbours how long your dog barks for after you leave the house.

How to stop your dog from barking?

Find the trigger
The first step is to work out the cause of the problem. Is your dog barking repeatedly in a certain situation because they're scared of something (also known as a 'barking trigger')? Are they barking to get your attention? Are they barking to protect their territory? Are they barking when you're not at home because they're bored?
Common trigger situations can be when a dog is scared of another dog, when they're around objects like vacuums, lawn mowers or cars, or when they've been conditioned to be alarmed by something that we usually wouldn't recognise as frightening, for example people in high visibility clothing, glasses or hats.

Retrain their behaviour

Once you've identified the trigger, it's time to do some simple obedience training to retrain your dog's brain to not associate the trigger with a need to bark. Behavioural modification training involves using rewards-based, or positive reinforcement, to teach your dog what 'good' behaviour is.

Slowly expose your dog to their trigger, and reward them whenever they don't bark. For example, if your dog's trigger is someone walking past the fence, have someone approach the fence a number of times, starting out a few metres away and then getting closer and closer each time. Every time your dog doesn't bark, reward them with a treat. If they do bark, simply ignore them and try again. Likewise, if your dog's barking is a way of gaining your attention, only give this attention when they are quiet.

You will need to be consistent and patient, and resist any urge to react to barking by shouting at your dog, as this only encourages them to continue. You may hear about aversive techniques such as various kinds of 'anti-barking' collars, but besides being cruel, these approaches are ineffective and can also lead to other behaviour problems such as aggression.

Address their environment

Retraining your dog is a great way to encourage them to stop barking, however it may also be necessary to make some changes to their environment so that they're less likely to bark when you're not around.

If you think your dog might be barking because they're not getting enough exercise, take them for a walk each morning before you go to work and see if that makes a difference. Also make sure that your dog has adequate stimulation in the form of entertaining toys or food to keep them occupied during the day. This could come in the form of raw bones (but not too many as they can be fatty), but a safer option would be Kong toys or old-fashioned chew toys.

If you think your dog may be barking because they're being left alone for long periods of time, explore options like a dog walker or doggy day care to keep them company. Remember that dogs are social animals and generally don't like to be left alone!

Sometimes when dogs bark excessively in response to a particular stimulus, such as people passing by the front gate, a simple environmental solution such as blocking their view can resolve the problem. Be aware that if your dog sleeps outdoors, there will be many sounds that could potentially trigger barking, such as possums in trees, other dogs barking, or even the wind, so you should bring your dog into the house at night where they will learn to sleep quietly.

Are you at risk of a dog barking complaint?

If your neighbours are getting annoyed at your dog barking, there's a number of avenues they can take. The first option (and the best for you) is for them to write you a letter/note or come and speak to you in person. This is ideal as it will give you the opportunity to have an honest conversation with them and let them know that you're addressing the issue.

If you're potentially not close enough with your neighbours to warrant a conversation, they may speak to a Community Justice Centre, or, in more extreme circumstances, contact the local council. The council will investigate the matter and potentially deliver you a prevention notice, which will instruct you on the steps to need to take the rectify the matter.

However, if you think your dog may have a barking problem, it's best to prevent the issue from escalating by having an honest and open chat with your neighbours as soon as possible.

How to know when to see a veterinarian

In some excessive barking cases (or if you just need a bit of help with your training), you may need to speak to your veterinarian, who can provide you with advice and maybe refer you to a rewards-based animal behaviourist or veterinary behaviourist. A veterinary consult is advisable if your dog is a compulsive barker, which means they bark for long periods, accompanied by other repetitive behaviours such as circling or jumping. Your veterinarian may need to prescribe a medication for your dog in conjunction with the behavioural modification. In all cases of excessive barking, your veterinarian can also identify and treat any underlying medical causes, such as chronic pain or cognitive decline.

If you do choose to get outside help, avoid any dog trainer who uses negative punishment, as this has been known to create fear in dogs and essentially make the issue worse in the long-term. You can also contact your local RSPCA for advice.

Keeping your dog's barking in check

You love your dog, and obviously want them to be happy and healthy. However, excessive barking really can be an issue for your dog, you, and your neighbours. Be sure to take steps like behavioural modification training or seeing your veterinarian if you suspect your dog has a barking problem, and you'll be able to avoid having the matter taken to your local council.

Dr Rosemary Elliot

Dr Rosemary studied veterinary science at the University of Sydney after having established her career as a clinical psychologist, and has qualifications of BVSc (Hons), MANZCVS (Animal Welfare), MPsych (Clin), BA (Hons) as well as previously establishing her career as a clinical psychologist. Her experiences during veterinary training fostered an ambition to focus directly on animal welfare and ethics, with a particular interest in animal sentience and the human-animal bond. Currently working in small animal practice, Dr Rosemary combines her psychology background and veterinary skills to contribute to and promote animal welfare, and regularly contributes quality content to RSPCA Pet Insurance's Pet Care blog.

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If your dog has a barking problem, this can be a nuisance for both your own family and your neighbours. You love them and give them everything they need, right? So why can't they just be quiet? Generally, if a dog is barking there's a reason why.

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https://qnixe.com/general/how-to-use-chat-gpt-efficiently-tips-and-tricks/

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How to Use Chat GPT Efficiently: Tips and Tricks - Qnixe

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Learn to use Chat GPT efficiently with these tips and tricks. Fine-tune the model, use proper formatting, and evaluate its performance for optimal results.

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캘리포니아에는 인구 문제가 있습니다 – 최소한 | Newgeography.com

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There's not much reason to expect more than a churn of mediocrity from the Los Angeles Times these days.

Too harsh?

Then consider this claim under an op-ed column with the headline "No, California doesn't have a population crisis":

"California's population story also varies by the types of migrants entering or leaving the state. When it comes to domestic migrants - people who move from one U.S. state to another - California lost 406,982 residents between 2021 and 2022. But it's a different trajectory for international migrants who come from other countries. In that period, 90,314 more people arrived from abroad than the number of Californians who left the U.S."

That string of data points came in the L.A. Times print edition of February 26, and you can check the whole thing here if you want to get full context. The piece was written by Irene Bloemraad, a University of California professor who serves as faculty director of the Berkeley Interdisciplinary Migration Initiative, along with Ethan Roubenoff, identified as a doctoral candidate in demography. It's fair to presume that at least one of the four editors listed for the "Editorial Page/Opinion" section of the L.A. Times vetted the offering from the two academics.

The piece nevertheless reads like a disingenuous and botched attempt to twist data to counter news that California recently has--for the first time in its recorded history--been losing population.

Here's the disingenuous part: The column cites the net loss of 406,982 residents of California from 2021 to 2022 owing to domestic migration-more people moving to other states than coming in-as a bogeyman to be debunked. Then it attempts to debunk the bogeyman by pointing out that the state saw 90,314 more individuals come to the state from abroad than the total number of California residents who "left the U.S."

That, taken with the headline and other setups the authors concocted, is presented as reason enough to lay to rest any concerns about overall population loss.

Just not for anyone who insists on engaging reality and notices that the authors switched their point of reference in mid paragraph, going from a larger loss on domestic migration to the smaller gain of international immigration. There are numerous reasons to consider and value both categories, but make no mistake-the shift of 406,982 individuals from California to other states in the U.S. overwhelmed both the inflow of immigrants from abroad and the natural increase driven by birth rates throughout the state.

Read the rest of this piece at The Pulse on LinkedIn

Jerry Sullivan is National Managing Editor at The Real Deal. You can follow him @SullivanSaysSC

Image courtesy The Pulse.

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California Has a Population Problem - At a Minimum

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There's not much reason to expect more than a churn of mediocrity from the Los Angeles Times these days. Too harsh? Then consider this claim under an op-ed column with the headline "No, California doesn't have a population crisis": "California's population story also varies by the types of migrants entering or leaving the state.

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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23124-video-game-addiction

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/video-game-addiction

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What is video game addiction?

Video game addiction, also called internet gaming disorder, is a condition characterized by severely reduced control over gaming habits, resulting in negative consequences in many aspects of your life, including self-care, relationships, school and work.

This condition can include gaming on the internet or any electronic device, but most people who develop significant gaming issues mainly play on the internet.

Whether internet and video gaming addiction should be classified as an addiction or mental illness is debated among researchers. Many researchers consider video game addiction a behavioral addiction similar to gambling disorder, in which the rush of winning becomes one of the main reasons for playing.

Others think this comparison to gambling is flawed because there may not be financial or material losses involved with playing video games. In addition, winning a video game may require cognitive skills and sharp reflexes, while winning at gambling is mainly a matter of chance.

Regardless of this debate, any activity or habit that becomes all-consuming and negatively impacts your daily functioning can cause significant mental, social and physical health issues. It's important to seek medical care if you think your video game habits are taking over your life.

Who does video game addiction affect?

Video game addiction can affect children, teens and adults, although adults are most likely to have this condition. People assigned male at birth are more likely to have video game addiction than people assigned female at birth.

How common is video game addiction?

Researchers estimate that video game addiction affects between 1.7% and 10% of the U.S. population. The estimated range is large because many researchers disagree on the diagnostic criteria for internet gaming disorder.

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Video Game Addiction: What It Is, Symptoms & Treatment

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Video game addiction (internet gaming disorder) is characterized by severely reduced control over gaming habits, resulting in negative impacts on daily functioning.

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Common Problems And Challenges Game Designers Face (gamedesignlounge.com)

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Game Design Lounge | Video Game Level, Character, and Story Design

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As exciting and delightful as video game design can be, it can also be frustrating and comes with its own set of challenges. Before embarking on your career as a game designer, consider these common designer challenges and brainstorm ways you may be able to prevent them or deal with them when they come.

Some of the most common problems game designers face include:

Balancing story and game design elements.

Keeping design documentation up-to-date.

Underestimating time and money costs.

Key decision makers only having production skills.

Unnecessary rigidity in the design process.

Restricting designer access to tools.

Too little gameplay time in the production schedule.

Too little outside gameplay testing.

If you're designing a game and you want to avoid these issues, let's examine each one in more depth so you know what changes you can make now to save you trouble in the long run.

1. Prioritizing the Story Over the Game Design

While the majority of video games include some aspect of a story, they're still called for a reason. The story is a part of the game, but the way the game is played is more important. Historically, many video games based on movies have been canceled during the production phase because too much focus has been placed on the story rather than the best way to set the game up to be played.

When designing a game, it is best to use the story as a springboard for the game, and then keep the story in the back of your mind while you focus on creating a game that will be fun to play by incorporating interesting challenges with rewarding goals and rules that make sense.

2. Keeping Design Documentation Up-to-Date

In a fast-paced environment of a game design team with so many moving parts, it's necessary to keep documentation about exactly what the expectations are for each area's contribution to each project.

But over time, as one thing or a few hundred others inevitably change, it can be challenging to keep all the documentation up-to-date. Especially if documentation is being printed every time something new is added.

The tedium of keeping design papers up-to-date can result in individuals asking their head of department directly what they are supposed to do for a certain feature. When verbal instructions are given, there's no record of it. And what that team member creates will be based on his or her memory of what their department head instructed, which may or may not be accurate. And whatever instructions the head of department gave them are only based on his or her memory of the documentation they read.

This messy method of communication may result in the final feature being designed differently in the way that the original plan had specified, and it may not work with other original features or features whose designs have also changed over the course of the overall design process.

One way to help with this would be to only use digital documentation that is automatically updated to every team member's device or account in real-time. And to enable a feature to automatically label any document that hasn't been edited in two weeks "out-of-date" until a higher-up can reapprove them as being current.

3. Underestimating Time and Money Costs

Every creative process ends up taking longer to complete and costing more than expected. That's just how it goes. So when planning the budget for a new project, consider building in some buffer finances for those unexpected things that come up.

And when planning when to release a new game, build buffer time into the schedule at every step in the process. If you must have the game done by a specific date and you can't do so with the buffer time in your schedule, then your team won't be able to get it done because life happens and technology glitches and people get injuries and some delay will inevitably happen. You can remedy this by adding another person to the team or looking closely at the process and finding some way to improve the efficiency so that reaching that final deadline will be possible to do with a finished and polished product.

4. Decision Makers Only Having Production Skills

Oftentimes, those who lean more toward content creation tend to stay there. And those who lean more toward administrative duties get promoted to decision-maker roles. But the problem with this is that the content creators don't have as much say in how things should be. Their insight is valuable but too easily overlooked in favor of the individuals with statistical conjectures and impressive-looking spreadsheets.

While both these roles are important in the process, problems arise when their contributions aren't given equal weight. This kind of problem is likely to cause issues like the following.

5. Unnecessary Rigidity in the Design Process

Game design is a creative activity, after all. We can try to wrangle all the various aspects into an ideal calendar, and while we should try to stick to a deadline as much as possible because video game creation is a business, it's still a creative process.

Too often a designer is assigned the same amount of time to create a game level on paper as in 3D rendering. The problem with this is that during the 3D programming process, the designer might discover something exciting that couldn't have been imagined at the paper phase. But due to rigid practices, this change would be considered a mistake in the original paper plan and would require approval from a committee and could cause complications in the rest of the production schedule because of that long and arduous process.

If designers were allowed a little more freedom in their job, they could take advantage of these kinds of exciting happenstances and create truly incredible things from their discoveries. Whenever excellence bottlenecks can be removed from the creation process, their removal should be considered.

6. Restricting Designer Access to Tools

Along the same lines, keeping designers from having any access to programming capabilities in their design role can be a big mistake. Yes, the more features a designer has access to, the more ways they have to mess up. But if a designer has to bother a programmer for new code every time they need a new functionality, their rhythm will be thrown off and they'll never get anything done.

If instead designers are allowed to have some programming access, they will be able to help themselves to small programming functionalities and get back to work on their design much more quickly than if they had to interrupt their flow to interrupt someone else for help.

7. Too Little Gameplay Time in the Production Schedule

Why wait for the players to find all of the bugs in the game and plot holes in the story? It seems that design teams often designate less time than is needed-if any at all-to trialing the game themselves before sending it out into the world.

The entire team should have a chance to play the finished result of all their hard work. Not only so that everyone can be satisfied and excited with what you've all accomplished together, but also because someone in the story writing department might catch something that's been missed by the graphic design team, and so on.

Take advantage of your team's vast array of specialties and experiences to find as many problems with the game as possible before releasing it, and gift your team the unique experience of interacting with their finished product before sharing it with the rest of the world.

8. Too Little Outside Gameplay Testing

You can't have too much pre-launch gameplay testing. No matter how much you test and recheck and update, there will still be imperfections that players will find and complain about.

However, the majority of these can be found and fixed before launch. And the more you perfect the game before launching, the happier your players will be with your final product and the more they will play with it and the more likely they will be to buy your DLCs and the next generation of the game when that comes out.

