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Liberty Leading the People, by Eugène Delacroix 

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Liberty Leading the People (French: La Liberté guidant le peuple [la libɛʁte ɡidɑ̃ lə pœpl]) is a painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X. A woman of the people with a Phrygian cap personifying the concept of Liberty leads a varied group of people forward over a barricade and the bodies of the fallen, holding the flag of the French Revolution – the tricolour, which again became France's national flag after these events – in one hand and brandishing a bayonetted musket with the other. The figure of Liberty is also viewed as a symbol of France and the French Republic known as Marianne. The painting is sometimes wrongly thought to depict the French Revolution of 1789.

Liberty Leading the People is exhibited in the Louvre in Paris.

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Afghan Girl, photographic portrait by Steve McCurry

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Afghan Girl is a 1984 photographic portrait of Sharbat Gula, an Afghan refugee in Pakistan during the Soviet–Afghan War.
During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, Sharbat left her homeland to neighboring Pakistan where they were admitted to a refugee camp. She lived a peaceful and secluded life in Pakistan until 2014 when she was arrested and imprisoned for forging an identity card. After serving a 15-day prison sentence, they decided to deport her to Afghanistan despite numerous appeals from the international community. But she failed to find peace in Afghanistan. The Taliban came to power in 2021 and out of fear for their lives, Gula decided to flee again. She was admitted to Italy and granted refugee status. Today, girls in Afghanistan are banned from secondary school and women from tertiary education. Women and girls have been banned from entering amusement parks, public baths, gyms and sports clubs for four months. Since the takeover of Afghanistan by the Taliban in August 2021, women have been wholly excluded from public office and the judiciary. Today, Afghanistan’s women and girls are required to adhere to a strict dress code and are not permitted to travel more than 75 km without a mahram. They are compelled to stay at home. All over the country, women report feeling invisible, isolated, suffocated, living in prison like conditions. Many are unable to have their basic needs met without access to employment or aid, including access to medical healthcare and psychological support in particular for victims of violence, including sexual violence. It’s a sobering reminder of how swiftly and aggressively women’s and girls’ rights can be taken away.

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Raphael's 'School of Athens', painted for the Papal apartmments in the Vatican.

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The School of Athens represents all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other. These figures all lived at different times, but here they are gathered together under one roof. The two thinkers in the very center, Aristotle (on the right) and Plato (on the left, pointing up) have been enormously important to Western thinking generally, and in different ways, their different philosophies were incoporated into Christianity.  Aristotle's Ethics (the book that he holds) "emphasized the relationships, justice, friendship, and government of the human world and the need to study it."

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A new look for a carbon-free future: this temporary accommodation project in Barcelona was built from recycled shipping containers.

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Green Europe will be built on rammed-earth walls, wooden pillars and recycled shipping containers. This Spanish project for temporary accommodation illustrates the movement’s values of sustainability, aesthetics and inclusion.

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What do Europeans think and expect?

Unlike the fixed EU competences enshrined in the Treaties, the preferences of citizens regarding EU involvement in certain areas change. These preferences vary significantly, depending on the policy area in question. They have inevitably been influenced by the sense of instability and transition arising from the migration crises and terrorist threats and attacks. According to a Eurobarometer survey conducted in 2016 and then repeated in 2018, the majority of European citizens would like to see increased EU involvement in all the policy areas in the realm of peace and security. Despite a small decrease in this preference for some areas, the expectation of more EU-level external action remains very strong.

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Infographic: Peace and security | EPRS | European Parliament

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This interactive infographic is designed to analyse and explain the contribution of the European Union to the promotion of peace and security internationally through its various external policies.

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Solar energy has been harnessed by people for a long time, through the use of continuously evolving technologies. This represents the largest part of renewable energy available at the moment. For this reason, more and more photovoltaic parks have started to appear, so that the electricity used worldwide becomes green.

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The Paris Peace Conference (19190 had the mission of building, after the First World War, a new political and territorial order in Europe. Clemenceau, the representative of France. he would complain to a colleague: "It is much easier to make war than peace."

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The unprecedented military invasion, launched on February 24, 2022, triggered the worst security and humanitarian crisis in Europe since the end of the second world conflagration. Romania expresses, through positions and deeds, its full compassion and solidarity with Ukraine and the Ukrainian people.

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The Roman Senate is one of the oldest and most enduring political institutions of ancient Rome. It is the assembly formed by representatives of the great senatorial families that play an important religious, legislative, financial and foreign policy role.

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The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) protects the human rights of people in countries that belong to the Council of Europe.

All 47 Member States of the Council, including the UK, have signed the Convention. Its full title is the ‘Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’.

Originally proposed by Winston Churchill and drafted mainly by British lawyers, the Convention was based on the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It was signed in Rome in 1950 and came into force in 1953.

