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Physical Development: The heart would start beating (end of 1 month), All body organs would begin forming (end of 2 months), Babies can swallow and kick, as well as the external genitalia are formed and male or female can be distinguished (end of 3-4 months), Eyelids can now open and eyes can move up, down, and sideways. Eyebrows, eyelashes, and taste buds are present. They can also hear mother when she talks or sings (end of 6 months), Fetal development is complete, baby can weigh 6 to 8 pounds, lengths are 19 to 22 inches (end of normal term; 40 weeks)

Care Considerations: Emphasize care of the mother to ensure a normal pregnancy, Assist the mother in developing strategies to make healthy changes, Educate the mother about the need for adequate nutrition and fluids, Always ask if any over-the-counter medications or products from health food stores are being used, as medications and products can have a harmful effects on unborn babies

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Physical Development: The weight at birth triples or quadruples by the age of one at this time of rapid physical development. As lengthening occurs, teeth begin to erupt. The muscular and nervous system also grows quickly; infants reflexive motions begin with head-raising and progress to turning and rolling over. They improve their eyes ability to focus. Many infants can crawl, stand unassisted, and walk with support by the age of one.

Cognitive Development: Vocalization develops to include multiple words. They also pick things up by imitation. They gain the ability to control objects, recognize recognizable things and people, and follow straightforward instructions.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Trust vs. Mistrust - The most important period in a child's life since it affects both their general personality and how they view the world. Nearly all of a baby's needs are met by their carers. Therefore, a child's health is greatly impacted by the interactions parents have with their infants. The social and emotional development of a kid is influenced by early trust patterns. A child will feel safe and secure in the world if they are able to properly create trust. Infants who are taught to trust their caregivers will be more likely to develop trusting relationships with others throughout their lives. Children who experience mistrust may become scared, confused, and nervous, all of which make it challenging for them to establish healthy relationships. Children who don't feel confident in adults will become fearful and think that the world is unreliable.

Care Considerations: Involve parents in care, Provide for safety, Cuddle and hug infants, Do not allow the infant to play with objects that have moving or removable parts, Obtain height, weight, and head circumference measurements to track growth patterns

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Physical Development: As the body develops and assumes new proportions, physical changes take place. The distinctive projecting abdomen is still there, but the head is no longer disproportionately large to the body. 20 teeth are present by the time a child is 3 years old, and many toddlers, particularly females, have developed bladder and bowel control. Additionally, their motor sensors advance from independently walking to sprinting, jumping, and climbing.

Cognitive Development: As children pick up language and begin to speak in phrases, skills grow quickly. They have limited attention spans yet are able to comprehend straightforward requests and instructions. Toddlers start to absorb concepts, attitudes, and values as well, but they also start to assume that their point of view is the only valid one. This notion, along with a rising sense of independence, can result in tantrums.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - When toddlers are encouraged to explore their surroundings and pick up independent skills like dressing, feeding, and using the bathroom on their own, they will grow more self-assured and confident in their capacity to take care of themselves (autonomy). Overly protective parents or those with high expectations may be the ones to start their toddler's development of shame and mistrust. This could make you feel inadequate in general. Children who struggle and are shamed for their mistakes could lose their sense of self-control. During this phase of psycho-social development, accomplishments lead to sentiments of autonomy; failure, feelings of guilt, and uncertainty. Children who pass this stage successfully feel secure and confident, while those who fail are left feeling inadequate and self-conscious.

Care Considerations: Use a firm, direct approach, Distract and use a game approach to improve cooperation, Give only one direction at a time and state it simply, Involve toddlers in their care by allowing them to make their own choices when possible, Prepare them for procedures with simple explanations, Set limits and always maintain safety

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Physical Development: Children in preschool get taller and thinner. They become better at taking care of themselves, and eventually they can dress themselves without assistance. Their motor sensor also grows, which enhances their sense of balance. They can learn abilities like leaping on a rope and/or skating, due to this, which enables them to skip a jump in a coordinated manner.