So in addition to having every team member play every game, why not enlist some outside players for pre-launch testing as well?

This process will most likely take the form of doing a beta launch to a limited number of people who have to pre-apply.

Consider all of these difficulties and strategize ways to prevent them or remedy them before getting started on your next big project.

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Common Problems And Challenges Game Designers Face | Game Design Lounge | Video Game Level, Character, and Story Design

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As exciting and delightful as video game design can be, it can also be frustrating and comes with its own set of challenges. Before embarking on your career as a game designer, consider these common designer challenges and brainstorm ways you may be able to prevent them or deal with them when they come.

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https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/children-and-young-adults/help-for-teenagers-young-adults-and-students/student-stress-self-help-tips/

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University can be a stressful experience, as well as being fun and exciting. You may feel stressed about starting university, exams, coursework deadlines, living with people you do not know, or thinking about the future.

Stress is a natural feeling, designed to help you cope in challenging situations. In small amounts it can be good, because it pushes you to work hard and do your best, such as during exams.

But if you're feeling very stressed or feel you cannot manage stress, it can lead to mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. It can also affect your academic performance.

Leaving home to start your studies can involve some stressful changes. These might include moving to a new area, meeting new people and managing on a tight budget.

Signs you might be stressed

There are lots of possible signs of stress.

Stress can make you feel:

irritable

anxious

like you cannot enjoy yourself

worried a lot of the time

You may start to:

have sleep problems (insomnia)

find it hard to concentrate

bite your nails, pick your skin or grind your teeth

snap at people

feel short of breath or breathe very fast

Things that can help with stress

Short periods of stress are normal and can often be resolved by something as simple as completing a task which cuts down your workload, or by talking to others and taking time to relax.

It might also help to:

Work out what it is that's making you feel stressed. For example, is it exams, money or relationship problems? See if you can change your circumstances to ease the pressure you're under.

Try to have a healthy lifestyle. Eat well, get enough sleep, be physically active, cut down on alcohol, and take time to relax as well as working and studying.

Read about the 5 steps to mental wellbeing.

Avoid drugs, including lots of caffeine - this can have a negative impact on your stress levels and wellbeing.

Try not to worry about the future or compare yourself with others.

Try relaxation and breathing exercises.

Try to plan your time to help you keep track of your work. Break it down into manageable chunks so you can keep up with deadlines.

Try talking to a friend, tutor or someone in your family about your stress.

Read about tips on preparing for exams

More information

When to get help for stress

You may want to consider getting help for stress if:

you're struggling to cope with stress

things you're trying yourself are not helping

stress is affecting your life or university work

You could try speaking to friends, family or your university tutor. A GP is also a good place to start and they can help you with advice or access to treatments if you need them.

Find out more about counselling for student mental health problems.

Video: stress

In this video, a GP describes what stress is, the physical and mental effects it can have and when to seek help.

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How to cope with the pressures of student life, such as exams, money worries, and separation from friends and family.

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What Is Hacking? Types of Hacking & More | Fortinet

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Hacking-Definition, Types, Security, and More

A commonly used hacking definition is the act of compromising digital devices and networks through unauthorized access to an account or computer system. Hacking is not always a malicious act, but it is most commonly associated with illegal activity and data theft by cyber criminals.

But what is hacking in a cyber security context?

Hacking in cyber security refers to the misuse of devices like computers, smartphones, tablets, and networks to cause damage to or corrupt systems, gather information on users, steal data and documents, or disrupt data-related activity.

A traditional view of hackers is a lone rogue programmer who is highly skilled in coding and modifying computer software and hardware systems. But this narrow view does not cover the true technical nature of hacking. Hackers are increasingly growing in sophistication, using stealthy attack methods designed to go completely unnoticed by cybersecurity software and IT teams. They are also highly skilled in creating attack vectors that trick users into opening malicious attachments or links and freely giving up their sensitive personal data.

As a result, modern-day hacking involves far more than just an angry kid in their bedroom. It is a multibillion-dollar industry with extremely sophisticated and successful techniques.

History of Hacking/Hackers

Hacking first appeared as a term in the 1970s but became more popular through the next decade. An article in a 1980 edition of Psychology Today ran the headline "The Hacker Papers" in an exploration of computer usage's addictive nature. Two years later, two movies, Tron and WarGames, were released, in which the lead characters set about hacking into computer systems, which introduced the concept of hacking to a wide audience and as a potential national security risk.

Sure enough, later that year, a group of teenagers cracked the computer systems of major organizations like Los Alamos National Laboratory, Security Pacific Bank, and Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. A Newsweek article covering the event became the first to use the word "hacker" in the negative light it now holds.

This event also led Congress to pass several bills around computer crimes, but that did not stop the number of high-profile attacks on corporate and government systems. Of course, the concept of hacking has spiraled with the release of the public internet, which has led to far more opportunities and more lucrative rewards for hacking activity. This saw techniques evolve and increase in sophistication and gave birth to a wide range of types of hacking and hackers.

Types of Hacking/Hackers

There are typically four key drivers that lead to bad actors hacking websites or systems: (1) financial gain through the theft of credit card details or by defrauding financial services, (2) corporate espionage, (3) to gain notoriety or respect for their hacking talents, and (4) state-sponsored hacking that aims to steal business information and national intelligence. On top of that, there are politically motivated hackers-or hacktivists -who aim to raise public attention by leaking sensitive information, such as Anonymous, LulzSec, and WikiLeaks.

A few of the most common types of hackers that carry out these activities involve:

Black Hat Hackers

Black hat hackers are the "bad guys" of the hacking scene. They go out of their way to discover vulnerabilities in computer systems and software to exploit them for financial gain or for more malicious purposes, such as to gain reputation, carry out corporate espionage, or as part of a nation-state hacking campaign.

These individuals' actions can inflict serious damage on both computer users and the organizations they work for. They can steal sensitive personal information, compromise computer and financial systems, and alter or take down the functionality of websites and critical networks.

White Hat Hackers

White hat hackers can be seen as the "good guys" who attempt to prevent the success of black hat hackers through proactive hacking. They use their technical skills to break into systems to assess and test the level of network security, also known as ethical hacking. This helps expose vulnerabilities in systems before black hat hackers can detect and exploit them.

The techniques white hat hackers use are similar to or even identical to those of black hat hackers, but these individuals are hired by organizations to test and discover potential holes in their security defenses.

Grey Hat Hackers

Grey hat hackers sit somewhere between the good and the bad guys. Unlike black hat hackers, they attempt to violate standards and principles but without intending to do harm or gain financially. Their actions are typically carried out for the common good. For example, they may exploit a vulnerability to raise awareness that it exists, but unlike white hat hackers, they do so publicly. This alerts malicious actors to the existence of the vulnerability.

Devices Most Vulnerable To Hacking

Smart Devices

Webcams

Webcams built into computers are a common hacking target, mainly because hacking them is a simple process. Hackers typically gain access to a computer using a Remote Access Trojan (RAT) in rootkit malware, which allows them to not only spy on users but also read their messages, see their browsing activity, take screenshots, and hijack their webcam.

Routers

Email

Jailbroken Phones

Jailbreaking a phone means removing restrictions imposed on its operating system to enable the user to install applications or other software not available through its official app store. Aside from being a violation of the end-user's license agreement with the phone developer, jailbreaking exposes many vulnerabilities. Hackers can target jailbroken phones, which allows them to steal any data on the device but also extend their attack to connected networks and systems.

Prevention from Getting Hacked

Software Update

Use Unique Passwords for Different Accounts

HTTPS Encryption

Avoid Clicking on Ads or Strange Links

Change the Default Username and Password on Your Router and Smart Devices

Routers and smart devices come with default usernames and passwords. However, as providers ship millions of devices, there is a risk that the credentials are not unique, which heightens the chances of hackers breaking into them. It is best practice to set a unique username and password combination for these types of devices.

Protect Yourself Against Hacking

Download from First-party Sources

Install Antivirus Software

Use a VPN

Do Not Login as an Admin by Default

Use a Password Manager

Use Two-factor Authentication

Brush Up on Anti-phishing Techniques

Users must understand the techniques that hackers deploy to target them. This is especially the case with antiphishing and ransomware, which help users know the telltale signs of a phishing email or a ransomware attack or ransomware settlements.

Don't Let Hackers Drive You Out of Business

Learn more about today's threat landscape and how to protect your organization from sophisticated attacks.

Watch the on-demand webinar

What is Ethical Hacking? How Legal is Ethical Hacking?

How Fortinet Can Help

Fortinet protects organizations from hacking with its suite of industry-leading cybersecurity solutions and threat intelligence. The Fortinet antivirus service reduces the risk of malware causing a data breach, blocks the latest threats, and protects organizations from zero-day attacks. The Fortinet antivirus solution plays a crucial role in securing enterprises' entire attack surface and IT environments, from on-premises and cloud-based systems to IoT and mobile devices.

FAQs

What is hacking?

Hacking is the act of compromising digital devices and networks by gaining unauthorized access to an account or computer system. A key part of understanding hacking is understanding the intent behind it, which usually involves the hacker seeking access to digital infrastructure, application data, and stealing sensitive customer information that could damage companies if leaked online. When hacking is used to solicit money, it's referred to as ransomware.

What are the seven types of hackers?

There are many different types of hackers, the most common of which are black, grey, and white hat hackers. Black hat hackers are the bad guys-the cyber criminals. The white hat or ethical hackers are the good guys, while grey hat hackers are somewhere in the middle.

Other common hacker types include blue hat hackers, which are amateur hackers who carry out malicious acts like revenge attacks, red hat hackers, who search for black hat hackers to prevent their attacks, and green hat hackers, who want to learn about and observe hacking techniques on hacking forums.

Other common hacker types are cyber terrorists, hacktivists, state- or nation-sponsored hackers, script kiddies, malicious insiders, and elite hackers. Some hacker groups are very well organized and continue to find new ways to identify weaknesses and organize security penetration of large and small organizations.

What is the biggest hack in history?

Which country has the most hackers?

China is believed to be the country with the highest number of dangerous hackers. Most of the major cyberattacks that occurred around the world can be traced back to China.

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What Is Hacking? Types of Hacking & More | Fortinet

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Hacking-Definition, Types, Security, and More A commonly used hacking definition is the act of compromising digital devices and networks through unauthorized access to an account or computer system. Hacking is not always a malicious act, but it is most commonly associated with illegal activity and data theft by cyber criminals.

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https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/does-macron-have-a-police-problem/

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Things are spicing up over in France. Not content with tear-gassing British children, the Parisian gendarmerie seem to be turning on their own disgruntled citizens.

Last night passengers at Paris's Gare de L'Est scrambled to get aboard a replacement bus after a train broke down at the station. Instead of trying to shepherd irritated travellers into orderly queues, the French police instead decided to fire off pepper spray into the crowd. People can be seen reeling after having been sprayed with the chemical agent, usually reserved for out-of-control rioters rather than frustrated commuters.

This is starting to look like a real problem for President Emmanuel Macron. Last week's authoritarian policing at the Stade de France, which saw thousands of Liverpool fans beaten, gassed and possibly groped, backfired terribly for the Élysée.

Macron's interior minister Gérald Darmanin initially tried to blame the fans, a wheeze that failed to satisfy frustrated voters. Socialist Jean-Luc Mélenchon called it a 'complete failure of police strategy' while Marine le Pen demanded the interior minister resign. The French, normally not averse to a little metaphorical Brit bashing, are altogether less sanguine when there are real batons and police aggression involved.

With the first round of the legislative elections only a week away, it seems unlikely that Macron will force Darmanin out. Much like Macron himself, the French police have always had an authoritarian streak. They see cracking skulls as an essential part of the job rather than a last resort. Perhaps French voters will deal a blow of their own to Macron's chances. Polls suggest a narrowing in the closing stages of the race, with the left-wing coalition nudging up against Macron's centrists.

After years of attempting to punish the UK for leaving the EU, Mr S would enjoy the sweet irony of watching Macron become a lame-duck president thanks to the ill-treatment of Britons.

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Things are spicing up over in France. Not content with tear-gassing British children, the Parisian gendarmerie seem to be turning on their own disgruntled citizens. Last night passengers at Paris's Gare de L'Est scrambled to get aboard a replacement bus after a train broke down at the station.

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https://www.techtarget.com/searchsecurity/definition/antivirus-software

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What is antivirus software (antivirus program)?

Antivirus software (antivirus program) is a security program designed to prevent, detect, search and remove viruses and other types of malware from computers, networks and other devices. Often included as part of a security package, antivirus software can also be purchased as a standalone option.

Typically installed on a computer as a proactive approach to cybersecurity, an antivirus program can help mitigate a variety of cyber threats, including keyloggers, browser hijackers, Trojan horses, worms, rootkits, spyware, adware, botnets, phishing attempts and ransomware attacks.

Due to the constantly evolving nature of cybercrimes and new versions of malware being released daily, including zero-day attacks, no antivirus program can offer detection and protection against all threat vectors.

A virus is just one of the many types of malware that antivirus software is designed to prevent, detect, search and remove.

How antivirus software works

Antivirus software typically runs as a background process, scanning computers, servers or mobile devices to detect and restrict the spread of malware. Many antivirus software programs include real-time threat detection and protection to guard against potential vulnerabilities and perform system scans that monitor device and system files, looking for possible risks.

Antivirus software usually performs the following basic functions:

Scans directories or specific files against a library of known malicious signatures to detect abnormal patterns indicating the presence of malicious software.

Enables users to schedule scans so they run automatically.

Lets users initiate new scans at any time.

Removes any malicious software it detects either automatically in the background or notifies users of infections and prompts them to clean the files.

To scan systems comprehensively, antivirus software must generally be given privileged access to the entire system. This makes antivirus software itself a common target for attackers, and researchers have discovered remote code execution and other serious vulnerabilities in antivirus software products in recent years.

Benefits of antivirus software

The purpose of antivirus software isn't only to defend a system against security threats and vulnerabilities, but also to provide real-time protection through automated vulnerability scans.

Antivirus software provides the following benefits:

Virus and malware protection. The main benefit of antivirus software is to protect against malicious viruses, such as malware and spyware. Most cyber threats today present themselves as multipronged threat vectors that can attack system data, steal confidential information, spy on system resources and degrade system performance simultaneously. Therefore, having reliable antivirus software running at all times is imperative.

Protection against spam and pop-ups. One of the most common ways viruses infiltrate and infect a system is through pop-up advertisements and spam-based webpages. Antivirus software keeps the system secure by automatically blocking pop-ups and spam coming from malicious websites.

Web protection. Antivirus software helps protect against scam websites threat actors use to gather credit card and bank information from unsuspecting users. By restricting access to harmful websites, a reliable antivirus program can prevent users from accessing unauthorized networks.