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The European Court of Human Rights - Strasbourg - France

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The European Court of Human Rights is an international court set up in 1959. It rules on individual or State applications alleging violations of the civil and political rights set out in the European Convention on Human Rights. Since 1998 it has sat as a full-time court and individuals can apply to it directly.

The Court is based in Strasbourg.

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Shocking images of drowned Syrian boy show tragic plight of refugees.

Young boy found lying face-down on a beach near Turkish resort of Bodrum was one of at least 12 Syrians who drowned attempting to reach Greece.
The full horror of the human tragedy unfolding on the shores of Europe was brought home on Wednesday as images of the lifeless body of a young boy – one of at least 12 Syrians who drowned attempting to reach the Greek island of Kos – encapsulated the extraordinary risks refugees are taking to reach the west.

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The European Trade Union Confederation is the major trade union organisation representing workers at the European level. In its role as a European social partner, the ETUC works both in a consulting role with the European Commission and negotiates agreements and work programmes with European employers.

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Over 4 million girls at risk of mutilation

Female genital mutilation is a violation of human rights. In 2023 alone, there are 4.32 million girls around the world who are at risk of undergoing female genital mutilation. This practice has roots in thousands of years of gender inequality across the globe, from Africa to Arab countries, Asia, Latin America and also Europe... It  is estimated that there are 600,000 women within Europe living with the consequences of FGM. FGM can cause severe bleeding and problems urinating, and later cysts, infections, as well as complications in childbirth and increased risk of newborn deaths Every year at least 20,000 women and girls asylum seekers are coming to Europe from FGM-risk countries.

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The Berlin Wall: 1961-1989

As World War II came to an end in 1945, Germany was divided into four “occupation zones”: The eastern part of the country went to the Soviet Union, while the western part went to the United States, Great Britain and (eventually) France.
Berlin was also agreed to split into two sectors. The Soviets took the eastern half, while the other Allies took the western. In the meantime two governments were formed, the East German and the West German government. Over the years millions of East Germans crossed the border into West Berlin most of them young skilled workers such as doctors, teachers and engineers. To stop that flow of emigrants, the East German government ordered the construction of the Berlin Wall that divided one side of the city from the other. After the wall was built, it became impossible to get from East to West Berlin except under special circumstances. Between 1961 and 1989, at least 140 people were killed or died at the Wall and unknown numbers of people suffered and died from distress and despair that was caused by the Berlin Wall. By 1989, many East Germans had had enough. They staged a series of mass demonstrations demanding democracy. Eventually, the wall was gone on November 9, 1989  and Berlin was united for the first time since 1945.

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Albert Einstein. (1879 – 1955) Revolutionised modern physics with his general theory of relativity. Einstein was a committed pacifist. “I am not only a pacifist but a militant pacifist. I am willing to fight for peace. Nothing will end war unless the people themselves refuse to go to war. ”

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Athenian democracy foreshadowed some later democratic practices. Although citizenship in Athens was hereditary, extending to anyone who was born to parents who were themselves Athenian citizens, membership in the dēmos was limited to male citizens 18 years of age or older (until 403, when the minimum age was raised to 20).
The heart and centre of their government was the Assembly (Ecclesia), which met almost weekly—40 times a year—on the Pnyx, a hill west of the Acropolis. Decisions were taken by vote, and, as in many later assemblies, voting was by a show of hands.

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“a situation in which the laws of a country are obeyed by everyone.”

The key component is that “everyone”, including all leaders, similarly obeys the law - without exception.

Magna Carta was issued in June 1215 and was the first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government was not above the law. It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his power, and placed limits of royal authority by establishing law as a power in itself.

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During World War II, the Germans and their allies murdered about one in every four Roma in Europe. Roma (or Romani) is the preferred name for those traditionally called Gypsies. Many Roma now consider “Gypsy” a slur–the term derives from the fanciful notion of their Egyptian origin. In fact, Roma ancestry is traced to Northern India, which ancestors of this nomadic people left more than a thousand years ago.

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Allegory of justice painting, by BECCAFUMI Domenico Mecarino, XVI century. Visible in Lille (FR), Beaux Arts Palace.

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Our western legal system evolved from the need to tame wild justice that was tearing apart early civilization.
Justice as we know it dates back to sixth century B.C. Athens with the genius of Solon. Poet, philosopher, soldier, merchant, practical economist as well as social critic he came to power in revolutionary times with a mission to put an end to the cycles of retaliatory violence that had plagued Greece for centuries. Athens wanted peace and order, and turned to the man who had communicated his vision of social order and the need for justice through his poetry.
The Athenian legal system served as a frame of reference for the first codification of Roman law.