Cognitive Development: Preschoolers can communicate in complete sentences fairly well. Additionally, they have grown more conscious of those who are not in their local surroundings. They would presume that everyone shares their worldview. Although they have limited attention spans, they can count, recite the alphabet, and recall personal information like their address and phone number.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Initiative vs. Guilt - Preschoolers can build on the self-assurance they acquired as toddlers to take the lead in their own education. They try to comprehend new behaviors and seek out new experiences and knowledge. If parents excessively restrict this initiative, criticize or scold them for their efforts, a guilt mentality will develop. The preschooler's natural enthusiasm for acquiring new language and physical skills will be diminished by this sense of guilt. As a result, people can start to hesitate to accept new challenges. At this age, a child who experiences guilt more than initiative learns to avoid taking risks out of a fear of failure. A healthy balance between initiative and guilt is necessary for success at this stage. While failure results in remorse, initiative generates a sense of purpose and can develop leadership abilities. Essentially, children who don't show initiative at this point could later develop a fear of trying new things. They can believe that they are acting incorrectly when they make attempts toward something. Overly guided children may find it difficult to take initiative and believe in their own ability.

Care Considerations: Explain procedures and unfamiliar objects prior to performing or using them, Encourage verbalization skills, Praise good behavior, To improve acceptance of painful procedures, allow them to make choices when possible; (give a token of bravery, like colorful stickers, use distractions; have them recite alphabet or sing their favorite song)

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SCHOOL-AGE CHILD - (6 TO 12 YEARS OF AGE)

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SCHOOL-AGE CHILD - (6 TO 12 YEARS OF AGE)

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Physical Development: The body's physical development continues with a more obvious change as puberty, the time when boys and girls may reproduce effectively, begins. At this period of development, permanent teeth also start to erupt. The children gain elegance and agility while also developing well-coordinated motor and sensory skills. They can help out around the house and take greater responsibility for responsibilities that are given to them. They also desire both solitude and strenuous physical activity.

Cognitive Development: Advance to logical reasoning and the capacity for multiple viewpoints. Their ability to focus has improved, and they take satisfaction in their achievements. At this age, kids begin to think, solve problems, learn how to adhere to norms, and form a sense of morality (right and wrong) that will direct their behavior.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Industry vs. Inferiority - Children of school age enjoy finishing tasks successfully and look forward to being recognized for their achievements. They value friendships more than family and are influenced by peer acceptance. School-age children may experience inferiority and a loss of self-worth if they are not accepted by their peers or are unable to live up to their family's expectations. Children must adjust to changing social and academic expectations. Failure causes emotions of inferiority, whereas success develops a sense of competence. Children who receive praise and encouragement from their parents and teachers grow to feel competent and confident in their abilities. Those who receive little to no support from their parents, teachers, or classmates will have doubts about their capacity for success. At this point in their psycho-social development, children who are successful in finding a balance develop the strength of competence, which allows them to believe in their capacity to do tasks put in front of them.

Care Considerations: Explain procedures and equipment using correct terminology, but in words they understand, Provide for privacy and some personal control, Define and enforce behavior limits, Encourage independence, Educate with clear, simple visual aids

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Physical Development: As the reproductive systems mature, there are significant physical changes. While the gross motor skills are still awkward, the fine motor skills develop. The adolescent needs enough rest and sleep because they can easily get tired from activities. These adjustments include an increase in height, pubic and underarm hair growth, and skin altercations (such as acne). The facial hair on men grows, and their voices get deeper. Women develop their breasts, which can become fuller and hips grow wider.