Real-time protection. Antivirus software acts as a real-time shield that scans each inbound file and program. Depending on the settings of the antivirus program, once an infected file or program is detected, it's either automatically deleted or moved to a quarantine folder for further analysis. A quarantined file is prevented from interacting with the rest of the machine and its programs to mitigate damage.

Boot-scan command. Sophisticated viruses can often duplicate themselves while the system is active. However, an antivirus program can prevent a virus from self-replicating by invoking a boot-scan command. This command shuts down the operating system (OS), restarts the computer and scans the entire hard drive for viruses and malware. During the scan, the virus is detected and doesn't get a chance to self-replicate due to the deactivation of the OS.

Dark web scanning. Data from most data breaches, such as ransomware attacks, is often leaked on the dark web. Many antivirus tools can help organizations discover if their sensitive data is leaked on the dark web. For example, if they find an associated email address or account number on the dark web, they can notify the user and update the password to a new and more complex one.

Protection from external devices. Most people regularly plug in external devices, such as hard drives and USB adapters, to their computers. Antivirus software scans all attached devices and peripherals to thwart potential viruses from entering the system through external sources.

Types of antivirus programs

Antivirus software is distributed in several forms, including standalone antivirus scanners, machine learning and cloud-based programs, malware signatures and internet security software suites that offer antivirus protection, along with firewalls, privacy controls and other security protections. Popular providers of both free and commercial antivirus products include AVG Technologies, Kaspersky, Malwarebytes, McAfee, Norton and Trend Micro.

Some antivirus software vendors offer basic versions of their products at no charge. These free versions generally offer basic antivirus and spyware protection, but more advanced features and protections are usually available only to paying customers.

While some OSes are targeted more frequently by virus developers, antivirus software is available for most OSes:

MacOS antivirus software. Although Apple macOS viruses exist, they're less common than Windows viruses, so antivirus products for Mac-based devices are less standardized than those for Windows. There are several free and paid products available, providing on-demand tools to protect against potential malware threats through full-system malware scans and the ability to sift through specific email threads, attachments and various web activities.

Virus detection techniques

Antivirus software uses a variety of virus detection techniques. The following are six common types:

1. Signature-based detection. Antivirus programs typically depend on stored virus signatures -- unique strings of data that are characteristic of known malware to flag malicious software. The antivirus software uses these signatures to identify viruses it encounters that security experts have already identified and analyzed.

2. Host intrusion prevention system (HIPS). Security and antivirus software commonly uses this technology to detect potentially malicious activities in a program using signature-based detection. A HIPS continuously monitors each activity and instantly notifies users by presenting them with authorization options, such as Allow and Block.

Challenges facing antivirus software

According to CyberCrime Magazine, 90% of the world's population, ages 6 and older, will be connected to the internet by 2030. This exponential growth in internet connections is also responsible for the significant rise in viruses and cyber attacks.

While antivirus programs were originally developed to combat viruses and cyber threats, they do come with a few limitations.

The following highlights the current and future challenges of antivirus software:

Antivirus software that uses only signature-based detection can't expose new types of malware, including variants of existing malware. Signature-based detection can only detect new viruses when the definition file is updated with information about the new virus. With the number of new malware signatures increasing rapidly, making antimalware software based solely on signatures is impractical. However, signature-based detection doesn't usually produce false-positive matches.

Even the best antivirus software can sometimes erroneously identify a secure piece of a program or file as malware, which can lead to a legitimate and important file or program getting quarantined or deleted by the antivirus. Free antivirus options are typically more prone to false positives than paid services, as they don't often provide enterprise-level scanning and detection of attacks and threat vectors.

Antivirus software can sometimes interfere with system updates by either preventing them from happening or halting them in the middle. In most cases, the user must take the extra step of disabling a firewall before attempting to install system updates or firmware upgrades.

Antivirus software runs quietly in the background and is barely noticeable, but it can consume a lot of system resources, including memory and disk space, causing a device's performance to slow down. The antivirus scanning feature can also cause noticeable lags within the network.

Regular antivirus software provides just one layer of virus protection. For comprehensive protection, most organizations must invest in a multilayered approach, such as both hardware- and software-based firewalls or a complete internet security suite that includes antivirus options.

Ever-evolving trends in technology, including metaverse, Web3, fintech and autonomous vehicles, make it more challenging to get the right antivirus protection. With so many endpoints to secure -- from crypto wallets to virtual reality devices -- there are times that antivirus software could fall short. Most traditional antivirus technologies can't detect modern fileless attacks that use trusted systems, such as PowerShell, to carry out the attacks.
While antivirus software can mitigate certain ransomware attacks, it can't stop or remove ransomware once it's taken control of a system. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to remove ransomware and minimize its effect.

Continue Reading About antivirus software (antivirus program)

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What is Antivirus Software? | Definition from TechTarget

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Antivirus software (antivirus program) is a security program designed to prevent, detect, search and remove viruses and other types of malware from computers, networks and other devices. Often included as part of a security package, antivirus software can also be purchased as a standalone option.

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The Complete Guide to Car Rollover/Summersault Accidents – THISDAYLIVE

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https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-sports-psychology-2794906

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Sports psychology looks at how the mind influences athletic performance and exercise. Learn the different types of sports psychologists and how they help athletes.

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https://www.vivifyscrum.com/insights/game-development-problems-and-scrum-solutions

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Agile Project Management Software - VivifyScrum

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Having survived long crunch periods that have become somewhat notorious for the video game industry, I'd like to tip my imaginary hat to Scrum. The last game I've worked on probably wouldn't be delivered on time if it wasn't for the Agile method and the sheer will of the team to adhere to it.

You see, as much as we'd like to talk about the perfectly measurable positive effects of Scrum on project development, it's an entirely different beast when it comes to the game industry and carrying it out was daunting.

And although I quit the industry shortly after that to join VivifyScrum, let me tell you why switching to this framework might be the best decision if your team is struggling. Here are some Scrum-oriented solutions for your everyday game dev problems.
Problem: lack of communication between departments
This could be one of those obstacles that are entirely unique to the video game industry, and it revolves around much more intricate production pipelines - each department delivering a relatively small aspect of the game: 2D and 3D artists, assemblers, programmers, game and narrative designers, as well as producers, all working simultaneously to create the final product.

In the perfect world, all of the departments/teams would be in perfect sync, with everybody perfectly aware of each project's status and how far along each team is, thus always aware of the next goal. There also would be no crunch, sudden layoffs or shoehorned microtransactions.

Of course, the bigger the company is, the worse the communication between all the department gets. This is amplified if we introduce team-specific tunnel visions, derived from each individual immersed in their craft, thus elevating the importance of their pipeline segment above all.

In the best case scenario, this results in teams working out of sync - waiting for others to complete their goal in order to start theirs. In the worst case, this results in delivering a subpar product due to being completely detached from the project.
Solution: a cross-functional team
This won't work with large companies' pipelines but can do wonders for any small-medium dev team, especially indie. The departments/teams can be split and reordered into cross-functional teams, with a member or two from each division, all responsible for one single game or project. This does not only promote openness and learning among the colleagues but also accountability and commitment towards delivering the best possible project.
Problem: lack of communication within the team
With a new cross-functional team assembled, everything seems to be more in sync, but you still run into the problem of team members simply not communicating with each other. There is no team spirit and things are done at half the speed and quarter of enthusiasm. This setup may function as a quick fix but won't leave you with a great playable product in the long run.
Solution: Scrum events
One of the most important features that Scrum cannot be executed without are events - an absolute necessity for the team to be in sync, and for the tasks themselves to be understood and executed as well as possible. These are Sprint Planning, Daily Scrum, Backlog Refinement, Sprint Review and Sprint Retrospective. This, by far, has had the most positive influence on our project.

All of these events focus on bringing the team members together to discuss the project in various level of detail. For instance, during the Sprint Planning, all of the members go through the entirety of the project's scrum backlog and decide which crucial features they'll tackle in the following week or (preferably) two.

Once these are set, the Sprint begins, during which each member takes on the responsibility to finish their tasks on time. On the other hand, the Daily Scrum serves as a micro-conference during which the team briefly discuss what tasks they are working on and the obstacles they've encountered.

To you, these may sound like activities your team likely already participates in, but give Daily Scrum a shot and you'll be amazed by how much more informed you'll all be by the end of the week. Not only that, but giving your colleagues the crucial time to reflect upon each other's progress, achievements and impediments will unite you and evoke a more symbiotic approach to problem-solving.

In addition to inspiring the team to discuss their own task-related issues, this will also will give everyone an opportunity to discuss their vision of the project. There is nothing worse than having unmotivated members giving their minimum to achieve gameplay features they never had a voice in. By giving them the platform, you enable your project to flow and grow into something everyone is satisfied with internally.
Problem: market changes
This might just be the worst-case scenario during a development cycle, especially since it's out of our hand. You've been working on your game for a while now when, suddenly, you realize that the market has shifted into a different direction - one you're not covering with your game, either due to the genre becoming oversaturated, outdated gameplay mechanics, or an identical narrative theme in a game released just a week ago.

Good games take ages to develop and especially in this day and age where the market is booming with new franchises, chances of this happening are growing steadily and the (frankly) outdated waterfall system doesn't account for it. Your product is either met with dislike or indifference.
Solution: incremental development
One of the core philosophies of Agile is to always work on incremental or iterative builds, meaning each successive version of your game builds upon previously implemented features.

Let's say you're working on a rogue-like RPG, more precisely on your playable character's (PC) special abilities, which we'll refer to as Feature A, Feature B and Feature C. In your previous sprint, you've set the groundwork for them, leaving them at Feature A 1.0, Feature B 1.0 and Feature C 1.0 and are rebalancing or fleshing them out for versions 1.1. However, bad news come in, as you see an open beta for an eerily similar RPG game with almost identical features.

You begin to worry about having to explain your career choices during the next Thanksgiving, but suddenly remember that you're agile and can adapt your entire gameplay mechanics in order to stand out from (or at least beside) the direct competition.

For your next Sprint, your 1.2 versions will undergo a major change and perhaps won't even be related to the PC, but his NPC companion while you come up with new abilities. This can only be done because you're not too far into the development cycle and can easily backtrack. You haven't drawn a gorgeous, hyperrealistic nose, only to realise you can't put a face on it, instead, you're constantly improving a very rough sketch until it reaches the satisfactory level to be considered done.

Working in small increments gives you the right environment to properly assess your product at any given time, as well be prepared for any sudden market changes or unexpected competitors.
Problem: boring Concept Proposal (CP)
You've been a game designer for a while now. You've worked on your concept proposal for countless days and nights, and believe you have it all figured out. The core gameplay loop seems fun, the special features are unprecedented and you've even compiled enough lore for an entire trilogy.

Sadly, nobody seems to care.

Even worse, everyone you ask calls out different parts of your CP, making it impossible to pinpoint the exact issue and what could have been your first AAA game slips into oblivion.
Solution: usability testing
Just like with the previous solution, you don't want to define the entirety of your game and pitch it all at once. At that point, modifying or excluding even the smallest elements may break the entire concept.

Write out the concept in a paragraph or less and pitch it to the one person you trust and can profile based on their taste. Then scale it out some more and pitch it to a small group. Write down their reactions and begin elaborating on your pitch while dealing with the issues that have been pointed out. After that, start throwing in mechanics, creating a playable vertical slice and always keep testing.

Not only should you be able to create a more concise pitch with small increments, but (and this is a big deal) you'll also get a better picture of your target audience and niche, enabling you to start creating real user stories based on the information you obtained about their profiles and tastes.

Having Sci-Fi Simon criticize your high fantasy game may not be a big deal, but if Medieval Mandy says it's too boring, this should raise some flags.

Keep in mind that none of these suggestions are prescriptive. They simply describe the issues I've encountered and ways they may be overcome. Scrum is a framework to make you more invested, motivated and honest, above all to yourself, about your creative process. Depending on your situation, these solutions may or may not work for you, but hopefully, you'll decide for yourself through sheer experimentation.

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Game Development Problems and Scrum Solutions

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Having survived long crunch periods that have become somewhat notorious for the video game industry, I'd like to tip my imaginary hat to Scrum. The last game I've worked on probably wouldn't be delivered on time if it wasn't for the Agile method and the sheer will of the team to adhere to it.

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https://paradigmtreatment.com/handle-teen-academic-problems/

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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-air-pollution-in-south-korea-can-teach-the-world-about-misinformation/

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Climate change is an issue that is deeply entwined with lifestyle and one that requires collective action to solve. However, fake news and misinformation on climate change is interfering with how the scientific community engages with people interested in making lifestyle changes to mitigate the effects of climate change. Furthermore, taking into account the diversity of fake news on other scientific topics such as COVID-19 vaccination, socially effective methods to engage and persuade the majority of the public are a must.

The case of air quality in Korea can provide a hint on actions that the scientific community can take. In Korea, air quality has been improving over the past 20 years but public perception is different. People believe the air quality has been deteriorating since 2013. The official air quality measurements in Seoul suggest that the concentration of fine dust, called PM ₁₀ (particulate matter 10 micrometers or smaller), has actually decreased over time. Understanding why this gap in reality and public perception exists, and the psychology behind it, can give scientists tools to better combat misinformation.

Public perception in Korea casts China as the major culprit in this issue of air quality, even though data from the joint research of National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) and NASA indicate that 52 percent of the fine dust at Olympic Park in Seoul comes from South Korean domestic factories, while only 34 percent comes from western China.

People believe that the majority of the fine dust pollution is produced in China and that it blows into Korea via seasonal wind. Our frequency analysis of basic terms used in the comments on Korean news articles on Naver.com from January 2000 to February 2021 indicate as much.

There is a gap between reality and public perception.

We attribute the gap to two major factors: shared information bias and collective unconscious. Collective unconscious comes from our common ancestral and evolutionary past. In other words, the public as a whole forms a common conception in our unconsciousness and therefore reacts similarly to a particular phenomenon. Shared information bias-where people tend to focus on information that they know-reinforces this public perception that the contribution from China is more than that of South Korea.

Using this concept, we analyzed an event that occurred in November 2013. During that time, the city of Seoul suffered from unusually high concentrations of ultrafine dust that actually did come from China. Seoul looked like it had cloudy hazy weather during the weeks of that pollution plume. We wondered if the public's perception that China was to blame for this bad air quality was triggered by this plume. Our analysis of the articles show that the public started to associate fine dust with China during that event. The number of news articles on fine dust that contain "China" as the keyword started to increase from November 2013, and so did the number of comments (and replies to comments) on these articles that referred to "China".

Furthermore, shared information bias seems to have reinforced the public opinion. Not long after this pollution event, public sentiment towards China deteriorated as China was imposing economic sanctions against Korea. News articles and comments on fine dust with reference to China increased from late 2015 and continued the overall trend up to mid-2019. This, in turn, influenced interest groups in Korea, which then amplified the trend in their own interest rather than rectifying the misleading beliefs.

