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African American activist A. Philip Randolph had been fighting for equality since he founded a union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, in 1925. In 1941, he planned a march on Washington to demand jobs for African Americans in the booming wartime economy. That protest was called off after President Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed to ban discrimination by defense industries or government.

Two decades later, Randolph decided a march was required to speed the rate of change in the nation. President John F. Kennedy asked that the march be called off, afraid that it would hurt his civil rights bill. Faced with Randolph's determination, however, Kennedy endorsed the protest.

On August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million black and white people more than twice as many as had been expected marched to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. in a show of unity, racial harmony and support for the civil rights bill. Bob Dylan, Joan Baez and other folk singers entertained the crowd before John Lewis of SNCC and others made speeches. Civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. gave one of his best known speeches, inspiring the assembled crowd with the words, "I have a dream." Randolph also spoke: "Fellow Americans, we are gathered here in the largest demonstration in the history of this nation. Let the nation and the world know the meaning of our numbers. We are not a pressure group, we are not an organization or a group of organizations, we are not a mob. We are the advance guard of a massive moral revolution for jobs and freedom."

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Support for a federal Civil Rights Act was one of the goals of the 1963 March on Washington. President John F. Kennedy had introduced the bill before his assassination. His successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, signed it into law on July 2, 1964. It achieved many of the aims of a Reconstruction-era law, the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which was passed but soon overturned. The landmark 1964 act barred unfair treatment as said by race, color, religion, or national origin in public facilities as an example restaurants, theaters, or hotels. bias in employing practices was outlawed, and the act set up the equivalent Employment Opportunity Commission to assist enforce the law. but the law attempted to legislate equitable election practices, not all the ways utilized disclaim blacks a vote could be covered; the Voting Rights Act of 1965 would be needed to address this matter comprehensively.

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The Supreme Court Declares Bus Segregation Unconstitutional (1956)

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The Supreme Court Declares Bus Segregation Unconstitutional (1956)

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Afterwards African Americans boycotted the Montgomery, Alabama bus scheme for over a year, the local bus firm had agreed to desegregate its buses because it had lost so much revenue. The town and state, however, insisted that bus drivers carryon to enforce racial oppression laws. A Federal District Court then ruled that racial separation on the buses was illegal. The Supreme Court affirmed that decision, Browder v. Gayle, in Nov. 1956, handed NAACP lawyers a main victory. The after month, when the Supreme Court denoted that it would not hear an appeal of that decision, all avenues to postpone bus integration was exhausted. The next day, Dec. 21, 1956, thousands of sunless riders were on the buses again — and sitting in any seats they chose. Yet the troubles did not end. Shots were fired at the buses and Rev. Ralph Abernathy's home and church were bombed. The triumph of the demonstrates led the boycott leaders to create the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with an extra rising community leader, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., as its president.

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The presidential election of 1960 was part of the closest in history. whilst the campaign, right-wing Richard M. Nixon and Democrat John F. Kennedy mostly bypassed civil rights issues, frightened to alienate Southern voters. In Oct. of that year, civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested at a sit-in in Atlanta. term arrived the Kennedy campaign and two aides, Harris Wofford and Sargent Shriver, arranged for the candidate to make a sympathetic shout to King's wife, Coretta Scott King. Meanwhile, Robert Kennedy titled the deem in the case. "It's time for all of us to take off our Nixon button," Martin Luther King, Sr. stated afterwards the Kennedy brothers' display of support. Because assert Democratic parties held a lock on the political procedure in the South, baseball worthy Jackie Robinson and other African Americans was supporting the conservative candidate. Republicans had drawn African American votes since the days of Abraham Lincoln, emancipation, and the 15th Amendment. Now that tradition of encouragement disappeared — Kennedy got 68 percent of the sunless vote and won the presidency.

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The Desegregation of Interstate Travel (1960)

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The Desegregation of Interstate Travel (1960)

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In the months after John F. Kennedy's inauguration, civil rights activists were displeased that the chairman did not introduce any new legislation on the issue. However, the Supreme Court had reissued a ruling in dec 1960 that interstate buses and bus terminals were needed to integrate. This legal advancement inspired subscribers of the council of Racial parity(CORE) to ride Greyhound buses from Washington, D.C. to New Orleans, Louisiana. The black and white volunteers, known as independence Riders, would discover in-case the law would be enforced in the land of Jim Crow. basic director James Farmer recalled, "What we had to accomplish was to make it more hazardous politically for the federal regime not to enforce federal law than it would be for them to enforce federal law... This was not civil disobedience really, because we'd be merely performing what the Supreme Court stated we had a right to do."

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The Supreme Court Orders Ole Miss to Integrate (1962)

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The Supreme Court Orders Ole Miss to Integrate (1962)

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In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered the integration of public schools. The landmark decision ended an era of "separate but equal" treatment of African Americans that in practice had proven anything but equal. Yet Southern states defied the court's decision. In Mississippi, Medgar Evers and other African American applicants were denied admission to the University of Mississippi, known as Ole Miss. In January 1961, James Howard Meredith, a nine-year Air Force veteran and student at Jackson State College, applied for admission to Ole Miss. When his application was returned, he took his case to court with the help of an NAACP legal team. The issue ended up before the Supreme Court, which ruled that Meredith should be allowed to attend the state-funded school. With the support of angry mobs of white Mississippians, Governor Ross Barnett did everything he could to prevent Meredith from enrolling, although his efforts were ultimately futile. Hatred directed toward Meredith as a symbol of integration would lead a white man from Memphis to shoot and wound the activist during his 1966 "march against fear."