Source: https://www.aapl.org/docs/newsletter/N242hist_justice.htm#:~:text=Justice%20as%20we%20know%20it,had%20plagued%20Greece%20for%20centuries.

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Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix 

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Liberty Leading the People is a painting by Eugène Delacroix. A woman of the people leads a varied group of people forward, holding the flag of the French Revolution, which became France's national flag. The figure of Liberty is also viewed as a symbol of France and the French Republic known as Marianne. Liberty Leading the People is exhibited in the Louvre Museum in Paris.

Liberté, égalité, fraternité  | Liberty, Equality, Fraternity -  is the national motto of France.

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Peter Benenson was born in London on July 31, 1921. Peter Benenson's life was a courageous combat to fight injustice around the world.  The British lawyer, human rights activist and the founder of the human rights organization Amnesty International in 1961, died in 2005.

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INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS

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The Red Cross came into being at the initiative of a man named Henry Dunant, who helped wounded soldiers at the battle of Solferino in 1859 and then lobbied political leaders to take more action to protect war victims. His two main ideas were for a treaty that would oblige armies to care of all wounded soldiers and for the creation of national societies that would help the military medical services.

The conference also agreed on a standard emblem to identify medical personnel on the battlefield: a red cross on a white background. The red crescent emblem was adopted by the (Turkish) Ottoman Empire in the 1870s.

These developments put the ICRC at the origin of both the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

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Over time, Justice became associated with scales to represent impartiality and a sword to symbolize power. In the 1500s, Justice was often portrayed with a blindfold. The origin of the blindfold is unclear, but the blindfold is generally accepted today as a symbol of fairness.

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From July 17 to August 2, 1945, the summit meeting of World War II’s victorious powers took place here, attended by the “Big Three” – the American president Harry S. Truman, the British prime minister Winston Churchill (followed by his successor Clement Attlee), and the Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin.

The Potsdam Conference was one the most important historical events of the 20th century. It is seen around the world as a symbol of the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, which led to the division of Europe and the erection of the Berlin Wall. The Potsdam Agreement adopted at Cecilienhof laid the groundwork for a new order in Germany, Europe, and the world after World War II.

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Paris, 1 Mayıs 2017. Générations.s'den Thomas Portes'e göre, “demokrasinin ayaklar altına alınmasına alışamayız. »

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On May 1, 2017, those who participated in the march in Giresun, Turkey, carried banners about decent working conditions.

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Police violence against social movements is reaching an impressive scale and intensity.

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Police violence against social movements is reaching an impressive scale and intensity.

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Raheem Sterling responds to racist chants during the match. ‘Racism in Balkan football is not new and other forms of discrimination are widespread in football.’ Photograph: Michael Regan/Getty Images

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Darren Osborne rammed a van into a crowd of Muslims leaving the Finsbury Park mosque after Ramadan prayers, killing one and injuring ten people. After the attack, Osborne allegedly said, “I want to kill all Muslims” and “This is for London Bridge” referring to the June 2017 London Bridge attack, which was committed by Islamist terrorists.

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Members of the British Movement hold up a banner with 'White Power' and give Nazi salutes, during a march from Hyde Park, London.
The far-right narrative in the UK has become increasingly visible in recent years, particularly on social media, but in reality, the far-right threat has been present in the UK for over 100 years and this is why it's time to take the far-right seriously and build solid foundations and long-term solutions to it.

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The far-right narrative in the UK has become increasingly visible in recent years, particularly on social media, but in reality, the far-right threat has been present in the UK for over 100 years and this is why it's time to take the far-right seriously and build solid foundations and long-term solutions to it.

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SUNFLOWER HOUSE, designed for the Italian region of Umbria

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Artificial structures require large foundations, but with sunflowers nature achieves a beautiful balancing act. There is minimum intervention on the ground so the earth has room for other activities, yet the sunflower magically nods its head to bathe in the light.
The Italian word girasole literally means ‘turn to the sun’. Aptly designed for the Italian region of Umbria, a place renowned for its rolling farmland and yellow fields of sunflowers, Sunflower House is built elevated from the ground, as if levitating, to minimise the structure’s interference with the biodiversity of its surroundings.

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Women’s rights: Citizenship lesson activities (Active Citizenship)

Campaigning. Rights. Representation. Protest. women and their allies have fought for women’s rights and also to create a fairer and more equal world.
suffrage was a pivotal moment in the battle for equality. When 8.4 million women gained the right to vote in 1918, it represented significant progress for the feminist movement.

But, despite the progress, women still faced many forms of discrimination at that time with gender inequality still present throughout almost all areas of life.

Many laws and societal attitudes meant women faced barriers and prejudice throughout society - in work, education, marriage - and even with control of their own bodies.