Notably, different patterns were found in China and Japan, which had experienced relatively little change in relations with each other. Japan's news articles avoided public blaming of China, focusing instead on technical aspects of responding to the fine dust (for example, the words "mask," "filter" and "product," were frequently used). Chinese articles exhibited similar patterns but focused on local regulations and air quality deterioration in general (with words such as "development," "construction," "control" and "pollution" frequently used).

Therefore, based on the theories of collective unconscious and shared information bias, we propose that scientists seeking to sway people's minds around climate change try the following:

Leverage significant events, such as Hurricanes Ida and the severe European floods in 2021, so that people perceive climate change as a serious issue requiring urgent attention and resolution. This will instill the notion of climate change as something that affects the public's daily lives rather than a distant future.

Similar to the " We the People " system-a public petitioning system created by the Obama administration-a politically independent fact-check system verified by a pool of experts with mixed political views needs to be established for science. A decision made by people with different political views would minimize the room for anyone with a particular belief to reject the decision provided by the system as attributable to perceived bias.

Furthermore, scientists should pressure social media companies to make better filters for misinformation and other attempts to manipulate people's feelings. Care should especially be taken so that decisions of by fact-check systems are enforced.

Direct action can also help while trying to change public perception. For example, the Korean scientific community is planting trees in the Gobi Desert to block the spread of its yellow dust by winds.

Finally, to ensure that the public trusts the experts fully, it is essential that scientists and engineers not promote scientific claims for their financial or societal gain and to pay attention to the social consequences of these claims. Otherwise, claims by the scientific community may not convince the public.
The views presented in this article are of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their employers.
This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.

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What Air Pollution in South Korea Can Teach the World about Misinformation

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Tracking how misinformation campaigns begin and amplify can give scientists tools to combat them

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https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/20/weather/midwest-spring-flood-outlook-wxn/index.html

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Forecasters fear rapid snowmelt in the Midwest could turn into major flooding this spring | CNN

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Concern is growing about the increased likelihood of major spring flooding in the Upper Mississippi River Basin, particularly from the Twin Cities to St. Louis, due to rapid snowmelt.

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https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/who-invented-the-first-video-game

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https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/18/americas/ecuador-earthquake/index.html

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At least 13 people died after a magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck southern Ecuador on Saturday afternoon, according to government officials.

The earthquake struck near the southern town of Baláo and was more than 65 km (nearly 41 miles) deep, according to the United States Geological Survey.

An estimated 461 people were injured in the quake, according to a report from the Ecuadorian president's office. The government had previously reported that 16 people were killed but later revised the death toll.

In the province of El Oro, at least 11 people died. At least one other death was reported in the province of Azuay, according to the communications department for Ecuador's president. In an earlier statement, authorities said the person in Azuay was killed when a wall collapsed onto a car and that at least three of the victims in El Oro died when a security camera tower came down.

People who were injured were being treated at hospitals, the Presidency added, but did not provide further details.

The USGS gave the tremor an "orange alert," saying "significant casualties are likely and the disaster is potentially widespread."

"Past events with this alert level have required a regional or national level response," the USGS added. It also estimated damage and economic losses were possible.

Relatives of a CNN producer in the western port city of Guayaquil said they felt "very strong" tremors.

CNN afiliate Ecuavisa reported structural damage to buildings in Cuenca, one of the country's biggest cities. The historic city is in the UN list of world heritage sites.

There is no tsunami warning in effect for the area, according to the US National Weather Service.

The airports of Guayaquil and Cuenca remained open and operational, the country's statement said.

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At least 13 dead after magnitude 6.8 earthquake shakes Ecuador | CNN

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At least 13 people died after a magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck southern Ecuador on Saturday afternoon, according to government officials. The earthquake struck near the southern town of Baláo and was more than 65 km (nearly 41 miles) deep, according to the United States Geological Survey.

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Education Inequality in Korea is a Problem that Needs to be Solved (seoulz.com)

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/global-warming-solutions

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The evidence that humans are causing climate change, with drastic consequences for life on the planet, is overwhelming.

Experts began raising the alarm about global warming in 1979, a change now referred to under the broader term climate change, preferred by scientists to describe the complex shifts now affecting our planet's weather and climate systems. Climate change encompasses not only rising average temperatures but also extreme weather events, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range of other impacts.

Over 200 countries-193 countries plus the 27 members of the European Union-have signed the Paris Climate Agreement, a treaty created in 2015 to fight climate change on a global scale. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which synthesizes the scientific consensus on the issue, has set a goal of keeping warming under 2°C (3.6°F) and pursuing an even lower warming cap of 1.5 °C (2.7° F).

But no country has created policies that will keep the world below 1.5 °C, according to the Climate Action Tracker. Current emissions have the world on track to warm 2.8°C by the end of this century.

Addressing climate change will require many solutions -there's no magic bullet. Yet nearly all of these solutions exist today. They range from worldwide changes to where we source our electricity to protecting forests from deforestation.

The promise of new technology

Better technology will help reduce emissions from activities like manufacturing and driving.

Scientists are working on ways to sustainably produce hydrogen, most of which is currently derived from natural gas, to feed zero-emission fuel cells for transportation and electricity.

Renewable energy is growing, and in the U.S., a combination of wind, solar, geothermal, and other renewable sources provide 20 percen t of the nation's electricity.

New technological developments promise to build better batteries to store that renewable energy, engineer a smarter electric grid, and capture carbon dioxide from power plants and store it underground or turn it into valuable products such as gasoline. Some argue that nuclear power-despite concerns over safety, water use, and toxic waste-should also be part of the solution, because nuclear plants don't contribute any direct air pollution while operating.

Should we turn to geoengineering?

While halting new greenhouse gas emissions is critical, scientists say we need to extract existing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, effectively sucking it out of the sky.

Pulling carbon out of the atmosphere is a type of geoengineering, a science that interferes with the Earth's natural systems, and it's a controversial approach to fighting climate change.

Other types of geoengineering involve spraying sunlight-reflecting aerosols into the air or blocking the sun with a giant space mirror. Studies suggest we don't know enough about the potential dangers of geoengineering to deploy it.

Restoring nature to protect the planet

Planting trees, restoring seagrasses, and boosting the use of agricultural cover crops could help clean up significant amounts of carbon dioxide.

The Amazon rainforest is an important reservoir of the Earth's carbon, but a study published in 2021, showed deforestation was transforming this reservoir into a source of pollution.

Restoring and protecting nature may provide as much as 37 percent of the climate mitigation needed to reach the Paris Agreement's 203o targets. Protecting these ecosystems can also benefit biodiversity, providing a win-win for nature.

Adapt-or else

Communities around the world are already recognizing that adaptation must also be part of the response to climate change. From flood-prone coastal towns to regions facing increased droughts and fires, a new wave of initiatives focuses on boosting resilience. Those include managing or preventing land erosion, building microgrids and other energy systems built to withstand disruptions, and designing buildings with rising sea levels in mind.

Last year, the Inflation Reduction Act was signed into law and was a historic investment in fighting and adapting to climate change.

( Read more about how the bill will dramatically reduce emissions.)

Recent books such as Drawdown and Designing Climate Solutions have proposed bold yet simple plans for reversing our current course. The ideas vary, but the message is consistent: We already have many of the tools needed to address climate change. Some of the concepts are broad ones that governments and businesses must implement, but many other ideas involve changes that anyone can make- eating less meat, for example, or rethinking your modes of transport.

"We have the technology today to rapidly move to a clean energy system," write the authors of Designing Climate Solutions. "And the price of that future, without counting environmental benefits, is about the same as that of a carbon-intensive future."
Sarah Gibbens contributed reporting to this article.
Editor's note: This article originally published in January 2019. It has been updated.

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Humans have the solutions to fight a global environmental crisis. Do we have the will?

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https://thesportjournal.org/article/physical-education-teacher-candidates-and-professional-codes-of-ethics/

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Oğuz Özbek, Ankara University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Ankara, Turkey

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels by which the students in Departments of Physical Education agree with the professional codes of ethics for physical education teachers. One hundred twenty-two students receiving education in Departments of Physical Education and Sports in three universities participated in the research. A questionnaire consisting of 32 items was used as the data collection tool. Physical education teacher candidates studying in different universities stated that they fully agreed with the professional codes of ethics for physical education teachers. However, they were observed to have different opinions regarding some ethics codes depending on gender, class, and school variables.

Introduction

Ethics lies on the basis of all relationships established by humans. There are such values as love, respect, gratitude, and trust in a relationship between two persons. (Kuçuradi, 1996). Ethical behavior considers the rights and interests, as well as the existence of others (Haynes, 2002). The goal of an ethical relationship is being able to show that ethical action is a basic characteristic of human existence; that is being able to teach to love people (Pieper, 1999). Studies on ethics deal with the standards used in the rightfulness or wrongfulness of human behavior. They seek answers to such questions as to which behaviors are good, desirable, and acceptable (Gözütok, 1999).

Professional ethics resulted from an increase in ethical problems in certain professions or from the awareness of these increasing problems. Ethics of medicine, law, sports, press, and education are some examples of professional ethics (Tepe, 2000). Professional ethics are a set of general rules that look at the work performed by the members of the profession from an ethical point of view and that are complied with by the majority of these members (Sockett, 1990; Kultgen, 1988). Ethical codes laid down by professional organizations and supported by sanctions will guide the person who applies them and help him/her to decide in potential dilemmas (Fain, 1992). Even though professional codes of ethics are regulated separately for every profession, such codes as honesty, legality, reliability, professional loyalty, and respect apply to all professions (Wiley 2000).

When education was taken up as a multidimensional system, ethical conduct came to be one of these dimensions (Barcena & Gıl, 1993). Ethics of education interests all of society. Behaviors related to students are central to the ethics of education. It is the duty of all educators to provide the student with humane living conditions within the environment of education. The relationship between the teacher and the student must be based on love and respect (Bilgen, 1994).

Ethical relationships are expected to be experienced within the environment of education. For this reason, ethics codes that are determined for education must have compliance by educators. Universal values such as honesty, fairness, loyalty, and respect are taken as basis when determining ethics codes. The basic purpose of ethics codes is to make application most beneficial, to provide public benefit, to protect the profession, to discipline the members, and to guide the teachers in solving ethical dilemmas they may encounter during daily applications (Campbell, 2000).

Physical education teachers are faced with making ethical decisions while they are fulfilling their duties in schools and sports facilities (Harrison and Blakemore, 1992). Physical education teachers must act in compliance with professional ethics while they are performing their duties in order to protect service ideals, regulate competition within the profession, and raise the quality of the service provided. The first known codes of ethics in literature for physical education teachers were proposed in 1950 by the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation (AAHPER) professional ethic board, and published in the Journal of Physical Education and Recreation in 1950 (Resick, Seidel, & Mason, 1975). A major part of these professional codes of ethics regulate the relationship between the teacher and the student. Other ethics codes are concerned with the relationship of teachers and their colleagues, their responsibilities towards the society, participation in professional organizations, and professional development.

It was observed that the definitions made related to ethical dilemmas were more successful, their theoretical and practical knowledge concerning ethical dilemmas increased, and their solutions and recommendations for ethical problems became more successful at the end of their education (Bergem, 1993). In a study conducted by Priest, Krause, and Becah (1999), ethical value choices of students were discovered to have changed positively at the end of a four years higher education.

The pre-service education received by teachers will have an influence on the decisions to be made by them in ethical incidents they encounter during the course of their professional lives. In research conducted by Tirri (1999), teachers stated that they encountered ethical dilemmas in matters related to passing courses, education, lessons and success, moral dimensions of student behavior, cheating, negative student behavior, and general rules in school. Some very sensitive situations were expressed by some of the teachers who took part in the research. For instance, if a teacher has to touch his/her student as required by his/her profession, s/he is faced with a dilemma. The teacher must decide on the limits of the help s/he will provide to his/her students. Such dilemmas are mostly encountered by special education and physical education teachers (Tirri, 1999).

Physical education teachers in Turkey are educated in Schools of Physical Education and Sports in universities and Departments of Physical Education and Sports connected education faculties. Students take special skill examinations in order to be admitted to these departments. Physical education teacher candidates receive four years of higher education consisting of general knowledge, professional knowledge for teaching, and field education knowledge. The physical education teacher training program, which was prepared centrally by the Higher Education Council in 1997, is applied in all universities. All physical education teacher candidates graduate from programs consisting of the same courses and contents. With a recent amendment made to the program, optional courses have been proposed to be introduced for the students to acquire professional ethics (YÖK, 2007).

The education received by physical education teachers has a major influence on their behavior inside the school and the classroom. Therefore, physical education teacher candidates should acquire the qualifications of being able to act in compliance with the professional ethics along with professional knowledge and skills during their pre-service education.

The basic aim of this study was to determine the levels by which the students in departments of physical education agree with the professional codes of ethics for physical education. With this aim was an intent to determine whether or not the opinions of students in Departments of Physical Education regarding the levels of agreement with the professional codes of ethics displayed differences depending on gender, class, and school variables.

Method

The survey method was used in this research. The scale developed by Özbek (2003) was used in order to measure the levels by which physical education teacher candidates agreed with of professional codes of ethics for physical education teachers. The validity and reliability of the measuring tool, was studied again. Factor analysis was carried out for the structural validity of the measuring tool and total correlation analysis of items was evaluated. Before conducting factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was observed in order to determine the suitability of the size of sampling to factor analysis and the KMO value was found to be .90. The minimum KMO value must be .60 in order for a factor analysis to be realized on the data (Pallant, 2005). The .90 KMO value, which was observed in this case, showed that the data were suitable for factor analysis. On the other hand, the Barlett test result for the factor analysis of 32 items was found to be 2837.291, (p < 0.001). The KMO and Barlett test results indicated that a factor analysis could be conducted on these data. As a result of the factor analysis, the scale was decided to be one-dimensional. The total declared variance was calculated as 46.4 %. A declared variance of 30 % or more is considered sufficient in single-factor scales (Büyüköztürk, 2002). The factor load values of the items included in the scale ranged between .37 and .83. A factor load value of .30 or more was taken as basis while deciding on including an item in the scale. None of the items was excluded from the scale in this case (see Table 1). The correlation coefficient of the items included in the scale, on the other hand, ranged between .37 and .81 (See Table 1). The total correlation coefficient of items is required to be at least .30 (Pallant, 2005). According to this, no items were excluded from the scale. All of the 32 items in the original scale were kept without any change. The internal consistency coefficient Alpha, which is calculated for the reliability of the scale, was found as .95. Therefore, the scale was considered valid and reliable.