Cognitive Development: Skills significantly improve. Adolescents are able to employ their reasoning abilities and pick up a lot of knowledge. They are able to reflect, and they begin to formulate their personal philosophy of life as well as their future professional identity. They can also easily become stressed. This period may also allow for abstract thought and the capacity to generate original inquiries or fresh ideas. It can also mean having the capacity to compare and contrast various points of view and various ideas and viewpoints.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Identity vs. Role Confusion - As they make the transition from being a child (dependent) to an adult (independent), they are fascinated by the profound changes that are occurring in their bodies but are also confused about their identities. The hormonal fluctuations are the cause of mood swings, which are quite frequent. Adolescents may try with many different personas, including rebellion, as they figure out who they are and who they will be. They could have negative opinions of their parents and take offense to any criticism or advice given. Due to intense worries about how they are seen, peers continue to have a substantial impact on how they behave. They also require the assistance of adults they can rely on. Adolescents won't know who they are if they can't figure out their identity and direction, as this is referred to as "role confusion."

Care Considerations: Give explanations along with the rationale, Encourage questions, Involve them in the decision-making progress, Determine how they learn the best and adapt an approach for their needs, including visual aids and written materials, Provide privacy, Do not talk about them where they can overhear the conversation

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YOUNG ADULTHOOD - (20 TO 30 YEARS OF AGE)

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YOUNG ADULTHOOD - (20 TO 30 YEARS OF AGE)

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Physical Development: Around the age of 30, physical functioning reaches its peak, after which it gradually declines as we age. For instance, beyond the age of 30, the skin starts to dry up, gastrointestinal secretions slow down, and issues with weight gain may appear. During this stage, motor sensory abilities also reach their peak before starting to diminish. After reaching its peak in the 20s and 30s, muscular strength starts to decline. The faculties of sight and hearing also start to decline.

Cognitive Development: Potential is at its highest during this time. Young adults have their best cognitive function. Their inventiveness and problem-solving abilities are excellent. Young adulthood is also a time of cognitive growth where greater critical thinking abilities and the capacity for multiple viewpoints are developed.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Intimacy vs. Isolation - Young adults must successfully make the transition from dependence to responsibility, form relationships with other people, and integrate into society. There may be a lot of responsibilities during this time, such as starting a serious relationship, getting married, starting a family, going to college, and starting a job. Isolation and loneliness may be the outcome of a fear of committing to people. At this point in life, developing close, loving relationships with others is the main source of conflict. Achieving this goal results in satisfying partnerships. On the other hand, struggling at this point can make you feel isolated and alone. Intimacy is more about having intimate, caring relationships that it is about romantic and sexual interactions, which can be both be significant parts of this period of life. This is important for developing dependable social networks, which are important for long-term physical and mental health. You receive the other person's assistance, intimacy, and company when this is accomplished successfully. However, things don't always go as planned. It's possible to feel rejected or receive other reactions that make you withdraw. Your self-confidence and self-esteem could be damaged, which would make you less likely to put yourself out there in the future.

Care Considerations: Involve significant as appropriate, Watch body language for clues regarding feelings, Assess them for stress resulting from the multiple roles and responsibilities of this stage, Involve them in the decision-making process, Provide teaching based on how they prefer to receive information

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MIDDLE ADULTHOOD - (40 TO 65 YEARS OF AGE)

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MIDDLE ADULTHOOD - (40 TO 65 YEARS OF AGE)

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Physical Development: Physical abilities continue to decline. For instance, there is a decline in physical endurance, strength, and bone and muscle mass. At the same time, important body systems start to decline, the skin starts to lose parts of its suppleness, and wrinkles start to appear. Middle-aged people could start to worry about their physical well-being. Even while a chronic illness can start at any moment, this stage is when it is most likely to appear. The motor and sensory abilities decline. The joints, muscles, and reflexes react more slowly. Balance and coordination are impaired, and the reaction to stress is protracted. The perceptions of sight, sound, and taste also decline.