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It is important to emphasize that most of the gains made around the world have come about thanks to the intense struggle of women's and feminist movements that have not allowed them to succumb to the intense injustice and oppression of the existing patriarchy.

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Anti-Syrian sentiment in Turkey is a discriminatory and racist approach fueled by fear, hatred, insecurity, enmity, humiliation and similar feelings towards Syrians in Turkey. With the Syrian Civil War that started in 2011, Syrians who came to Turkey are exposed to discrimination in many areas. According to researcher Şenay Özden, racist attitudes and discourses towards Syrians in Turkey increased with the thought that refugees are permanent in Turkey. 92% of Syrians living in Turkey state that they are exposed to discrimination.[1]

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The Russian invasion of Ukraine evoked solidarity across Europe, as with this demonstration in Latvia

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Over a thousand protesters assembled in London’s Trafalgar Square aimed at showing London's solidarity with the European Union following the recent EU referendum. Photo/Angus McNeice

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Thousands Protest Against Brexit in London's Trafalgar Square

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Environmental solidarity

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January 19, is the 7th anniversary of the assassination of Turkish-Armenian journalist Hrant Dink, former editor-in-chief of the Agos weekly.

Dink’s childhood friend Sargis Hatspanyan told Tert.am about Dink’s life and the cause his tragic death gave rise to.

“The slogan ‘We are all Hrant Dink’ did not remain a mere slogan, but it made many people go back to their roots. That event also brought about changes in relations between Armenian and Turkish societies, but not between the governments,” he said. According to him, Turkey’s authorities are doing their utmost to prevent the detection of that crime.

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The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel Peace Prize for 1993 to Nelson R. Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa.

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1945-59

Peace in Europe and the beginnings of cooperation

Post-war cooperation in Europe led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the signing of the Treaties of Rome and the birth of the European Parliament.

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in 1866 painting : a suspected witch being led away from a braying mob in the 17th century

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The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, also known as the Holocaust Memorial, is a memorial in Berlin to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust, designed by architect Peter Eisenman and Buro Happold.

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The three-year-old boy’s name was Aylan Kurdi. His family was one of many trying to escape Syria’s civil war for Greece when their boat capsized. Eleven others drowned, including his five-year-old brother and their mother.
More than 2,600 people have died trying to cross the Mediterranean to Europe this year alone – making the area the most deadly migrant crossing point in the world, according to the International Organization for Migration, which warned last month that the number of deaths was soaring.

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RoSana is a sustainable retreat center in Germany’s Bavaria region

Source: Anna Heringer and Martin Rauch

Architects Anna Heringer and Martin Rauch designed a guesthouse for an alternative-medicine retreat center with materials that can be found around its location in Rosenheim, Germany. Rammed-earth walls, mud plastering and floors, handcrafted ceramics and a timber structure form a nest-like structure next to a forest and surrounded by two arms of the Mangfall river. Natural materials aren’t perfect, and that’s good, the architects said in their submission to the awards.

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The revolutionary barricades in Vienna in May 1848

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The revolutionary barricades in Vienna in May 1848

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The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples[2] or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe starting in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history to date.

The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states. The revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no significant coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. Some of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class for economic rights, the upsurge of nationalism, the regrouping of established government forces,[3] and the European Potato Failure, which triggered mass starvation, migration, and civil unrest.[4]

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Barricade on the rue Soufflot,[1] an 1848 painting by Horace Vernet. The Panthéon is shown in the background.

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Barricade on the rue Soufflot,[1] an 1848 painting by Horace Vernet. The Panthéon is shown in the background.

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Revolutions of 1848
Spring 1848: Astonishing success

The revolutionary barricades in Vienna in May 1848

The world was astonished in spring 1848 when revolutions appeared in so many places and seemed on the verge of success everywhere. Agitators who had been exiled by the old governments rushed home to seize the moment. In France, the monarchy was once again overthrown and replaced by a republic. In a number of major German and Italian states, and in Austria, the old leaders were forced to grant liberal constitutions. The Italian and German states seemed to be rapidly forming unified nations. Austria gave Hungarians and Czechs liberal grants of autonomy and national status.

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The Constitutional Court (AYM) of Turkey has ruled that a university student's right to education and freedom of religion was violated due to the headscarf ban imposed in the country at the time. This ban was abolished in the 2000 through the democratization package aiming to guarantee democratic rights for all citizens. But Turkiye still remains one of the most challenging places in the European region to exercise one's right to free speech and expression.

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Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)—Article 19 states that "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers."[1]

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Annual report on journalists killed and Prison Census

Each year, The Committee to Protect Journalists produces a comprehensive list of all working journalists killed in relation to their employment, including profiles of each deceased journalist within an exhaustive database, and an annual census of incarcerated journalists (as of midnight, December 1). The year 2017 reported record findings of jailed journalists, reaching 262.