Table 1.
Factor Load of the Items in the Scale and Their Total Correlation Values

The scale contained the 32 professional codes of ethics given chart 2 along with personal information. The options of the scale and their points were determined as, Fully disagree (1 point), Somewhat agree (2 points), Moderately agree (3 points), Mostly agree (4 points), and Fully agree (5 points). The formula (5-1 = 4; 4/5 = 0.80) was used in determining the range coefficient of the scale. According to this the option ranges were determined as Fully disagree (1.00-1.79), Somewhat agree (1.80-2.59), Moderately agree (2.60-3.39), Mostly agree (3.40-4.19), and Fully agree (4.20-5.00). Whether or not there was a difference between the opinions of physical education teacher candidates based on class and gender was tested with the unrelated t test. Whether the opinions displayed differences based on the school variable, on the other hand, was tested with the unilateral variance analysis and the LSD test.

A Physical Education Teacher must,

A Physical Education Teacher must,

C 1 - take the mental, emotional, and social developments of students into

consideration along with their physical skills while evaluating their success.

C 2 - attach importance on education and health rather than being a champion or winning a

competition.

C 3 - accept losing in competitions as natural as winning.

C 4 - work in cooperation and solidarity with his/her colleagues.

C 5 - help those who are new in the profession gain professional knowledge and experience.

C 6 - not display an action based on violence towards his/her students.

C 7 - approach the students who do not succeed in competitions with understanding.

C 8 - take the necessary measures in conditions that might arise in students such as physical

discomfort, dehydration, or fatigue.

C 9 - include activities by which all students take part in sports activities rather than providing a

group of students with the school's facilities.

C 10 - ensure that all students benefit from the tools, equipment, and facilities of the school.

C 11 - not use grades as an instrument of pressure.

C 12 - prefer honesty over winning in sports.

C 13 - prefer discipline over winning in sports.

C 14 - act with tolerance towards his/her students in their lessons.

C 15 - reward proper behavior of students.

C 16 - evaluate the success of students objectively.

C 17 - take care to ensure that both s/he and his/her students conform to the lesson and training

C 18 - attach more importance on the health and security of his/her students than sportive

C 19 - not intervene with the transfers of athlete students by following his/her own interest.

C 20 - show special attention to disabled students in order to ensure their participation in the

C 21 - consider the course of physical education as an integral and complementary part of

general education.

C 22 - value the opinions of students during the lesson. C23 - not talk in a way to humiliate his/her athlete students.

C 24 - not allow tests, measurements, or drug testing that would endanger the health of his/her

athlete students.

C 25 - keep confidential the private information concerning his/her students.

C 26 - keep confidential the religious, political, and ethnical matters discussed within the

classroom environment.

C 27 - not conduct training exercises that would endanger the health of athlete students.

C 28 - take the education and health of the athlete students into consideration during club

C 29 - avoid applications that would hold back other lessons of the students who will

participate in competitions.

C 30 - not insult his/her students.

C 31 - not talk in a way to humiliate the athletes and coaches of the competitor school team.

C 32 - act aggressively and offensively in his/her relationships with his/her colleagues.

Figure 1. Professional Codes of Ethics for Physical Education Teachers

Participants

The research covered the students, who were receiving education in the Departments of Physical Education and Sports in the Gazi University School of Physical Education and Sports, Hacettepe University, School of Sport Sciences and Technology, and Ankara University School of Physical Education and Sports during the 2005 - 2006 academic year. There were 278 students in the freshman and senior classes of the three universities. The study aimed to reach the relevant segment of students fully. However, the data collection tool could only be applied to a study group consisting of 122 students. Twenty-five percent (n = 26), 53 percent (n = 64), and 26 percent (n = 32) of the students participating in the survey consisted of the students of Hacettepe University, Gazi University, and Ankara University, respectively. When the gender distribution was examined, 60 percent (n = 73) of the students were observed to be male and 40 percent (n = 49) female. 62 percent (n = 76) of the students participating in the survey were freshmen while 38 percent (n = 46) consisted of senior class students. Personal information regarding the study group of the survey has been provided in Chart 3.

Table 2
Personal Information Regarding the Study Group

Results

Findings regarding the opinions of physical education teacher candidates about their agreement with the professional codes of ethics were interpreted based on gender, class, and school variables.

The mean averages of the levels by which the physical education teacher candidates agreed with the professional codes of ethics based on gender, class, and school variables have been given in Table 3. As seen in Table 3, it was observed that the teacher candidates receiving education in three universities fully agreed with the professional codes of ethics [Hacettepe University ( = 4.66), Gazi University ( = 4.64), Ankara University ( = 4.66)]. The mean average of the levels by which the students in freshman and senior classes agreed with the professional codes of ethics [freshman ( = 4.63), senior ( = 4.69)] was realized as "full." The mean average of the levels by which the male and female students agreed with the professional codes of ethics, on the other hand [male ( = 4.62), female ( = 4.71)], was again realized as "full".

Table 3
The Mean averages of the Levels by which the Physical Education Teacher Candidates Agreed with the Professional Codes of Ethics based on Gender, Class, and School Variables

The averages of the opinions of physical education teacher candidates concerning the professional codes of ethics based on their genders have been provided in Table 4. As seen in Table 4, a noteworthy difference was observed in three items as a result of the unrelated t test conducted among the averages regarding the opinions of physical education teacher candidates based on their genders, while no significant differences were seen in other items.

Male teacher candidates agreed at the level of ( = 4.61), and female teacher candidates at the level of ( = 4.87) with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must value the opinions of students during the lesson" (C22). There was a significant statistical difference between the averages of the opinions of male and female physical education teacher candidates [ t (120) = 2.15, p<.05]. More female teacher candidates agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should value the opinions of students during the lesson compared to male teacher candidates.

While male student candidates agreed with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must not allow tests, measurements, or drug testing that would endanger the health of his/her athlete students" (C24) at a level of = 4.75, the level of agreement by female teacher candidates was = 4.93. There was a significant statistical difference between the averages of the opinions of male and female physical education teacher candidates [t (120) = 2.11, p < .05]. More female teacher candidates agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should not allow tests, measurements, or drug testing that would endanger the health of his/her athlete students, compared to male teacher candidates.

While male teacher candidates agreed with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must not insult his/her students" (C30) at a level of = 4.65, the level of agreement by female teacher candidates was = 4.85. There was a significant statistical difference between the averages of the opinions of male and female physical education teacher candidates [t (120) = 2.04, p < .05]. More female teacher candidates agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should not insult his/her students, compared to male teacher candidates.

Table 4
Descriptive Statistics on the Opinions of Physical Education Teacher Candidates concerning the Professional Codes of Ethics based on their Genders

df = 120 NMale = 73 NFemale = 49 N = 122 P* < .05

The averages regarding the opinions of physical education teacher candidates concerning the professional codes of ethics based on their classes have been given in Table 5. As seen in Table 5, a noteworthy difference was observed in three items as a result of the unrelated t test conducted among the averages regarding the opinions of physical education teacher candidates based on their classes, while no significant differences were seen in other items.

While freshman students agreed with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must take in consideration the mental, emotional, and social developments of students into consideration along with their physical skills while evaluating their success" (C1) at a level of ( = 4.73), the level of agreement by senior students was ( = 4.91). There was a significant statistical difference between the averages of the opinions of physical education teacher candidates in freshman and senior classes [t (120) = 2.09, p < .05]. More teacher candidates in senior classes agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should take in consideration the mental, emotional, and social developments of students into consideration along with their physical skills while evaluating their success, compared to those in freshman classes.

While freshman students agreed with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must evaluate the success of students objectively" (C16) at a level of ( = 4.64), the level of agreement by senior students was ( = 4.86). There was a significant statistical difference between the averages of the opinions of physical education teacher candidates in freshman and senior classes [ t (120) = 2.27, p < .05]. More teacher candidates in senior classes agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should evaluate the success of students objectively, compared to those in freshman classes.

While freshman students agreed with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must attach more importance on the health and security of his/her students than sportive success" (C18) at a level of ( = 4.46), the level of agreement by senior students was ( = 4.71) There was a significant statistical difference between the averages of the opinions of physical education teacher candidates in freshman and senior classes [ t (120) = 2.09, p < .05]. More teacher candidates in senior classes agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should attach more importance on the health and security of his/her students than sportive success, compared to those in freshman classes.

Table 5
Descriptive Statistics on the Opinions of Physical Education Teacher Candidates concerning the Professional Codes of Ethics based on their Classes

df = 120 N Freshman = 76 N Senior = 46 N = 122 P* < .05

The averages regarding the opinions of the physical education teacher candidates based on their schools have been given in Chart 7. As seen in Chart 7, a noteworthy difference was observed in two items as a result of the unilateral variance analysis conducted among the averages regarding the opinions of physical education teacher candidates based on their schools, while no significant differences were seen in other items.

A difference of .05, which was worth noting, was found among the averages as a result of the variance analysis conducted on the averages of the points concerning agreement levels with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must not display an action based on violence towards his/her students" (C6) [F (2, 119) = 3.11, p < .05]. As a result of the LSD test, which was applied in order to find the group that created the difference, a significant difference was observed between the opinions of Hacettepe University and Gazi University students. While the students of Hacettepe University agreed with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must not display an action based on violence towards his/her students" (C6) at a level of = 4.96, those of Gazi University stated that they agreed with this principle at a level of = 4.64.

A difference of .05, which was worth noting, was found among the averages as a result of the variance analysis conducted on the averages of the points concerning agreement levels with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must reward proper behavior of students" (C15) [F (2, 119) = 5.51, p < .05]. As a result of the LSD test, which was applied in order to find the group that created the difference, a significant difference was observed between the opinions of Ankara University students and Hacettepe University and Gazi University students. While the students of Ankara University agreed with the principle stating "a physical education teacher must reward proper behavior of students" (C15) at a level of ( = 4.15), those of Hacettepe university and Gazi University stated that they agreed with this principle at levels of ( = 4.61) and ( = 4.57), respectively.

Table 6
Descriptive Statistics on the Opinions of Physical Education Teacher Candidates concerning the Professional Codes of Ethics based on their Schools

df (Between groups: 2, Within groups: 119, Total: 121) P* < .05
N1 = 26 N2 = 64 N3 = 32 N = 122
1 = Hacettepe University 2 = Gazi University 3 = Ankara University.

Discussion and Conclusion

According to the results of the survey, it was determined that physical education teacher candidates in different universities fully agreed with the professional codes of ethics for physical education teachers based on school, gender, and class averages. However, it was observed that they thought differently in some codes of ethics according to these variables.

More female teacher candidates agreed with the principles that a physical education teacher should value the opinions of students during the lesson and should not insult his/her students, compared to male teacher candidates. Again, female teacher candidates agree with the principle that a physical education teacher should not allow tests, measurements, or drug testing that would endanger the health of his/her athlete students, more than male teacher candidates. It may be said that the female teacher candidates approached their students with more tolerance and compassion. Training applications that would ensure that the male teacher candidates think as the female teacher candidates should be included during pre-service education.

Teacher candidates in senior classes agreed with the principles that a physical education teacher should take the mental, emotional, and social developments of students into consideration along with their physical skills while evaluating their success, and that s/he should evaluate the success of students objectively, more than those in freshman classes. In addition, more teacher candidates in senior classes agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should attach more importance to the health and security of his/her students than sportive success, compared to those in freshman classes. According to this result, it is possible to say that the physical education teacher training program has resulted in positive changes in the opinions of teacher candidates.

The teacher candidates in Hacettepe University agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should not display an action based on violence towards his/her students, more than those in Gazi University. Applications of these findings would ensure that the teacher candidates in Gazi University become more sensitive with regard to application of violence towards students.

The teacher candidates in Gazi and Hacettepe Universities agreed with the principle that a physical education teacher should reward proper behavior of students, more than those in Ankara University. Activities that would strengthen the knowledge of teacher candidates in Ankara University that rewards constitute an important and useful instrument in education.

The fact that a difference exists among the opinions of physical education teacher candidates concerning some codes of ethics makes us think that training programs for physical education teachers are not effective enough in ensuring that students acquire behaviors related to professional codes of ethics. Physical education teacher candidates are expected to be more sensitive about the professional codes of ethics. Techniques such as case study analysis and role playing may be used in order to provide higher quality training on professional codes of ethics.

It is known that theoretical and practical information concerning ethical dilemmas are increasing and solutions and recommendations for ethical problems are becoming more successful in the formal education received by teacher candidates (Bergem, 1993). Therefore, more efficient ethical training must be included in pre-service education (Fain & Gillespie, 1990; Priest, Krause & Becah, 1999). Some problems may be encountered in applying ethical principles. It is always possible for a teacher to find himself/herself in an ethical dilemma and experience conflicts with the roles s/he has undertaken. In this context, ethical behavior is a hard job. This difficulty will be alleviated if teachers acquire the characteristics that constitute ethical conduct, such as doing the right thing and being fair, honest, and helpful, during the pre-service education (Frank, 1996; Oser & Althof, 1993).

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Campbell, E. (June, 2000). Professional Ethics in Teaching: Towards the Development of a Code of Practice. Cambridge Journal Of Education , 2 (30), p.203-222.

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Priest, F. R., Krause, J. V., & Becah, J. (1999). Four-year changes in college athletes' ethical

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Author's note:

Correspondence for this article can be sent by email to oozbek@sports.ankara.edu.tr , by telephone at: +90-312- 221-16-01 or by fax: +90-312-212-29-86;

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Physical Education Teacher Candidates and Professional Codes of Ethics

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Oğuz Özbek, Ankara University, School of Physical Education and Sports, Ankara, Turkey The purpose of this study was to determine the levels by which the students in Departments of Physical Education agree with the professional codes of ethics for physical education teachers.

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How often do you find yourself immersed on your phone, only to realize that your neck is stiff from looking down for a prolonged period of time? Aside from the immediate cracking of your spine popping and the stiff roll of your shoulders, this posture can also lead to some serious long-term effects. According to Dr. Sangjin Lim, a board-certified primary care sports medicine physician at Crystal Run Healthcare, this constant, prolonged slouching can cause tech neck syndrome.
What is tech neck syndrome?
Tech neck syndrome, also known as text neck or turtle neck syndrome, is neck pain caused by repetitive or overuse stress from improper posture. This happens when people are constantly hunching over to read, write, text or look closer to a computer or tablet screen. "Whenever we bend our necks for those activities, muscles, tendons and ligaments in the neck have to work extra to support changing head weights," said Dr. Lim. "In a neutral position, your neck usually supports nine to 12 pounds of head weight. When it is flexed, the pound-force from the head can increase up to 60 pounds."