Cognitive Development: Although learning may take slower, cognitive faculties are still pretty strong. Memory and problem-solving abilities hold up until the late middle years. During this phase, creativity could grow. The cognitive growth that occurs in middle adulthood can also put more of an emphasis on making decisions and solving practical problems. Additionally, people may start to contemplate and think more deeply about the meaning and purpose of their lives.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Generativity vs. Stagnation - This is a moment when people's priorities are changing away from themselves and toward the younger generation as well as toward closer relationships with friends and the community. There is a desire to offer something worthwhile. It is a time for introspection and appraisal of one's progress toward goals. If children move out of the house, health problems arise, and retirement concerns surface, there can be numerous modifications. This is the time when many people experience what is known as a "midlife crisis." Recognizing one's limitations and unmet aspirations may cause this. Stagnation may take place if people are unable to appreciate their value or their contribution to the world. This may lead to self-absorbed behavior and an obsession with one's physical health concerns. It's important to remember that how people interpret these regrets affects their well-being. Those who believe they have spent their time, committed mistakes, and don't have time to reform may end up feeling resentful. Some people can take advantage of this crisis to make changes to their lives that will make them happier.

Care Considerations: Involve them in the decision-making process, Encourage self-care, Explore their concept of illness as it relates to body image and career, Provide teaching based on how they prefer to receive information, Encourage lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, improving nutrition, and increasing exercise to help lessen the effects of natural age-related declines

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LATER ADULTHOOD - (65 YEARS OF AGE TO DEATH)

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LATER ADULTHOOD - (65 YEARS OF AGE TO DEATH)

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Physical Development: Physical deterioration is still present, with reproductive organ atrophy and muscle and bone loss. The immunological, renal, and cardiovascular systems also deteriorate. Less tolerance for heat and cold results from decreased peripheral circulation (in the arms and legs). The motor and sensory abilities are also getting worse. The faculties of sight, hearing, tasting, and smelling decline. Physical reactions are slower, some motor abilities decline, and pain tolerance is reduced.

Cognitive Development: People's cognitive capacities differ greatly from one another. While many older people have dementia, especially around the age of 80, others continue to exhibit and even improve upon their creative and problem-solving abilities. Later in life, as people continue to develop cognitively, they may experience some changes in their memory and processing speed as well as continuous development in skills like knowledge and expertise. Additionally, people may start to reflect more and pay more attention to the present.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Ego Integrity vs. Despair - The numerous difficulties are a continuation of the changes that started in middle adulthood: retirement, the death of a spouse and friends, new familial responsibilities (becoming in-laws and grandparents as children marry), and growing health issues. People reflect on their life experiences, including their accomplishments and mistakes, as they come to terms with their death. A sense of ego integrity will be felt if they derive joy and satisfaction from the events in their lives. On the other hand, there is a feeling of despair and hopelessness if the evaluation is seen as a string of mistakes and disappointments. Those with a sense of integrity will feel proud of their successes. Looking back after finishing this phase successfully means having few regrets and generally feeling satisfied. Even in the face of death, these people will grow wisdom. Those who are unsuccessful during this stage will feel their life has been a waste and have numerous regrets. The person will have feelings of resentment and despair.

Care Considerations:
1. Young-Old (65-74 Years of Age): If still working, encourage discussion about work plans, activities, and accomplishments, If retired, encourage social activity with peers (e.g., volunteer, participation in community organizations or clubs), Encourage active learning, thinking, and use of memory skills, Assists with adjustments to new roles (e.g., grandparents, widower, balancing independence and dependence)
2. Middle-Old (75-84 Years of Age): Explore support systems, Encourage them to talk about their feelings of loss, grief, and achievements, Provide support for coping with any impairments, Provide a safe, comfortable environment, Be alert to over medication and sensitivity to medications
3. Old-Old (85 Years of Age to Death): Encourage independence by providing physical, mental, and social activities, Support end-of-life decisions by providing information and resources, Assist with self-care, Involve family members in care giving, Be sensitive to sensory impairments, Provide care to maintain skin integrity and regular bowel movements