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Major Physical Development: Gender and physical characteristics like eye color, hair color and texture, skin pigmentation all depends on the zygote that contains all the genetic information from both parents.

Care Considerations: The mother must be careful during her pregnancy and must stay away from smoking, drinking, and  taking harmful drugs as it can harm the fetus. The mother must be educated about what medication she can or can´t take. The mother must develop strategies for healthy lifestyle habits and inquire about her nutrition.

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Major Physical Development: Birth weight multiplies and length increases tremendously by the age of 1.  The teeth will erupt between ages 8-12 months. Muscular and nervous systems develop rapidly (ability to raise their head, turning, rolling over, and focusing on eyes). By age 1 many infants can crawl, stand alone, and walk with assistance.

Cognitive Development: Vocalization progresses to several words. In their first few months of life, they learn to manipulate objects, recognize familiar objects and people, and obey simple commands.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Trust vs. Mistrust: Infants rely on adults for survival. Infants trust the person who is consistent in giving loving care (food, warmth, and other physical comforts) for the child. Inconsistent care leads to mistrust. Development of mistrust could develop a belief that the world is an unpredictable, undependable, and possibly a dangerous world.

Care considerations: Need to keep track of the baby´s growth, parents need to consistently look and care for the baby, and give them affection like cuddling/hugging.

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Major Physical Development: The body grows and changes proportions. By the age of 3, about 20 teeth are present and many toddlers, especially females, have achieved bowel, and bladder control. Motor sensory ability progresses from walking independently to running, jumping, and climbing which can be dangerous and hazardous for the toddler.

Cognitive Development: Toddlers acquire language skills and begin to speak in sentences. They are able to comprehend basic directions and requests, but their attention span is short. Toddlers will begin to learn ideas, and values, but also believe their point of view is the only one. This can lead to temper tantrums due to these beliefs and independence.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: Toddlers develop confidence in taking care of themselves when they are encouraged and they´ll learn how to do independent skills like dressing themselves up and using the toilet. Parents who are over protective and have unrealistic expectations can lead to lack of confidence for the toddler.

Care Considerations: Use a firm and direct approach. Prepare a toddler with simple explanations. Also distract and use a game approach to improve cooperation.

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Major Physical Development: Preschoolers become taller and thinner. Self-care skill increases and they progress in independence, such as being able to dress themselves. They have improved their sense of balance which allows them to skip and jump and eventually learn skills such as jump roping and skating.

Cognitive Development: They have developed the ability to be able to form sentences and are aware of others in their surroundings. They have a short attention span, but are able to count, recite the alphabet, and recall their address and phone number.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Initiative vs. Guilt: Preschoolers can build up their confidence that they developed as toddlers to initiate their own learning. They explore new experiences and knowledge and strive to understand new activities. If parents restrict this from preschoolers, a sense of guilt will develop which can lead to preschooler´s becoming hesitant to take on new challenges.

Care Consideration: Encourage verbalization skills and praise good behavior. Explain unfamiliar objects and allow them to make choices when possible to form independence.

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Major Physical Development: Physical growth continues with a more pronounced development between the ages 10 and 12 years old with the beginning of puberty where boys and girls are capable of reproduction, also permanent teeth will start to erupt. As the motor sensory skills become more coordinated, the child develops grace and agility. They can assist in tasks that require responsibility and they start to desire for both quiet time and intense physical activity.

Cognitive Development: Has progressed to logical thinking and has the ability to see things from different perspectives. Their attention span has increased and takes pride in their achievements. The children begin to reason, problem solve, learn to follow rules, and learn to develop morality to assist in making decisions.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Industry vs. Inferiority: They are proud of the successful completion of projects and seek validation from their friends and family for their accomplishments. If the child doesn't feel accepted by peers or meet the expectations of family, the feeling of lack of self-worth may develop.

Care Considerations: Explain procedures using terminology they can understand. Provide privacy, some personal control, and encourage independence for the child.

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Major Physical Development: As the reproductive system matures, there are noticeable physical changes. While the gross motor skills can be awkward, the fine motor skills improve. The adolescent needs enough rest and sleep because they can easily get tired from physical activities.

Cognitive Development: Adolescents are able to apply reasoning skills and pick up a lot of knowledge. They develop their personal ideas and outline their potential careers. Also adolescents are prone to stress.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Identity vs. Role Confusion: Adolescents are interested in the major changes that are happening to their body but are also confused about their identity as they get more older and  are more independent. Adolescents may experiment with many personas, including rebellion, as they try to figure out who they are and who they will be. Adolescents won't have a feeling of who they are if they can't decide  on their identity and direction.

Care Considerations: Give explanations with rationale, encourage questions, allow to be in the decision-making process, and provide privacy for the adolescent.

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Major Physical Development: The skin starts to lose moisture, the amount of gastrointestinal secretions decreases, and issues with weight gain may start. Muscular strength peaks from 20s-30s then begins to decline after mid-30s.

Cognitive Development: Young adults experience optimal cognitive function. They are very creative and good at solving issues.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Intimacy vs. Isolation: Young adults need to make the transition from dependence to responsibility, to form relationships with others, and to fit into society. The responsibilities include having an intimate relationship, raising children, obtaining education, and establishing a career. A fear of making commitments to others will lead to isolation and loneliness.

Care Considerations: Asses for stress, involve in the decision-making process, provide teaching based on how they prefer to receive information, and include significant.

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Middle Adulthood ( 40 to 65 years of age)

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Middle Adulthood ( 40 to 65 years of age)

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Major Physical Development: Physical endurance, strength, bone and muscle mass all decline. At the same time, major body systems begin to decline, the skin loses some of its elasticity, and wrinkles appear. During this stage, it is likely for chronic illness to appear.

Cognitive Development: Cognitive abilities such as problem solving and memory skills are still sharp and then start to decline by the late middle years.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Generativity vs. Stagnation: This is a moment when people are more concerned with the future generation and their greater involvement with friends and the community. If children move out of the house, health problems arise, and retirement concerns surface, there may be numerous adjustments. People at this stage may experience what is called a "midlife crisis" due to limitations on what they can do in their life and unmet goals.  Stagnation may take place if people are unable to appreciate their value or their contribution to the world. This may lead to self-absorbed behavior and an obsession with health issues.

Care Considerations: Encourage self-care, explore conceptions of illness, and encourage healthy lifestyle changes.

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Major Physical Development: The cardiac, renal, and immune system declines. The senses of sight, hearing, taste, and smell diminish.  Physical responses are slower, some motor abilities decline and pain tolerance is decreased.

Cognitive Development: While many older people have dementia, especially around the age of 80, others continue to exhibit and even improve upon their creative and problem-solving ability.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Many challenging changes continue that began in middle adulthood such as retirement, loss of spouse and friends, new family roles, (becoming in-laws and grandparents as children marry), and increasing concerns about health. People reflect on their life' experiences, including their accomplishments and mistakes, as they come to terms with their death. A sense of ego integrity will be felt if they receive joy and satisfaction from the events in their lives. If the evaluation is seen as a series of failures and disappointments, there is a sense of sorrow and hopelessness.

Care Considerations
Young-Old (65-74 years): Encourage conversation about job goals,  activities, and achievements. Encourage active learning, thinking, and use of memory skills. Assist with adjustment to new roles.

Middle-Old (75-84 years): Provide a safe and comfortable environment. Watch out for drug sensitivity and overmedication. Encourage them to share their experiences with loss, sadness, and successes.

Old-Old (80 years-Death): Support end-of-life decisions by providing information and resource and assist with self care. Maintaining skin integrity and regular bowel motions requires attention.