Frequent and prolonged pressure on the neck from increased head weight can lead to headaches, upper back pain, chest pain and nerve impingements. As people spend more time on computer screens, smartphones and tablets, this syndrome is becoming more prevalent across all age ranges and populations. Recently, this has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic as more people are working from home on the computer screen. Tech neck syndrome has also been increasing in school-aged children.
What are the symptoms of tech neck syndrome?
Although it is called tech "neck" syndrome, associated symptoms are not only localized to the neck. The following signs can occur from prolonged forward head posture from constant neck flexion:

* Headache - Spasms in the neck muscles in combination with eye strain from long screen time can exacerbate headaches.

* Upper back pain - The anatomy of the neck is intricate as it is the bridge that connects the head to the rest of the body. One of the muscles spanning through the neck, shoulders and upper back is the trapezius. Tech neck syndrome will cause spasms in the trapezius and other muscles, which in turn will affect the upper back, leading to more pain in the thoracic spine.

* Shoulder pain - In addition to the effect of a trapezius spasm, shoulders that are constantly in a rounded posture often cause muscle weakness.
What are the complications?
"If you don't change your posture, prolonged and frequent tech neck syndrome can cause further complications like temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain, nerve impingement/pinched nerve, and the early onset of arthritis in the cervical spine," said Dr. Lim. "Nerve impingement can sometimes lead to numbness, tingling or weakness in the arms, whereas significant arthritis without proper treatment will eventually lead to disc diseases."

Another significant complication of bad neck posture is upper crossed syndrome. In addition to headache, neck, upper back and shoulder pain, constantly tilting the head forward can lead to tight upper back and chest muscles and weak neck flexor muscles and mid-back muscles, which creates muscular imbalances that in turn cause imbalances in other parts of the body.
What treatments are available?
Basic postural changes can prevent long-term issues. Experts suggest taking these preventative measures:

* Position electronic screens (phones, tablets, computer screens, books) at the eye level to keep the head from tilting forward. Finding the eye level is the key; placing the screen above will also strain the neck to tilt backward.

* Take frequent screen breaks to stretch the neck and upper back. In addition to stretches, it is also important to do regular exercises to strengthen the neck and upper back.

* Maintain proper posture when sitting (back straight, shoulders back, feet on the floor) and standing, and avoid slouching.

"If you still can't find relief, you should follow up with a physician for further evaluation and intervention," said Dr. Lim. "A provider will recommend one or a combination of the following treatments: physical therapy, osteopathic manipulation, chiropractic manipulation, acupuncture, and/or other manual therapies. If the condition becomes significantly severe and chronic, a pain medicine physician may be consulted for more treatment options with epidural injections and/or nerve blocks."

Sangjin Lim, DO, is a primary care sports medicine physician. Dr. Lim is board-certified in family medicine and osteopathic manipulative treatment and sports medicine. He earned his doctorate of osteopathic medicine at Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine at Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee. He completed his residency in family medicine at Rochester Regional Health - United Memorial Medical Center in Batavia, New York. Dr. Lim completed his fellowship in neuromusculoskeletal medicine and osteopathic manipulative medicine at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York and his fellowship in sports medicine at Northwell Health - Plainview Hospital in Plainview, New York. His clinical interests include osteopathic manipulative medicine, sports medicine, non-operative orthopedics, concussions, musculoskeletal ultrasound, Prolotherapy and platelet-rich plasma. Dr. Lim is seeing patients in West Nyack.

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How often do you find yourself immersed on your phone, only to realize that your neck is stiff from looking down for a prolonged period of time? Aside from the immediate cracking of your spine popping and the stiff roll of your shoulders, this posture can also lead to some serious long-term effects.

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These days, between navigation apps, music streaming services, and social workout platforms like Zwift and Strava, many cyclists rely on access to their phones while seated in the saddle. For these riders, the smartphone functions like the dashboard display of a car - information, connectivity, and controls that all exist in a single convenient location.

However, contemporary smartphones aren't cheap. If you are going to choose to keep your phone attached to your bike while you ride at high speeds and through rough terrain, you'll want to know that it will stay firmly attached.

That's where bike phone mounts come in handy. These devices are designed to keep your smartphone securely attached to your handlebars while you ride with your display plainly visible.

Different mounts are designed for different kinds of riding. While shopping for the best mount for you, consider your specific needs. Be sure to select a mount that will hold up to the elements it will be exposed to. While some bike phone mounts are great for holding steady during prolonged vibration, others may provide better visibility or water resistance.

In this list, we've compiled our favorite smartphone bike mounts available in 2022. We've included various styles with different strengths and weaknesses. Remember, a good mount should meet all of your needs and instill confidence that, while riding, your phone will always be exactly where you want it.

Scroll through to see all of our recommended buys or jump to the category you're looking for. At the end of our list, be sure to check out our comprehensive buyers guide.

The Best Bike Phone Mounts of 2022

Our top pick is the Nite Ize Wraptor Smartphone Bar Mount ($23). This mount is easy to install and is compatible with a wide variety of phones.

The Nite Ize Wraptor utilizes a belt system to secure the mount to the handlebars. The difference is that this mount's belt has a series of holes that riders can select from. If your handlebar's diameter happens to fit in between two of these belt holes, this mount won't be completely snug while you ride. In our experience, the Wraptor mount fits well on most handlebars.

We love that this mount allows for 360-degree rotation and should securely support almost any smartphone - with or without a case. A stretchy silicone harness cradles all four corners of any standard-size phone.

On bumpy terrain, this mount will perform decently well when fitted properly. However, mountain bikers who ride through roughage regularly will want to choose something a bit more durable.

Specs:

Pros:

Affordable

Easy tool-free installation

Holds phones securely

Cons:

Belt system with holes may result in a loose fit on some handlebars

Check Price at REI Check Price at Amazon

The Quad Lock Out Front Bike Mount ($48) is sleek and elegantly designed. It's a handsome choice for riders who want to maintain the clean lines of their bike with a slim and aesthetic mount.

Compared to other options, this mount's thin profile goes a long way to decrease wind drag - it isn't any thicker than a typical phone case. If you want to stop and snap a quick photo during your ride, it's quick and easy to remove your phone from the mount and replace it when you're done. As a bonus, it weighs very little compared to almost all other mounts.

Due to a simple single-point attachment handlebar clamp that is tightened with an Allen key, the Quad Lock Out Front Bike Mount only fits handlebars with diameters of 35 mm, 31.8 mm, 24.4 mm, and 22 mm. Although these are standard diameters and many bikes will work with this mount, it doesn't quite offer the versatility of other options like the Roam Universal Premium Bike Phone Mount.

While we love its lightweight and streamlined design, the Quad Lock Out Front Bike Mount does have a few drawbacks. First, your phone must be fitted in a Quad Lock Case to securely attach it to the mount. Also, at $48, it is significantly pricier than other options. Finally, it just isn't super versatile.

If you have a custom bike or your handlebars aren't a standard diameter, the mount may not fit perfectly. Still, when fitted properly, this mount looks great and is very secure, even while mountain biking on rough terrain.

Specs:

Pros:

Cons:

On the more expensive side
Check Price at Amazon Check Price at Trek Bikes
This field-tested mount ($25) is both lightweight and robust. Its value comes from its impressive versatility. An adjustable clamp should fit snugly on handlebars with a 0.9- to 1.25-inch diameter.

Labeled as "universal for all phones," this mount can accommodate any smartphone up to 3.5 inches wide. Some smartphone models that are known to fit this mount include the iPhone X, iPhone XR, iPhone 8, Samsung Galaxy S7, Galaxy S7 Edge, HTC 11, and many more.

Using two points of contact, this mount clamps onto your device using a hard plastic grip with a silicone net that secures all corners of your device tightly to the mount.

Although this mount isn't the most durable on this list, the hard plastic and silicone net combo holds up well to the demands of road cycling. For mountain bikers spending time on the bumpiest and dirtiest trails, we recommend a slightly hardier mount that can sustain a greater level of abuse.

The display angle of this mount can be easily adjusted. The 360-degree rotation allows you to easily switch your phone from landscape to portrait mode mid-ride. For $25, the Roam Universal is a good value option to keep your smartphone still and well-supported throughout your time in the saddle.

Specs:

Pros:

Good value

Fits a wide range of phones and bikes

Cons:

Not the most durable mount for high-impact mountain biking and other rough riding styles

This fairly priced mount ($26) stands out for its secure and rattle-free mounting system. Even on bumpy roads and moderate off-road terrain, the TruActive Premium hardly shakes or slips.

We appreciate that this mount doesn't require any tools for installation. Also, the ball joint system allows for 360-degree rotation. Switching your phone between the vertical and horizontal orientations is quick and easy with this mount.

The minor downside of this mount is that the four-corner elastic band holding system is likely to cover the corners of your screen. While this typically isn't an issue while using most navigation apps, it could cause some inconvenience.

Overall, this is a solid mount for recreational cyclists and commuters who ride on relatively flat surfaces.

Specs:

Pros:

Good value

Solid mounting system

360-degree rotation

Cons:

Not ideal for high-impact mountain biking and other rough riding styles

Check Price at Amazon Check Price at Walmart

For those looking for a product that combines storage with a secure place to mount a smartphone, the ROCKBROS Bike Phone Front Frame Bag ($30) is the best option available. For long rides, many cyclists need a place to store essential items like water, energy gels, pump, patch kit, and car keys. This bag and mount combination consolidates all of your belongings in one place - and you don't even have to stop riding to access it.

Any smartphone under 6.5 inches high should be compatible with the ROCKBROS bag. Two soft rubber zipper pulls allow quick entry to the bag's main compartment.

On top of the bag, a TPU film sleeve holds your phone in place and still allows touchscreen access. A handy visor protects the phone from the sun, dirt, and airborne debris while you cruise along at high speeds.

Three Velcro straps that are compatible with most bike frames hold the bag and mount securely in place. Additional features include reflective piping for increased nighttime safety and ultralight carbon fiber material.

For cyclists who are concerned about wind drag, this bag is somewhat bulky and won't help you shave any time off of your PR. Also, the film sleeve makes it difficult to access your phone's side buttons.

When the bag is tightened using the straps, it mostly stays in place where it should. However, occasionally it can slide side to side where it may bump into your legs while pedaling. This is more likely to be an issue on rough terrain.

Despite a few minor drawbacks, this bag and phone mount combo from ROCKBROS is an excellent choice when you need a little more cargo space. For $30, it's a great way to avoid wearing a backpack.

Specs:

Pros:

Affordable

Lightweight

TPU film allows you to use the touch screen while riding

Cons:

Slides around on bumpy terrain

Magnetic smartphone mounts allow you to easily attach and detach your phone. Typically, these mounts require you to adhere a magnetic adapter permanently to the back of your phone. Steelie's version of this adapter is sold separately, so be sure to purchase it if you choose to go with this mount.

To use the Nite Ize Steelie Bar Mount ($15), secure the belt-style strap around your handlebars. Like the Nite Ize Wraptor, this belt should fit most bar diameters but occasionally ends up fitting loosely.

Once in place, insert your phone into the mount and fit the metal ball into your preinstalled Steelie phone socket. Silicone corner bands wrap around your phone to complete the connection.

Another advantage of the magnetic socket and ball attachment system is you can easily rotate your phone and change the display angle without removing it from the mount.

At $15, this mount is a good option for those who prefer a magnetic-style phone mount. Once you have fixed the Steelie socket to your phone, you can install other Steelie mounts in your vehicle or elsewhere to get the most out of the socket's versatility.

Overall, this is a great mount with a strong magnet that will keep your phone in place - even when you're riding off road.

Specs:

Pros:

Strong magnet for a solid attachment

Affordable

Cons:

Must also purchase the Steelie socket to use

Check Price at Amazon Check Price at Walmart

On rocky and bumpy terrain, this mount ($70) from Peak Design will keep your phone securely in place. Compared to other similarly priced options, Peak Design's innovative mechanical and magnetic hybrid mounting system holds up to vibration and keeps your phone stable on rough trails.

This mount fits on any handlebar with a diameter of 22.2 mm, 25.4 mm, and 31.8 mm. There are no tools required for installation, and it takes less than a minute to put on your bike.

Though this mount is advertised for commuting and road rides, we found it works fantastically well for mountain biking. Simply put, this mount creates a bombproof connection between your phone and your bike.

From iPhones to Galaxy phones, any smartphone device will work with it - as long as you have a Peak Design case or a universal adaptor. Once installed, this mount can hold your phone in either landscape or portrait mode.

For more information, check out our full review on Peak Design's phone mount product lineup.

Specs:

Pros:

Super secure attachment for reliability on rough trails

Cons:
Check Price at Amazon Check Price at REI

Expensive, especially because you have to buy the brand's case or adapter, too

Best of the Rest

This mount, unlike most smartphone mounts available, is made of 6061 aluminum alloy. Its all-metal construction gives it an obvious advantage over similar products made from silicone and plastic. The GUB mount ($20) is straight-up durable.

Because this mount's width is easily adjustable, it's compatible with nearly all contemporary smartphones up to 7 inches high, including iPhone and Android models. It attaches to your handlebars at a single point, which can be tightened quickly with an Allen key. This mount fits handlebars of varying diameters, but it may not fit well on handlebars of custom size or unusual shape.

Like other mounts on this list, the GUB mount allows for 360-degree rotation and an easily adjustable display angle. Thanks to its all-metal construction, the GUB is likely to last longer than other options, especially in locations where silicone and rubber mounts become dry and brittle in the hot sun. Metal certainly has some benefits, and although this mount is a little heavier than most, the majority of riders won't notice.

Specs:

Pros:

Good value, durable metal construction
Check Price at Amazon Check Price at Walmart
Cons:

Single-point attachment may not suit handlebars of uncommon diameters

Thanks to the construction and materials of this mount from Rokform, it will likely be the only one you ever need to buy. Made from CNC-machined, aircraft-grade aluminum, the Sport Series Mount ($60) is easy to install and highly secure.

For riders concerned with wind resistance and weight, this mount is super low profile.

A twist-lock and backup magnet easily and securely attach your phone to the mount (via a separate Rokform phone case). Even while riding through gravel and roughage, you won't need to be worried about a potential phone projectile.

Though this mount does require users to purchase a compatible Rokform phone case, we still think it's a great value. Once your phone is locked in, you won't have to worry about losing it to the road or trail.

Specs:
Check Price at Amazon Check Price at Rokform
Pros:

Cons:

Requires Rokform case or adaptor

Expensive

Why You Should Trust Us

Buyers Guide: How to Choose a Bike Phone Mount

As you search for the perfect bike phone mount, consider your specific needs as a cyclist and choose the product that best meets them. It may be a good idea to go for a few rides and think carefully about how you plan to use your bike phone mount.

Do you often ride on rough terrain? Do you often ride in wet or muddy conditions? And do you want to be able to change the angle of your phone's display as you ride? Asking yourself these kinds of questions allows you to narrow your options and choose a mount that can elevate your experience as a rider.

Every bike mount is slightly different, and there are lots of variations to consider. Some of the key characteristics that differentiate one mount from the next include handlebar diameter, mounting method, smartphone compatibility, durability, design, ease of phone detachment, water resistance, and rough terrain capability.

Handlebar Diameter

Before you purchase, it's wise to measure the diameter of your handlebars. Choose the specific part of the bar where you plan to install your mount and compare your measurement with the specs of the mount you're considering.

Most road and mountain bikes have handlebars with diameters between 0.9 inches and 1.25 inches.

Mounting Method

Different bike phone mounts utilize different mounting methods. Some, like the Nite Ize Wraptor Rotating Smartphone Bar Mount, attach to your handlebars with a strap that works just like a belt. Holes in the strap offer various options for various handlebar diameters.

Other mounts, like offerings from Roam, mount with a single attachment point and can be tightened with an Allen key.

When selecting the best mount for you, remember that some mounting methods are more robust than others. If you ride often on bumpy terrain, look for a mount that prioritizes stable and strong mounting in its design.

Smartphone Capability

Measure your smartphone before purchasing a mount. Make sure that the mount you're considering is compatible with the make, model, and size of your phone. Most modern phones are less than 7 inches high and less than 3.5 inches wide.

Some mounting systems, like the Rokform Universal mount, can be used with any phone as long as the phone is fitted with the proper adaptor. Adaptors are usually manufactured by the same company that makes the corresponding mount, and they're often sold separately.

Durability

If you spend a lot of time riding on rough trails and through wet and windy weather, you'll want to purchase a mount that is built with durability in mind. Plastic and silicone may not be as durable as similarly priced mounts that are made of metal, like the GUB Bike Phone Mount.

Design

The design of your phone mount determines how it looks on your bike and how much wind drag it adds to your overall rig. Mounts like the Nite Ize are sleek-looking and, as a bonus, they are designed to minimize resistance. Low-profile designs also tend to shake less while riding over bumps and at high speeds.

Ease of Phone Attachment

Depending on the mount you purchase, it can be easy or difficult to attach or detach your phone to or from the mount. Mounts that utilize an adapter system, like the Nite Ize Steelie, offer a super-quick way to pop your phone in and out of your mount if you want to stop and take a quick photo during your ride.

Water Resistance

A bike phone mount's water-resistance capabilities should be a consideration for riders who plan to spend a lot of time riding through wet, rainy, or muddy conditions. Many times, the addition of a waterproof case can solve this problem. If this is the option you choose, look for a mount that will still be compatible with your phone while the case is on.

Rough Terrain Capability

If you'll be primarily riding off road with your phone bike mount, be sure to purchase a product that will hold up to the kind of vibration your riding style regularly creates. The Peak Design Out Front Bike Phone Mount combines mechanical and magnetic attachment, which offers great stability and security while riding hard on rough terrain.

FAQ

What is a bike phone mount?

A bike phone mount allows a cyclist to view and engage with their smartphone's display while actively riding. These mounts typically attach to your handlebars and allow your smartphone to function as a mini-dashboard display.

Who should use a bike phone mount?

Not every cyclist prefers to have access to their smartphone while riding. For those who do though, a bike phone mount is a great solution. For mid-ride control of music streaming, navigation, and progress-tracking apps, the smartphone bike mount is the way to go.

What is the best bike phone mount?

Different mounts are better for different riders depending on their features. We recommend all of the bike phone mounts on this list, including the Roam Universal, which is a solid overall option.

What is a good bike phone mount for mountain biking?

For mountain biking, you're going to want a strong, secure, and durable mount that keeps your phone safe and steady in the midst of rough and rocky singletrack riding.

We recommend the Peak Design Out Front Bike Phone Mount due to its strong and redundant attachment system. For best results while mountain biking, pair your mount with a reliable phone case.

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These days, between navigation apps, music streaming services, and social workout platforms like Zwift and Strava, many cyclists rely on access to their phones while seated in the saddle. For these riders, the smartphone functions like the dashboard display of a car - information, connectivity, and controls that all exist in a single convenient location.

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https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1240116767/edible-cutlery-the-future-of-eco-friendly-utensils

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We are gearing up to create the world's first mass produced edible cutlery. This has huge potential to prevent plastic waste.

9,293 backers pledged $278,874 to help bring this project to life.

You'll need an HTML5 capable browser to see this content.

Edible Cutlery: The Future of Eco Friendly Utensils

Funding period

- (30 days)

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Edible Cutlery: The Future of Eco Friendly Utensils

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We are gearing up to create the world's first mass produced edible cutlery. This has huge potential to prevent plastic waste. 9,293 backers pledged $278,874 to help bring this project to life. You'll need an HTML5 capable browser to see this content.

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https://www.seoulz.com/education-inequality-in-korea-is-a-problem-that-needs-to-be-solved/

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https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/mar/13/music-is-so-different-now-copyright-laws-need-to-change-says-legal-expert

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Songwriters such as Ed Sheeran face a future of drawn out legal battles because the way in which people consume music has changed so much in the past half a century, a leading legal expert has warned, as she urged courts to reconsider how they interpret copyright law.

The rise of streaming on platforms such as Spotify and YouTube, combined with larger teams of writers behind hit songs, have led to a surge in high-profile copyright infringement cases in the past few years. Most recently, Sheeran is locked in an ongoing legal battle over Shape of You, Spotify's most streamed song ever.

Hayleigh Bosher, associate dean of intellectual property law at Brunel University, who researches the music industry, said "the law needs to move with the times" as "making music is so different to how it was 50 years ago".

She added: If Sheeran loses, I imagine we will see even more cases. I don't think copyright is doing its job properly if songwriters are afraid, that's stifling creativity."

Determining whether an artist has copied another songwriter is based on two tests. Firstly, whether they are likely to have heard the song before writing their piece, and secondly whether they have substantially lifted a section of it.

Bosher said a 2019 ruling in the US against Katy Perry, which was overturned this month on the grounds the melody in question was not "unique or rare", had been a landmark case. It raised questions about how courts establish whether writers have heard a track. The judge had determined that Perry was likely to have heard the complainants' track Joyful Noise, given it had an average 633,333 listens across six YouTube videos.

"That number was relatively low when you think about how much content is available online. Saying something is on Spotify or YouTube means nothing, there's hours and hours of music, it doesn't mean anyone would have heard it," Bosher said.

In Sheeran's case, his lawyers told the UK high court that the singer and his cowriters do not recall having heard the song Oh Why by Sami Switch - real name Sami Chokri - who alleges he must have encountered it since both songs appeared on YouTube channel SBTV at a similar time.

Bosher noted that it was unusual in Sheeran's case that Chokri's lawyers had raised Sheeran's earlier settlements, for example with R&B girl group TLC over Shape of You's similarity to their 1990s hit No Scrubs, as evidence that he copied other artists - since this could simply have been to avoid a protracted legal battle. She suggested this may indicate Sheeran wants to avoid opening the floodgates to future cases.

The second test is also problematic since so much music is produced now, and pop songs rely on familiar frameworks and simple, catchy melodies, making accidental copies more likely than in other branches of the arts, Bosher said. The musicologists she works with report high demand for their services, as songwriters are anxious to ensure their songs show evidence of "a personal stamp" to protect them.

Songwriting teams are also getting much bigger, making it difficult to track influences, said Tom Gray, a songwriter and member of Gomez who is chair of the Ivors Academy, which represents music writers. "It's always been part of the fabric of songwriting, because when you hear a piece of melody, it gets stuck in your head and you're like, 'What have I nicked?'"

He added that this has been exacerbated by pressure on songwriters from record companies to write songs that imitate other hits, enabling them to be more easily picked up by Spotify's algorithms.

Gray thought that recent cases, such as those involving Robin Thicke's Blurred Lines, indicated a shift in how courts interpreted copyright, from focusing on identical melodies to harmonic similarities that suggested "they'd stolen the vibe of a track".

Naomi Pohl, the general secretary of the Musician's Union, said the recent surge in copyright cases against the world's most successful pop musicians reflects how imbalanced the industry has become. Most smaller scale songwriters have suffered falls in revenue due to the shift towards streaming, just as top stars are selling back catalogues for millions of pounds, she said. "There's a lot of money involved so there's big incentives."

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'Music is so different now': Copyright laws need to change, says legal expert

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Songwriters such as Ed Sheeran face a future of drawn out legal battles because the way in which people consume music has changed so much in the past half a century, a leading legal expert has warned, as she urged courts to reconsider how they interpret copyright law.

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https://keia.org/the-peninsula/10-issues-to-watch-for-on-the-korean-peninsula-in-2021/

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10 Issues to Watch for on the Korean Peninsula in 2021 - Korea Economic Institute of America

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The 10 issues related to North Korea, South Korean, and U.S.-Korea relations that will have an impact on the Korean peninsula in the year to come.

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1. 드론과 기후
2-1.What Air Pollution in South Korea Can Teach the World about Misinformation
2-2.koreans are deceived by misinformation and fake news
3.사람들이 잘못된 뉴스만 보고 모든 미세먼지가 중국에서 온다고 편향적으로 믿게 됨
4.정확하게 판별하여 알려주는 프로그램을 과학자들이 만든다.
5.계속 소리내어 읽으면서 외웠다.
6.4 정도라고 생각한다.
7.많이 외우지 못해 아쉬웠지만 다음에도 외우는게 나온다면 다 맞추고 싶다는 목표가 생겼다.
8.항상 친절히 수업해 주셔서 감사합니다.

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1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는?

2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.

3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)

5. 자기평가 : 1) 영어 쓰기를 준비하는 데 어떻게 노력을 기울였나요?

(영어쓰기를 하면서 어려웠던 점과 극복 방법 중심으로)

6. 자기평가 : 2) 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요?

1(거의 없음) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5(아주 많음)

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후의 소감이나 느낌은?

8. 기타: 영어 선생님께 하고 싶은 말(수업 또는 수행평가 관련)

9. 페들렛에 게시된 친구들의 제출물을 살펴보고, 칭찬하고 싶은 친구와 그 이유를 써주세요.

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3학년 1학기 수행평가 자기평가

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1.게임중독
2.game addiction game addiction
3.핸드폰 게임에 중독이 되어서 게임에 더욱 많은돈을 쓰고 집에만 있는 것
4.심리 치료방법인 CBT치료와 사람들과 같이 치료를 받는 집단 치료 방법등이 있다
5.내가 찾은 원문이랑 선생님의 피드백 등으로 계속 고치고 지우고 고치고 지우고 등을 반복해서 더욱 완성도 있는 글을 만들었던거 같다
6.(5)빈종이에다가 1번부터10번까지 외울수 있을 정도까지 쓰면서 지문을 외웠고 잘 안외워져서 힘들때도 있었지만 계속 하다보니깐 되기지고 그나마 수월했다
7.준비 했던만큼 써가지고 아쉬운점은 없었고 내가 노력해서 거의다써가지고 기분이 좋았다

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1.미술:게임그래픽디자이너

2.1)Common Problems And Challenges Game Designers Face

Written by gamedesignlounge  in Beginner Tips,Game Design2)Common Problems And Challenges Game Designers Face

3.게임디자이너들이 직면하는 문제가 많음
예를들어 스토리와 게임 디자인 요소의 균형을 유지합니다.
설계 문서를 최신 상태로 유지합니다.
시간 및 비용을 과소평가합니다.
주요 의사 결정자는 생산 기술만 가지고 있습니다.
불필요한 강성 int

4.이러한 문제들을 해결하기위해서 게임디자인의 요소의 균형을 유지하고 다른 게임플레이어들이 열심히하면서 게임을 할수있도록 게임을 만든다

5. 1)나의 진로와 관련된 문서를 찾을려고 인터넷으로 계속 검색했다 그리고 나와 관련된 문서이지 확인할려고 해석하면서 내용이해도함.(해석하면서 내용이해하는것이 너무어려웠다 어려운것은 인터넷으로 검색하면서 하였다.)

6. 5(아주많음)

7. 수행평가를 통해 평소에 영어논문을 검색할일이 적었는데 수행평가를 통해서 다양한 논문을 검색할수있어서 좋았다.

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1. 교육?
2. 1) Stress students
2) The constant stress of students
3. 지속적인 스트레스는 아이들에게 수면 부족, 집중력 부족을 일으킨다.
4. 1) 걷기와 같은 운동하기
2) 카페인 피하기
3) 친구, 가정교사, 가족에게 자신이 겪고 있는 스트레스 말하기
4) 기부를 함으로써 마음의 안정찾기
5. 수행평가를 위하여 2시간정도 투자하고 적합한 기사를 찾기 위해 5페이지까지 다 들어가는 노력을 하였다.
6. 5점
7. 수행평가를 끝내고 스트레스를 푸는 방법을 알게 되어서 미래에 내가 아이들을 가르칠 때 내 제자가 스트레스를 겪는다면 그 제자에게 알려주어 그 아이의 삶의 질을 높일 생각에 너무 뿌듯하다.
8. 서술형을 2개로 줄여주시면 감사하겠습니다!

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1. 수학교육

2-1. Inequality of korea 2-2. a problem of excessive education

3. 과도한 한국의 교육

4. 학생들의 창의성을 기를 수 있는 제도 도입

5. 계속 읽어도 외워지지 않아서 반복해서 읽으면서 외웠습니다

6.  3

7. 외워서 쓰기를 다 쓰지 못해서 다음에는 다 쓸 수 있도록 노력해야겠다는 생각이 들었습니다

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1.경찰공무원, 경찰행정학과.
2-1.Does Macron have a police problem.
2-2.A matter of police conduct.
3. 경찰의 후추스프레이로 진압으로 인해 문제를 일으키는 사람이 아니라 다른 사람들까지 피해를 입었습니다.
4. 확성기로 주의를 끌어 진정시키고 그럼에도 불구하고 다른 시민들을 밀치거나 다치게 하면 테이저 건으로 진압한다.
5. 스터디카페에 가서 영어를 계속 외웠고 한꺼번에 다 외우기는 기억력이 그닥 좋지 않아서 1번부터 5번까지 외우고 6번부터 10번까지 따로따로 외우고 둘다 능숙하게 외워졌을때 쯤에 한꺼번에 외웠습니다.
6.아주 많음
7. 노력한 만큼 성과가 나왔으면 좋겠다라고 생각을 하였고 경찰준비과정에 영어 토익시험도 있다보니 영어시험은 잘 못볼지언정 수행평가는 내가 할 수 있는데로 최선을 다해서 해보자는 생각으로 해서 잘 되면 좋겠습니다.

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1. 컴퓨터 관련
2. 1)antivirus software (antivirus program)
2)Antivirus Program
3. 무분별한 다운로드로 인한 바이러스 또는 악성 프로그램의 침투로 인한 해킹 또는 컴퓨터 손상의 문제점
4. 백신 프로그램을 이용한 바이러스 감지 및 제거, 파일 다운로드 시 자동으로 바이러스 검사 등을 통한 위험성 및 문제 제거
5. 선택한 글을 읽어보고 어떤 식으로 글을 쓸지, 대략적으로 틀을 세운 다음, 맞춤법 검사기를 통해 오류 수정, 이후 계속 수정 및 보충을 통한 글쓰기 준비 및진행
6. 4
7. 들어보기만 하였던 백신 프로그램에 대해 자세하게 알아볼 수 있던 계기가 되었다. 영어 글 찾아보기를 통해 국내 뿐만 아니라 해외에서도 유용한 글이 많다는 것을 느꼈다.

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1. 사회복지
2-1. Korea issue
2-2. 10 Issues to Watch for on the Korean Peninsula in 2021
3. 한국이 다른 선진국에 비해 코로나 대처를 엄청 잘했지만 경제적으로 손상을 많이 입은 사례를 제시함.
4. 우리나라의 국민들이 해야할 일은 경제적 참여 / 남녀간의 직업 참여 경제적 활동
5. 한 번 쓰고 읽고를 반복해서 한 문장이라도 계속 상기할려고 노력함
6. 그래도 몇 시간 투자하여 외우긴 했으나 쓰기를 쓴 게 많이 없다고 생각함 아직도 쓰기가 아쉽지만 나름 시간 써서 외웠다고 생각한다
7. 쓰기가 많이 아쉬움

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1. 소재와 환경을 융합하여 생각하는 사고, 자연과학 계열 관심에 분야가 많다.
2. 1) Forecasters fear rapid snowmelt in the Midwest could turn into major flooding this spring, 2) Let's prepare for flooding
3. 봄 직전까지 이례적이고 잦은 폭설로 쌓인 눈이 계절이 봄으로 변화하는 괴정에서 급속도로 녹아 홍수를 유발한다.
4. 물을 퍼낼 펌프를 준비하고, 물에 강한 성분으로 만든 홍수를 막아낼 장벽을 설치한다.
5. 원문을 바탕으로 쓴 글의 흐름을 이해하여 암기하려고 노력했다.
6. 4
7. 영어 뉴스나 원문을 읽은 경험은 많지만 글을 바탕으로 새로운 글을 스스로 쓰는 것은 얼마 없는 경험이라서 신선했다.
8. 그저 외우고 그대로 쓰기만 하는 수행평가보다 이렇게 스스로 영작할 기회가 많으면 좋겠다.

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1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는?
의료
2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.
At least 13 dead after magnitude 6.8 earthquake shakes Ecuador./6.8 earthquake in Ecuador.
3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오) 지난 13일 에콰도르에서 규모 6.8 강진이 일어나서 많은 사람들이 피해를 봤다.

4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오) 지진을 대비하기 위해서는 지진대피훈련을 자주 하고 지진 보호 시스템을 발전시킨다.

5. 자기평가 : 1) 영어 쓰기를 준비하는 데 어떻게 노력을 기울였나요?
(영어쓰기를 하면서 어려웠던 점과 극복 방법 중심으로) 영어문장 하나하나 읽어가면서 외우다가 직접써가면서 연습도 했다. 생각보다 너무 안외워져서 힘들었다

6. 자기평가 : 2) 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요?
5(아주 많음)

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후의 소감이나 느낌은?
결과가 아쉽긴 하지만 그래도 열심히 외웠다는 점에서 뿌듯함을 느꼈다.
8. 기타: 영어 선생님께 하고 싶은 말(수업 또는 수행평가 관련)선생님 항상 친절하게 대해주셔서 감사합니다 ^-^

9. 페들렛에 게시된 친구들의 제출물을 살펴보고, 칭찬하고 싶은 친구와 그 이유를 써주세요.

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1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는?
사회를 관찰하고 이를 통계로 나타내기. 그래프를 사용해 여러가지 상황을 정리하기

2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.
California has a population problem
California has a population problem

3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)
캘리포니아를 비롯한 여러나라의 여러 도시에서 인구감소 문제가 일어나고있다.

4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)
이를 해결하기 위해 이민자를 받아들여 새로운 주민으로 인정하거나 노인을 위한 복지시설을 지을 수 있다. 또한 임신한 여성에게 특별 혜택을 주는것으로 인구감소를 막을 수 있다.

5. 자기평가 : 1) 영어 쓰기를 준비하는 데 어떻게 노력을 기울였나요?

(영어쓰기를 하면서 어려웠던 점과 극복 방법 중심으로)
공통적으로 인구감소를 겪었지만 이를 해결한 다른 마을의 상황을 본 뒤 그 마을의 인구감소를 막은 정책을 정리한 뒤 그중 제일 효율이 좋았던 방안을 골라냈다.

6. 자기평가 : 2) 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요?

1(거의 없음) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5(아주 많음)
4 인구감소에 대한 여러 뉴스기사를 보았다.

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후의 소감이나 느낌은?
내가 관심있는 문제에 대하여 정리하고 관찰하는게 흥미있었다.

8. 기타: 영어 선생님께 하고 싶은 말(수업 또는 수행평가 관련)
없습니다.

9. 페들렛에 게시된 친구들의 제출물을 살펴보고, 칭찬하고 싶은 친구와 그 이유를 써주세요.
과학관련 기사를 찾아본 친구들의 정리가 대부분 깔끔해서 칭찬하고싶다.

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1. 컴퓨터공학/인공지능
2. How to use chat GPT efficiently / How to use chat GPT more efficiently
3. Chat GPT를 만든 Open AI는 사람들에게 업무,컨텐츠생성,번역같은 부분에서 도움을 주어 일 효율성을 높일 수 있다고 광고하나, 정작 사람들은 그 방법을 정확히 모른다.
4. 가) 정확히 목표를 설정하고 정확한 명령어 입력하기
나) 모델을 미세조정하고 적절한 포맷 사용하기
다) 테스트하고 답변을 평가하기
5. 우선 작문한 한글 뜻을 외우고 / 사용했던 문법을 위주로 외웠습니다.
6. 5
7. 이번에 관심분야의 문제점을 찾고 해결책을 소개하는 수행을 함으로써 자료조사때 한국어 자료보다 영어 자료가 훨씬 다양하고 많다는 것을 알게되었고 앞으로 정보화 시대에서에 여러 정보들을 접하기 위해 영어 공부의 필요성에 대해 깨닫게 되었습니다.
8. -
9. -

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1. 컴퓨터공학
2. 1) What is Tech neck syndrome? 2) What is Tech Neck syndrome?
3. 21세기에 들어서 많은 사람들이 컴퓨터,스마트기기를 자주 사용함에 따라서 테크넥 증후군에 걸려서 목 통증을 겪는다.
4. 전자 모니터를 눈 높이에 맞춰 적당히 거리를 두고 사용한다. 자주 목 스트레칭을 해준다.
5. 영어 단어가 의학용어가 섞여있어서 어려운 단어가 많아 외우는데 시간이 오래 걸렸다. 하지만 시간을 오래 들여서라도 10문장을 정확히 외웠다.
6. 5
7. 목 통증을 앓는 친구들이 많은데 자주 스트래칭을 하고 화면 위치를 눈 높이와 맞게 사용하라고 알려주고싶다.
8. 단어 시험을 조금 어렵게 진행해도 좋을 것 같아요.
9. 홍사민
이유: 청소년들이 학업 문제로 어려움을 겪는 친구들이 많은데 주제를 잘 선정해서 칭찬하고싶다. 홍사민최고

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1. 자동차
2. Bakeys
3. 1인당 플라스틱 사용량 증가로 인한 지구온난화와 온도 급상승으로 인한 문제점이 심해지고 있다
4. 먹을수 있는 숟가락 포크를 이용해서 1인당 플라스틱 사용량을 줄인다
5. 문장을 쓰면서 문법이 틀리지 않았는지 영어를 썻을때 뜻이 자연스러웠는지 확인했다
6. 4
7. 긴 영어 문장을 쓰는게 너무 힘들다 단어를 알아도 그 단어를 이용해서 문장을 만드는게 쉽지 않았다

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1. 없음
2. 1) The Best Bike Phone Mounts of 2022
2) Bike phone mount
3. 자전거를 탈때 주머니에서 핸드폰이 빠진다.
4. 자전거 핸드폰 거치대를 사용한다.
5. 10문장 외우는게 힘들었지만 노력을 기울여서 외웠다.
6. 아주많음.
7. 뿌듯했다.
8. 재밌는 수업 해주셔서 감사합니다.
9. 패들렛에 게시한 모든 친구들을 칭찬하고 싶다, 그 이유는 자기일을 열심히 했기 때문이다.

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1학기 수행평가 자기평가 [E] 3학년 (  7 )반 (  15 )번 이름 (   이승환   )      ★ Writing about Problem and Solution  1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는? 게임 개발자2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.  Game Developments Problems and Scrum SoultionsGame Developments Problems3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)  게임 게발을 할때 부서사이에 의사소통 문제가 발생한다. 의사소통 문제의 발생으로 인해 개발 속도가 늦어진다.  새로운 기능 팀을 형성 하더라도 의사소통 문제는 여전히 계속 된다. 4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오) 프로젝트는 중요한 부분을 2주 안에 결정한다. 팀 멤버들과 함께 정하고 프로젝트의 다양한 디테일의 기능에 대해 의논한다. (

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1학기 수행평가 자기평가 [E] 3학년 (  7 )반 (  15 )번 이름 (   이승환   )      ★ Writing about Problem and Solution  1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는? 게임 개발자2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.  Game Developments Problems and Scrum SoultionsGame Developments Problems3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)  게임 게발을 할때 부서사이에 의사소통 문제가 발생한다. 의사소통 문제의 발생으로 인해 개발 속도가 늦어진다.  새로운 기능 팀을 형성 하더라도 의사소통 문제는 여전히 계속 된다. 4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오) 프로젝트는 중요한 부분을 2주 안에 결정한다. 팀 멤버들과 함께 정하고 프로젝트의 다양한 디테일의 기능에 대해 의논한다. (

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1. 기계공학

2.
1) The complete Guide to Car Rollover / Summersault Accidents
2) Automatic feeding machine

3. 자동차 전복사고

4. 과학적 발전, 최신안전 시스템 도입, 운전 미숙으로 인한 사고 감소하기

5. 다섯 문장 정도 외우면 다시 첫 문장이 기억이 안 나서 힘들었다. 그래서 계속 읽고 쓰고 읽고 쓰고 하다보니 일곱 문장까지는 외워졌는데 나머지 세 문장은 도저히 못 외우겠어서 포기 했다. 만약 나머지 세 문장까지 외울려고 했으면 전에 외웠던 것 까지 헷갈렸을거 같았고 지금 생각해 보면 잘 판단하고 안 외웠던게 오히려 좋은 상황을 만들었던거 같다.

6. 5!!

7. 막상 시험을.시작하니 첫 문장부터 생각이 잘 안 나서 당황했지만 다행히도 기억이 나서 잘 적었다.

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1. 연관 없다

2. How to Handle Teen Academic Problems
(원문과 영작 한 글 제목 동일)

3. 중,고등학생들이 학업문제로 많은 고민을 하고있고 그로 인해 여러 문제점이 야기된다

4. 부모의 도움을 받거나 상담사를 통해 학습지도를 받는다. 혹은 스스로 극복해나간다

5. 영작하기 위해 한글로 문장을 써야했는데 원하는 내용을 직관적이고 간단하게 쓰는데 많이 힘들었다

6. 5(아주많음)

7. 생각한 문장을 영작하는것이 많이 어렵다는걸 느꼈다. 특히 문법 교정 사이트를 통해 문장을 수정할때마다 문법오류가 두개는 기본으로 나올때 가장 크게 느껴졌다. 그래도 한부분 한부분 수정해 나가면서 문장이 완성 되었을때 성취감을 느꼈다.

8. 없음

9. 손동윤
이유: 우리 나이대 학생들이 가장 많이 사용하는 전자기기와 관련한 건강문제와 문제의 해결책을 제시해 실용적인 정보를 주었다. 손동윤 최고

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1. 컴퓨터 공학
2. 원문제목: What is hacking? Types of hacking & more
제목: Solution to hacking
3. 과학이 발전하면서 전세계의 많은 인구가 인터넷을 사용하고 있다. 그래서 이러한 인터넷 사용자들의 계정등을 해킹해서 금전적 이익을 취하는 악성해커들이 늘어나고 있다.
4. 1.주기적인 소프트웨어 업데이트/ 소프트웨어를 업데이트하면서 소프트웨어의 취약점을 보완한다.
2. VPN사용/ VPN을 사용함으로써 사용자의 위치를 숨김
3. 이중 암호화 / 이중암호화를 함으로써 설령 해커들이 사용자의 계정의 비밀번호를 알아냈음에도 계정에 로그인 할 수 없게 한다.
5. 내가 쓴 문장을 말하면서 외우거나 노트에 써서 외우는 것을 반복함.
6. 5
7. 자료조사 과정중에 내 진로와 관련된 외국 기사를 찾아볼 수 있어서 좋은 기회가 되었던 것 같다. 필요한 정보가 있을때는 앞으로는 외국 기사도 찾아 보아야겠다는 생각이 든다.

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[자기평가] 학번30807이름명노현

1. 글쓰기와 관련한 나의 관심 분야는?
동물과 관련된 분야
:2. 1) 검색한 원문 제목과 2) 자신이 쓴 글의 제목을 영어로 쓰세요.
1)Why is my dog barking? 2)Find the trigger

3. 내가 제시한 문제점은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)
강아지가 짖는것을 너무 심각하게 생각하는 것

4. 내가 찾은 해결책은? (우리말로 자세히 쓰시오)
강아지가 짖는것은 문제가 아니니 심각하게 생각하지 말고 강아지가 짖는 이유를 찾아보자

5. 자기평가 : 1) 영어 쓰기를 준비하는 데 어떻게 노력을 기울였나요?

(영어쓰기를 하면서 어려웠던 점과 극복 방법 중심으로)
영어 쓰기를 준비하며 번역기를 많이 사용하였고 단어의 뜻이 맞는지 알지 못하여 맞는 단어를 썼는지 구분하기 어려웠다.

6. 자기평가 : 2) 영어쓰기를 준비하는데 얼마나 노력을 기울였나요?

1(거의 없음) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5(아주 많음)
4

7. 수행평가를 마치고 난 후의 소감이나 느낌은?
처음에는 영어 작문을 해야한다는것이 막막했지만 번역기를 사용하면서 작문을 하여서인지 생각보다는 어렵지 않게 할 수 있었다

8. 기타: 영어 선생님께 하고 싶은 말(수업 또는 수행평가 관련)

9. 페들렛에 게시된 친구들의 제출물을 살펴보고, 칭찬하고 싶은 친구와 그 이유를 써주세요.